Oliguria differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 16:17, 23 July 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2], Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [3], Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[4]

Overview

There are several life-threatening causes of oliguria which is needed to be evaluated, which include sepsis, urethral stricture, dehydration, and shock. The other possible causes of oliguria can be evaluated by carefully assessing the nature of the symptoms, and obtaining a thorough patient history.

Differential Diagnosis

The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of oliguria:

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with thirst, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with muscle weakness, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with somatic pain, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with vomiting, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with tachypnea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with edema, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and thirst, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and edema, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, click here.

To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema click here.

Abbreviations: ABG = Arterial blood gases, BUN = Blood urea nitrogen, CBC = Complete blood count, CT = Computed tomography, CRP = C - reactive protein, ECG = Electrocardiogram, ESR = Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, IVP = Intravenous pyelography, KFT = Kidney function test, GI = Gastrointestinal, GFR = Glomerular filtration rate, MRI = Magnetic resonance imaging, PT = Prothrombin time

Etiology		Clinical manifestations									Paraclinical findings											Comments
		Symptoms and signs									Lab findings						Imaging
		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other
Prerenal causes	Alcohol poisoning^[1]^[2]	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+	+/-	-	-	↑PT	↑BUN, ↑Cr (isopropyl alcohol)	↓Na	NA	↓HCO3	LFT	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	Thiamine must be given to prevent Wernicke's encephalopathy
	Aspergillosis^[3]^[4]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Allergy test, ↑IgE (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of fungal hyphae	NA	Pulmonary infiltrates, Mucus plug, Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities	Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary infarction, Granuloma	NA	-	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
	Cholera^[5]^[6]^[6]^[7]	+/-	+	-	-	-	+/-	+	-	-	Leukocytosis, ↑HCT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑Ca, ↑Mg	NA	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Congestive heart failure (CHF)^[8]^[9]	+	-	-	-	-	-	+	-	+	Anemia, Leukocytosis	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K	NA	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3,	↑BNP, ↑Troponin	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary hypertension, Pleural effusions	Pulmonary edema	NA	Valvular heart disease	Decreased ejection fraction in echocardiography, Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging	-
	Dehydration^[10]^[11]	+	+	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	NA	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Cl	Ketones and glucose, ↑Urine specific gravity	↑Lactate, ↓HCO3	Hypoglycemia	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Diarrhea and/or vomiting^[12]^[13]	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	Leukocytosis with predominant neutrophilia, ↑ ESR	NA	NA	Ketones, Organic acids, Porphobilinogen, Aminolevulinic acid	NA	Stool anion gap, Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay (rotavirus or adenovirus), LFT, Amylase, Lipase	Normal	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Drugs/toxins^[14]^[15]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	NA	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑CK	↑K, ↓Mg, ↓Ca, ↓P	Ingested drug, Glucose, Aminoacid, Phosphate, Ketone, Hyaline cast, RBC	↑Lactate, Metabolic acidosis	Toxicology, Rapid immunoassay	Nephropathy	Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets	NA	NA	-	-
	Esophageal varices bleeding^[16]^[17]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	NA	NA	Velocity and direction of portal flow	Abnormal opacities outside ofesophageal wall, Posterior mediastinal or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated azygous vein	Entire portal venous system	Portrays esophageal varices as flow voids	Portal hypertension and esophageal varices in positron emission tomography, Flexible endoscope, Barium swallow of snake-like filling defects	-
	Heart disease^[18]^[19]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	NA	Throat culture, Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, Pulse oximetry	NA	Cardiomegaly, Dextrocardia	NA	NA	Ventricular dysfunction, Left and right ventricular hypertrophy, Valvular disease in echocardiography	-
