Polycythemia differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Iatrogenic causes | ! rowspan="5" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Iatrogenic causes | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Smoking<ref name="Hasselbalch2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hasselbalch|first1=Hans Carl|title=Smoking as a contributing factor for development of polycythemia vera and related neoplasms|journal=Leukemia Research|volume=39|issue=11|year=2015|pages=1137–1145|issn=01452126|doi=10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.002}}</ref><ref name="MalenicaPrnjavorac2017">{{cite journal|last1=Malenica|first1=Maja|last2=Prnjavorac|first2=Besim|last3=Bego|first3=Tamer|last4=Dujic|first4=Tanja|last5=Semiz|first5=Sabina|last6=Skrbo|first6=Selma|last7=Gusic|first7=Amar|last8=Hadzic|first8=Ajla|last9=Causevic|first9=Adlija|title=Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Population|journal=Medical Archives|volume=71|issue=2|year=2017|pages=132|issn=0350-199X|doi=10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136}}</ref> | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Smoking]]<ref name="Hasselbalch2015">{{cite journal|last1=Hasselbalch|first1=Hans Carl|title=Smoking as a contributing factor for development of polycythemia vera and related neoplasms|journal=Leukemia Research|volume=39|issue=11|year=2015|pages=1137–1145|issn=01452126|doi=10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.002}}</ref><ref name="MalenicaPrnjavorac2017">{{cite journal|last1=Malenica|first1=Maja|last2=Prnjavorac|first2=Besim|last3=Bego|first3=Tamer|last4=Dujic|first4=Tanja|last5=Semiz|first5=Sabina|last6=Skrbo|first6=Selma|last7=Gusic|first7=Amar|last8=Hadzic|first8=Ajla|last9=Causevic|first9=Adlija|title=Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Population|journal=Medical Archives|volume=71|issue=2|year=2017|pages=132|issn=0350-199X|doi=10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
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| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | − | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | − | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑ | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↑ | ||
Line 236: | Line 236: | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide<ref name="WuJuurlink2014">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=P. E.|last2=Juurlink|first2=D. N.|title=Carbon monoxide poisoning|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=186|issue=8|year=2014|pages=611–611|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.130972}}</ref> | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Carbon monoxide poisoning|Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide]]<ref name="WuJuurlink2014">{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=P. E.|last2=Juurlink|first2=D. N.|title=Carbon monoxide poisoning|journal=Canadian Medical Association Journal|volume=186|issue=8|year=2014|pages=611–611|issn=0820-3946|doi=10.1503/cmaj.130972}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
* Occupational exposure | * Occupational exposure | ||
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| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
* Dizziness | * Dizziness | ||
* Altered cognition | * Altered cognition | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Cyanosis]], flushed cheeks | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | [[Cyanosis]], flushed cheeks | ||
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* Concomitant [[cyanide]] exposure | * Concomitant [[cyanide]] exposure | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Diuretics | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Diuretic|Diuretics]]<ref name="pmid3282731">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pollak R, Maddux MS, Cohan J, Jacobsson PK, Mozes MF |title=Erythrocythemia following renal transplantation: influence of diuretic therapy |journal=Clin. Nephrol. |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=119–23 |date=March 1988 |pmid=3282731 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | * Reduced plasma volume | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Any | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | * Dizziness | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl to ↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical manifestation | |||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | NA | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Use of androgens or anabolic steroids | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Use of [[Androgen|androgens]] or [[Anabolic steroid|anabolic steroids]]<ref name="pmid1942342">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ, Dunsky MH, Kelly CM |title=Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence |journal=J. Urol. |volume=146 |issue=6 |pages=1566–70 |date=December 1991 |pmid=1942342 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
* | * Reduced plasma volume | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | * Accelerated [[erythropoiesis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Athletes | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Muscular | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl to ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical manifestation | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | |||
* [[Hypogonadism]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Self-injection of erythropoietin | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Self-injection of [[erythropoietin]] | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
* | * Reduced plasma volume | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | * Accelerated [[erythropoiesis]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Athletes | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | + | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Muscular | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Nl to ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | - | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↑ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Nl | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | ↓ | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |NA | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | Clinical manifestation | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | |||
* [[Hypogonadism]] | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Secondary causes | ! rowspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Secondary causes | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Secondary polycythemia due to hypoxemia | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Secondary polycythemia due to [[hypoxemia]] | ||
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | ||
* Chronic lung disease | * Chronic lung disease | ||
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* Variable manifestations given the diverse etiologies | * Variable manifestations given the diverse etiologies | ||
|- | |- | ||
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | ! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia]] | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations | ||
| align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | | | align="center" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | |
Revision as of 17:18, 22 August 2018
Polycythemia Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
Case Studies |
Polycythemia differential diagnosis On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Polycythemia differential diagnosis |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Polycythemia differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Differential Diagnosis of Polycythemia
Polycythemia must be differentiated from a variety of other conditions.[1][2][3]
Category | Disease | Etiology | Mutation | Clinical manifestations | Laboratory findings | Gold standard disgnosis | Associated findings | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demography | Symptoms | Signs | CBC | EPO level | PBS | ||||||||||||||||||||
Fatigue | Headache | Shortness of breath | Bleeding | Pain | Other symptoms | Appearance | SaO2 | Fever | BP | Tenderness | Splenomegaly | Other signs | Hb | RBC | WBC | Plt | |||||||||
Mutational causes | Polycythemia vera (PV)[4] |
|
JAK2 mutation > 95% | Mean age >60 years old | + | + | + | ± | Facial plethora | Nl | − | ↑ |
|
+ | ↑ | ↑ RBC mass | Nl to ↑ | Nl to ↑ | ↓ |
|
WHO criteria for PV | ||||
Chuvash polycythemia[5] | Hypoxia-sensing disorder | VHL mutation | Russia, Italy
<40 years old |
+ | + | + | ± |
|
Facial plethora | ↓ | − | ↑ |
|
+ | ↑ | ↑ | Nl | Nl | ↑ |
|
Molecular genetic testing |
| |||
Hereditary methemoglobinemia[6] |
|
Mutations in globin gene | Infants | ± | ± | ± | − | − | − | Cyanosis | Inaccurately Nl | - | Nl | − | − |
|
↑ | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Nl | NA | RBC enzyme activity + DNA analysis |
| |
Primary familial and congenital polycythemia[7] | Autosomal dominant inheritance | EPOR mutation | Very rare | + | + | ± | − | − | − | Facial plethora | Nl | - | Nl to ↑ | − | − |
|
↑ | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Nl to ↓ | NA | Isolated