	Hemorrhage^[20]^[21]	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Normocytic normochromic anemia, ↑PT, ↑PTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑Cl, ↓Ca	NA	Metabolic acidosis	NA	Peritoneal cavity fluid in FAST	Bilateral opacities in the lung field, Hemothorax, Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm	Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal bleeding	NA	Source of bleeding in the upper GI in EGD, Angiography	-
	Hemolysis^[22]^[23]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	Thrombocytopenia, Microcytic hypochromic anemia, ↑RDW, ↑Retic count	NA	NA	NA	NA	↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, ↑Unconjugated bilirubin	Hepatomegaly,Splenomegaly	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Etiology	Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
	Hepatorenal syndrome^[24]^[25]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Leukocytosis, ↑PT	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	Proteinuria, Na < 10 mEq/L, Urine osmolality > plasma osmolality	NA	Alpha feto-protein, Cryoglobulinemia	Exclude hydronephrosis and intrinsic renal disease	NA	NA	NA	Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in echocardiography	-
	Ischemic cardiomyopathy^[26]^[27]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia	↑Cr	↓Na, ↓K, ↓Mg	NA	NA	Troponin, Creatine kinase, Creatine kinase - MB, BNP	NA	Abnormal cardiac silhouette	Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy	Mid-wall fibrosis in MRI	Ejection fraction ≤35%, Pulmonary embolism, Right ventricular dilation or pericardial effusion with tamponade in echocardiography	-
	Liver cirrhosis^[28]^[29]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	LFT, Aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio	Portal blood flow velocity, Hepatic artery enlargement, Multifocal lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, Ascites, Splenomegaly	Bowel perforation, Gynecomastia, Azygos vein enlargement, Pleural effusion	Morphologic changes in the liver, Collaterals and shunts, Hyperattenuating nodule of hepatocellular carcinoma, Portal vein thrombosis	Vacular patency, Tumor invasion, Portal vein thrombosis, Steatosis	Hepatic function and portal hypertension in nuclear imaging, Hepatic perfusion and the development of shunts and tumors in angiography	Irreversible and a transplant is usually needed
	Malignant hypertension^[30]^[31]	+/-	-	+	-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P	Proteinuria, Microscopic hematuria	Acidosis	Cardiac enzymes, Urinary catecholamines, TSH, ↑Renin	NA	Cardiomegaly, Pulmonary edema, Rib notching, Aortic coarctation, Mediastinal widening, Aortic dissection	NA	NA	Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy in echocardiography	-
	Myocarditis^[32]	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	-	Leukocytosis (eosinophilia),↑ESR and CRP	NA	NA	NA	NA	Cardiac enzymes, Viral antibodies	NA	NA	NA	Inflammatory edema, Degree of scarring	Endomyocardial biopsy, Echocardiography, Scintigraphy	NA
	Peritonitis^[33]^[34]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis	NA	NA	NA	NA	Ascitic fluid neutrophil count > 500 cells/µL	NA	NA	NA	NA	-	-
	Polycythemia^[35]^[36]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	↑RBC, ↑HCT, ↑HGB, Thrombocytosis, Leukocytosis, ↑PT and aPTT	↓Erythropoietin	NA	NA	NA	Hyperuricemia	Splenomegaly	NA	NA	NA	-	Phlebotomy is the usual treatment
	Respiratory distress syndrome^[37]	+	-	+/-	-	-	-	-	+	-	NA	NA	NA	NA	Metabolic and respiratory acidosis	Pulse oximetry	NA	Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- Cardiomegaly	NA	NA	Patent ductus arteriosus in echocardiography	-
	Shock^[38]	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+/-	-	↑HCT, ↑PT and aPTT, Eosinophilia, Leukocytosis	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	NA	↑Lactate	LFT, ↑BNP, ↑Troponin, D-dimer, Fibrinogen	Pulmonary embolism, Pericardial effusion, Cardiac tamponade, Pneumothorax, Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)	Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary edema, Widened mediastinum, Free air under the diaphragm	Traumatic brain injury, Stroke, Spinal injury, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Ruptured aneurysm, Aortic dissection, Pulmonary embolism	NA	-	-
	Toxic megacolon^[39]	+/-	+/-	+/-	-	+	+	+/-	-	-	Leukocytosis, Anemia, ↑ESR and CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↓Na	NA	NA	Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated colon > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops	Dilated colon, Free intraperitoneal air	Bowel perforation, Abscess	NA	NA	Endoscopy and colonoscopy	-
Etiology		Fatigue/ Lethargy	Thirst	Dizziness/ Confusion	Muscle weakness/ cramp	Somatic/ visceral pain	Vomiting	Diarrhea	Tachypnea	Edema	Blood indices	Renal Funtion test	Electrolytes	Urine analysis	ABG	Other	Ultrasound	X-ray	CT	MRI	Other	Comments
Renal causes	Acute interstitial nephritis^[40]^[41]	+/-	-	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+/-	Eosinophilia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	NA	Eosinophiluria, Sterile pyuria, Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria	NA	↑Total IgG, ↑IgG4	Normal-sized kidneys	NA	NA	NA	-	History of long term analgesic use
	Acute tubular necrosis^[42]^[43]	+/-	-	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia	↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↑FENa	↓Na, ↑K, ↑Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts	NA	NA	Obstructive uropathy, Renal size, Cortical thickness, Hydronephrosis	Nephrolithiasis	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Nephrolithiasis, Area of obstruction	Loss of tubular cells or the denuded tubules, Swollen tubular cells, Loss of the cell brush border in renal biopsy	Furosemide stress testing for staging
	Cancer^[44]^[45]	+	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Normocytic or microcytic anemia, Leukocytosis or lymphocytosis, ↑Reticulocytes, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr, ↓Erythropoietin	↓Na, ↑K, ↓Mg, ↑P, ↓Ca	Gross hematuria	NA	LFT	Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass	Calcification and widened mediastinum, Filling defects in barium contrast	Metastasis and staging, Cystic and solid masses, Lymph node, renal vein, and inferior vena cava involvement	Soft tissue invasion and staging	Malignant cystic lesions percutaneous cyst puncture	Renal cell carcinoma types: Clear cell (75%), Chromophilic (15%), Chromophobic (5%), Oncocytoma (3%), Collecting duct (2%)
	Congenital kidney disease^[46]^[47]^[48] - Agenesis - Dysplasia - Hypoplasia - Polycystic	+/-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	+/-	↑HCT	↓GFR	↓P, ↓Ca	Microalbuminuria, Uricosuria	NA	Genetic testing forADPKD2	Visualization of kidney cysts	Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)	Kidney size, Intracranial aneurysms	NA	-	-
	End stage renal disease^[49]^[50]	+	-	-	-	+/-	-	-	-	+	Anemia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K	Hypoalbuminuria	↓HCO3	Phosphate, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, Alkaline phosphatase, Parathyroid hormone	Hydronephrosis, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Enlarged or shrunken kidneys	Obstruction in retrograde pyelogram	Renal masses, stones, and cysts	Renal vein thrombosis, Renal artery stenosis in magnetic resonance angiography	Percutaneous renal biopsy	-
	Endogenous toxins^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]^[55] - Hemoglobin - Myoglobin - Uric acid	+/-	-	+/-	+	-	+/-	-	-	+/-	Anemia, Thrombocytopenia	↓GFR, ↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑K, ↑Urate, ↓Ca	Uricosuria, Hematuria, Myoglobinuria, Casts	NA	Creatine kinase > 1000 U/L	Malignant or cystic lesions, Hydronephrosis, Nephrocalcinosis, Urolithiasis	NA	Urolithiasis, Wilms tumor, Polycystic kidney disease	NA	Ureter or bladder abnormality in voiding cystourethrography	-
	Glomerulonephritis^[56]^[57]^[58]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	Pleocytosis, Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Specific gravity > 1.020, Proteinuria, Hematuria, Red blood cell casts, White blood cell casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies	NA	NA	↑C3, ↑C4, ↑CH50, Blood and tissue culture, Antinuclear antibodies, Cryoglobulins,Hepatitis B and C serologies, Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)	Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of fibrosis	Pulmonary congestion	Visceral abscesses	-	Renal biopsy, Light and electron microscopy, Immunofluorescence aid diagnosis
	Goodpasture syndrome^[59]^[60]^[61]	+/-	-	-	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	Anemia, Leukocytosis, ↑ESR	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Low-grade proteinuria, Gross or microscopic hematuria, RBC casts	NA	Anti– glomerular basement membrane antibody Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody	NA	Bilateral, basal, patchy parenchymal consolidations	NA	NA	Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in pulmonary biopsy	-
	Hemolytic uremic syndrome^[62]^[63]^[64]	+/-	-	+/-	+/-	+/-	+	+	-	+/-	Severe anemia, Thrombocytopenia, ↑ aPTT	↑BUN, ↑Cr	NA	Mild proteinuria, Red blood cells, Red blood cell casts	NA	Schistocytes, ↑FDP and D-dimer, ↑ Bilirubin, ↑LDH, ↓Haptoglobin, Stool culture (for E coli 0157:H7 or shigella), ↓ADAMTS-13 activity	Ruling out obstruction	NA	NA	NA	Diffuse thickening of the glomerular capillary wall, Swelling of endothelial cells, Fibrin thrombi in renal biopsy	-
	Nephrolithiasis^[65]^[66]^[67]	-	-	-	-	+/-	+/-	-	-	-	Mild leukocytosis, ↑CRP	↑BUN, ↑Cr	↑Na, ↑K, ↑P, ↑Ca, ↑Urate	Gross or microscopic hematuria, Red blood cells, Urinary crystals of calcium oxalate, uric acid, or cystine, Hypercalciuria, Urinary pH > 7 in struvite stones (Proteus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella), Urinary pH < 5 in uric acid stones	↓HCO3, Renal tubular acidosis	-	All types of stones are visible, Hydronephrosis, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Cholelithiasis	Calcium - containing stones, Uric acid or cystine stones, Stone movement	Stone density, size and composition, Hydronephrosis, Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking	NA	Intravenous pyelography (IVP), Renal tomography, Nuclear renal scan	-

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↑ Runyon BA (October 1990). "Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis". Hepatology. 12 (4 Pt 1): 710–5. PMID 2210672.
↑ Gregg XT, Prchal JT (January 1997). "Erythropoietin receptor mutations and human disease". Semin. Hematol. 34 (1): 70–6. PMID 9025165.
↑ Kralovics R, Indrak K, Stopka T, Berman BW, Prchal JF, Prchal JT (September 1997). "Two new EPO receptor mutations: truncated EPO receptors are most frequently associated with primary familial and congenital polycythemias". Blood. 90 (5): 2057–61. PMID 9292543.
↑ Hooper SB, Te Pas AB, Kitchen MJ (May 2016). "Respiratory transition in the newborn: a three-phase process". Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. 101 (3): F266–71. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-305704. PMID 26542877.
↑ Vincent JL, De Backer D (October 2013). "Circulatory shock". N. Engl. J. Med. 369 (18): 1726–34. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1208943. PMID 24171518.
↑ Jalan KN, Sircus W, Card WI, Falconer CW, Bruce CB, Crean GP, McManus JP, Small WP, Smith AN (July 1969). "An experience of ulcerative colitis. I. Toxic dilation in 55 cases". Gastroenterology. 57 (1): 68–82. PMID 5305933.
↑ Schwarz A, Krause PH, Kunzendorf U, Keller F, Distler A (September 2000). "The outcome of acute interstitial nephritis: risk factors for the transition from acute to chronic interstitial nephritis". Clin. Nephrol. 54 (3): 179–90. PMID 11020015.
↑ Praga M, González E (June 2010). "Acute interstitial nephritis". Kidney Int. 77 (11): 956–61. doi:10.1038/ki.2010.89. PMID 20336051.
↑ Khwaja A (2012). "KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury". Nephron Clin Pract. 120 (4): c179–84. doi:10.1159/000339789. PMID 22890468.
↑ Lameire N, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R (2005). "Acute renal failure". Lancet. 365 (9457): 417–30. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17831-3. PMID 15680458.
↑ Gudbjartsson T, Thoroddsen A, Petursdottir V, Hardarson S, Magnusson J, Einarsson GV (December 2005). "Effect of incidental detection for survival of patients with renal cell carcinoma: results of population-based study of 701 patients". Urology. 66 (6): 1186–91. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.009. PMID 16360438.
↑ Skinner DG, Colvin RB, Vermillion CD, Pfister RC, Leadbetter WF (November 1971). "Diagnosis and management of renal cell carcinoma. A clinical and pathologic study of 309 cases". Cancer. 28 (5): 1165–77. PMID 5125665.
↑ Queisser-Luft A, Stolz G, Wiesel A, Schlaefer K, Spranger J (July 2002). "Malformations in newborn: results based on 30,940 infants and fetuses from the Mainz congenital birth defect monitoring system (1990-1998)". Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 266 (3): 163–7. PMID 12197558.
↑ Sanna-Cherchi S, Ravani P, Corbani V, Parodi S, Haupt R, Piaggio G, Innocenti ML, Somenzi D, Trivelli A, Caridi G, Izzi C, Scolari F, Mattioli G, Allegri L, Ghiggeri GM (September 2009). "Renal outcome in patients with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract". Kidney Int. 76 (5): 528–33. doi:10.1038/ki.2009.220. PMID 19536081.
↑ Glassberg KI (June 2002). "Normal and abnormal development of the kidney: a clinician's interpretation of current knowledge". J. Urol. 167 (6): 2339–50, discussion 2350–1. PMID 11992035.
↑ Abboud H, Henrich WL (January 2010). "Clinical practice. Stage IV chronic kidney disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 362 (1): 56–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0906797. PMID 20054047.
↑ Denic A, Mathew J, Lerman LO, Lieske JC, Larson JJ, Alexander MP, Poggio E, Glassock RJ, Rule AD (June 2017). "Single-Nephron Glomerular Filtration Rate in Healthy Adults". N. Engl. J. Med. 376 (24): 2349–2357. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1614329. PMC 5664219. PMID 28614683.
↑ Borowitz MJ, Craig FE, Digiuseppe JA, Illingworth AJ, Rosse W, Sutherland DR, Wittwer CT, Richards SJ (July 2010). "Guidelines for the diagnosis and monitoring of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and related disorders by flow cytometry". Cytometry B Clin Cytom. 78 (4): 211–30. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.20525. PMID 20533382.
↑ Knochel JP (1982). "Rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria". Annu. Rev. Med. 33: 435–43. doi:10.1146/annurev.me.33.020182.002251. PMID 6282181.
↑ Giannoglou GD, Chatzizisis YS, Misirli G (March 2007). "The syndrome of rhabdomyolysis: Pathophysiology and diagnosis". Eur. J. Intern. Med. 18 (2): 90–100. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2006.09.020. PMID 17338959.
↑ Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.
↑ Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.
↑ Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.
↑ Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.
↑ Trachtman H, Bergwerk A, Gauthier B (August 1994). "Isolated proteinuria in children. Natural history and indications for renal biopsy". Clin Pediatr (Phila). 33 (8): 468–72. doi:10.1177/000992289403300804. PMID 7955787.
↑ Pusey CD (October 2003). "Anti-glomerular basement membrane disease". Kidney Int. 64 (4): 1535–50. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00241.x. PMID 12969182.
↑ Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.
↑ Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.
↑ Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.
↑ Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.
↑ Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.
↑ Fwu CW, Eggers PW, Kimmel PL, Kusek JW, Kirkali Z (March 2013). "Emergency department visits, use of imaging, and drugs for urolithiasis have increased in the United States". Kidney Int. 83 (3): 479–86. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.419. PMC 3587650. PMID 23283137.
↑ Singh P, Enders FT, Vaughan LE, Bergstralh EJ, Knoedler JJ, Krambeck AE, Lieske JC, Rule AD (October 2015). "Stone Composition Among First-Time Symptomatic Kidney Stone Formers in the Community". Mayo Clin. Proc. 90 (10): 1356–65. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.07.016. PMC 4593754. PMID 26349951.
↑ Teichman JM (February 2004). "Clinical practice. Acute renal colic from ureteral calculus". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (7): 684–93. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp030813. PMID 14960744.

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[pmid6645213-54] Coe FL (September 1983). "Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis". Kidney Int. 24 (3): 392–403. PMID 6645213.

[pmid15202612-55] Maalouf NM, Cameron MA, Moe OW, Sakhaee K (March 2004). "Novel insights into the pathogenesis of uric acid nephrolithiasis". Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 13 (2): 181–9. PMID 15202612.

[pmid2915517-56] Ellis EN, Mauer SM, Sutherland DE, Steffes MW (February 1989). "Glomerular capillary morphology in normal humans". Lab. Invest. 60 (2): 231–6. PMID 2915517.

[pmid27373970-57] Dickinson BL (August 2016). "Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease". Clin. Immunol. 169: 89–97. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011. PMID 27373970.

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[pmid8914046-60] Bolton WK (November 1996). "Goodpasture's syndrome". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1753–66. PMID 8914046.

[pmid8589284-61] Kalluri R, Wilson CB, Weber M, Gunwar S, Chonko AM, Neilson EG, Hudson BG (October 1995). "Identification of the alpha 3 chain of type IV collagen as the common autoantigen in antibasement membrane disease and Goodpasture syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 6 (4): 1178–85. PMID 8589284.

[pmid15728781-62] Noris M, Remuzzi G (April 2005). "Hemolytic uremic syndrome". J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 16 (4): 1035–50. doi:10.1681/ASN.2004100861. PMID 15728781.

[pmid27989322-63] Goodship TH, Cook HT, Fakhouri F, Fervenza FC, Frémeaux-Bacchi V, Kavanagh D, Nester CM, Noris M, Pickering MC, Rodríguez de Córdoba S, Roumenina LT, Sethi S, Smith RJ (March 2017). "Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathy: conclusions from a "Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes" (KDIGO) Controversies Conference". Kidney Int. 91 (3): 539–551. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.005. PMID 27989322.

[pmid25859752-64] Loirat C, Fakhouri F, Ariceta G, Besbas N, Bitzan M, Bjerre A, Coppo R, Emma F, Johnson S, Karpman D, Landau D, Langman CB, Lapeyraque AL, Licht C, Nester C, Pecoraro C, Riedl M, van de Kar NC, Van de Walle J, Vivarelli M, Frémeaux-Bacchi V (January 2016). "An international consensus approach to the management of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children". Pediatr. Nephrol. 31 (1): 15–39. doi:10.1007/s00467-015-3076-8. PMID 25859752.

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@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 ===The following table outlines the major differential diagnoses of oliguria:===
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with thirst, [[Oliguria with thirst|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with thirst, [[Oliguria with thirst|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with muscle weakness, [[Oliguria with muscle weakness|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with muscle weakness, [[Oliguria with muscle weakness|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with somatic pain, [[Oliguria with somatic pain|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with somatic pain, [[Oliguria with somatic pain|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with vomiting, [[Oliguria with vomiting|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with vomiting, [[Oliguria with vomiting|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with diarrhea, [[Oliguria with diarrhea|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with diarrhea, [[Oliguria with diarrhea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with tachypnea, [[Oliguria with tachypnea|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with tachypnea, [[Oliguria with tachypnea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with edema, [[Oliguria with edema|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with edema, [[Oliguria with edema|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and thirst, [[Oliguria with fatigue and thirst|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and thirst, [[Oliguria with fatigue and thirst|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea, [[Oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea, [[Oliguria with fatigue and tachypnea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and edema, [[Oliguria with fatigue and edema|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue and edema, [[Oliguria with fatigue and edema|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea, [[Oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea, [[Oliguria with fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, [[Oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea, [[Oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, and diarrhea|click here]].'''''
-'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema [[Oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema|click here]].'''''
+'''''To review the differential diagnosis of oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema [[Oliguria with fatigue, somatic pain, vomiting, diarrhea, and edema|click here]].'''''
@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]] (isopropyl [[alcohol]])
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thiamine]] must be given to prevent [[Wernicke's encephalopathy]]
@@ Line 109: / Line 109: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Allergy test]], ↑[[IgE]] (>1000 IU/dl), Direct visualization of [[Hyphae|fungal hyphae]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pulmonary infiltrates, [[Mucus|Mucus plug]], Mass in the upper lobe surrounded by a crescent of air, Solitary or multiple cavities
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Halo sign, Wedge-shaped pulmonary [[infarction]], [[Granuloma]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Polymerase chain reaction|Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)]]
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Ca]], ↑[[Mg]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool PCR, Stool culture, Serotyping
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 158: / Line 158: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]],
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Pulmonary hypertension]], [[Pleural effusions]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary edema]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Valvular heart disease]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Decreased [[ejection fraction]] in [[echocardiography]], Heart function and damage in nuclear imaging
@@ Line 178: / Line 178: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Chloride|Cl]]
@@ Line 184: / Line 184: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]], ↓[[Bicarbonate|HCO3]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hypoglycemia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 202: / Line 202: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] with predominant [[neutrophilia]], ↑ [[ESR]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ketones]], Organic acids, [[Porphobilinogen]], [[Aminolevulinic acid]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stool [[anion gap]], Stool pH < 5.5, Stool culture, Serotyping, Enzyme immunoassay ([[rotavirus]] or [[adenovirus]]), [[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Amylase]], [[Lipase]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 225: / Line 225: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Creatine kinase|CK]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↓[[Ca]], ↓[[Phosphate|P]]
@@ Line 233: / Line 233: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephropathy]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Radioopaque substances, Ingested drug packets
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 250: / Line 250: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Normocytic normochromic anemia]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Velocity and direction of [[portal]] flow
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal opacities  outside of[[esophageal]] wall, Posterior [[mediastinal]] or intraparenchymal mass, Dilated [[azygous vein]]
@@ Line 273: / Line 273: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Throat culture]], Rapid streptococcal antigen test, Hyperoxia test, [[Pulse oximetry]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiomegaly]], [[Dextrocardia]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ventricular dysfunction]], Left and right ventricular [[hypertrophy]], Valvular disease in [[echocardiography]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 297: / Line 297: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Chloride|Cl]], ↓[[Ca]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Peritoneal cavity fluid in [[FAST]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral opacities in the lung field, [[Hemothorax]], Hemoperitoneum, Ruptured [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Intrathoracic, intra-abdominal, and retroperitoneal [[bleeding]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Source of [[bleeding]] in the upper GI in [[Esophagogastroduodenoscopy|EGD]], [[Angiography]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 318: / Line 318: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Thrombocytopenia|Thrombocytopenia,]] [[Microcytic anemia|Microcytic hypochromic anemia]], ↑RDW, ↑[[Reticulocyte|Retic]] count
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], ↑Unconjugated [[bilirubin]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hepatomegaly]],[[Splenomegaly]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 371: / Line 371: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Proteinuria]],  [[Sodium|Na]] < 10 mEq/L, [[Urine osmolality]] > [[plasma osmolality]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Alpha fetoprotein|Alpha feto-protein]], [[Cryoglobulinemia]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Exclude [[hydronephrosis]] and intrinsic renal disease
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Right ventricular preload, ventricular filling pressures, and cardiac function in [[echocardiography]]
 | -
@@ Line 393: / Line 393: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Cr]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↓[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Troponin]], [[Creatine kinase]], [[Creatine kinase]] - MB, [[Brain natriuretic peptide|BNP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Abnormal cardiac silhouette
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Biventricular volume, Wall motion abnormality, Myocardial perfusion, [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
@@ Line 413: / Line 413: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]], [[Aspartate aminotransferase]] to [[platelet]] ratio, FibroTest/FibroSure, Hepascore, FibroSpectatio
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Portal blood flow velocity, [[Hepatic artery]] enlargement, Multifocal  lesions or masses, Hepatic contour, [[Ascites]], [[Splenomegaly]]
@@ Line 442: / Line 442: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Acidosis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Urinary [[catecholamines]], [[TSH]], ↑[[Renin]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Cardiomegaly, [[Pulmonary edema]], Rib notching, [[Aortic coarctation]], Mediastinal widening, [[Aortic dissection]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Left atrial enlargement and left ventricular [[hypertrophy|hypertrophy in]] [[echocardiography]]
 | -
@@ Line 460: / Line 460: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]] ([[eosinophilia]]),↑[[ESR]] and [[CRP]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Cardiac enzymes]], Viral antibodies
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Inflammatory [[edema]], Degree of scarring
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endomyocardial biopsy]], [[Echocardiography]], [[Scintigraphy]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 |-
 ! style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Peritonitis]]<ref name="pmid97980132">{{cite journal |vauthors=Such J, Runyon BA |title=Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=669–74; quiz 675–6 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9798013 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22106722">{{cite journal |vauthors=Runyon BA |title=Monomicrobial nonneutrocytic bacterascites: a variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis |journal=Hepatology |volume=12 |issue=4 Pt 1 |pages=710–5 |date=October 1990 |pmid=2210672 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
@@ Line 483: / Line 483: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Leukocytosis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ascitic fluid [[neutrophil]] count > 500 cells/µL
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 507: / Line 507: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[RBC]], ↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[Hemoglobin|HGB]], [[Thrombocytosis]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Erythropoietin]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Hyperuricemia]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Splenomegaly]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Phlebotomy]] is the usual treatment
@@ Line 528: / Line 528: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>+</nowiki>
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Metabolic acidosis|Metabolic]] and [[Metabolic acidosis|respiratory acidosis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulse oximetry]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, diffuse, reticular granular or ground-glass appearance +/- [[Cardiomegaly]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Patent ductus arteriosus]] [[hypertrophy|in]] [[echocardiography]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 553: / Line 553: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Hematocrit|HCT]], ↑[[PT]] and [[aPTT]], [[Eosinophilia]], [[Leukocytosis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Glomerular filtration rate|GFR]], ↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Lactate]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]],  ↑[[BNP]], ↑[[Troponin]], [[D-dimer]], [[Fibrinogen]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Pneumothorax]], Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]], [[Pericardial effusion]], [[Cardiac tamponade]], [[Pneumothorax]], Thoracic or [[abdominal aortic aneurysm]] in RUSH (Rapid Ultrasound for Shock and Hypotension)
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], [[Pulmonary edema]], Widened [[mediastinum]], Free air under the [[diaphragm]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Traumatic brain injury, [[Stroke]], Spinal injury, [[Pneumonia]], [[Pneumothorax]], Ruptured [[aneurysm]], [[Aortic dissection]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 577: / Line 577: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Loss of haustra, Hypoechoic and thick bowel walls, Dilated [[colon]] > 6cm, Dilatation of ileal loops
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Dilated [[colon]], Free intraperitoneal air
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Bowel perforation]], [[Abscess]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Endoscopy]] and [[colonoscopy]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 627: / Line 627: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Eosinophilia]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]], ↑[[Fractional sodium excretion|FENa]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Eosinophiluria, [[Pyuria|Sterile pyuria]], [[Microscopic hematuria]], [[Proteinuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑Total [[IgG]], ↑[[IgG4-related systemic disease|IgG4]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Normal-sized [[Kidney|kidneys]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |History of long term [[analgesic]] use
@@ Line 652: / Line 652: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Pigmented, muddy brown, granular casts
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Obstructive uropathy]], Renal size, Cortical thickness, [[Hydronephrosis]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Nephrolithiasis]]
@@ Line 675: / Line 675: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Sodium|Na]], ↑[[Potassium|K]], ↓[[Magnesium|Mg]], ↑[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Gross [[hematuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Liver function tests|LFT]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Fluid collection and morphological change, Flank mass
@@ Line 705: / Line 705: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↓[[Phosphate|P]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Microalbuminuria]], [[Uricosuria]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Genetic testing for[[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease|ADPKD2]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Visualization of [[Cysts|kidney cysts]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Small kidney cysts (0.5 cm)
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Kidney]] size, [[Intracranial aneurysms]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 757: / Line 757: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Potassium|K]], ↑[[Urate]], ↓[[Calcium|Ca]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Uricosuria]], [[Hematuria]], [[Myoglobinuria]], [[Urinary casts|Casts]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Creatine kinase]] > 1000 U/L
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Malignant or cystic lesions, [[Hydronephrosis]], [[Nephrocalcinosis]], [[Urolithiasis]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Urolithiasis]], [[Wilms tumor]], [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Ureter]] or [[Urinary bladder|bladder]] abnormality in voiding cystourethrography
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 778: / Line 778: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pleocytosis]], [[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis]], ↑[[ESR]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Specific gravity (kidney)|Specific gravity]] > 1.020, [[Proteinuria]], [[Hematuria]], [[Red blood cell]] casts, [[White blood cell]] casts, Cellular casts, Oval fat bodies
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[C3 (complement)|C3]], ↑[[C4A|C4]], ↑[[CH|CH50]], [[Blood culture|Blood]] and tissue culture, [[Antinuclear antibodies]], [[Cryoglobulin]]s,[[Hepatitis B]] and C [[Serological testing|serologies]], [[Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody]] ([[ANCA]])
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Kidney size, Echogenicity of the renal cortex, Obstruction, Degree of [[fibrosis]]
@@ Line 801: / Line 801: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Anemia]], [[Leukocytosis|Leukocytosis, ↑]][[ESR]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Low-grade [[proteinuria]], Gross or [[microscopic hematuria]], [[RBC casts]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Anti– glomerular [[basement membrane]] antibody [[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bilateral, basal, patchy [[Consolidation (medicine)|parenchymal consolidations]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse [[alveolar]] [[Hemorrhages|hemorrhage]] in [[pulmonary]] [[biopsy]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 824: / Line 824: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Severe [[anemia]], [[Thrombocytopenia]], ↑ [[aPTT]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |↑[[Blood urea nitrogen|BUN]], ↑[[Cr]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mild [[proteinuria]], [[Red blood cell]]s, [[Red blood cell]] casts
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Schistocytes]], ↑[[Fibrin degradation product|FDP]] and [[D-dimer]], ↑ [[Bilirubin]], ↑[[Lactate dehydrogenase|LDH]], ↓[[Haptoglobin]], Stool culture (for [[E coli]] 0157:H7 or [[shigella]]), ↓[[ADAMTS-13]] activity
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Ruling out [[obstruction]]
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Diffuse thickening of the [[glomerular]] capillary wall, Swelling of [[endothelial cells]], [[Fibrin]] [[thrombi]] in renal [[biopsy]]
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | -
@@ Line 854: / Line 854: @@
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Calcium]] - containing stones, [[Uric acid]] or [[cystine]] stones, Stone movement
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Stone density, size and composition, [[Hydronephrosis]], Nephromegaly, Perinephric fat streaking
-| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Not applicable
+| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |NA
 | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Intravenous pyelogram|Intravenous pyelography (IVP)]], [[Tomography|Renal tomography]], Nuclear renal scan
 | -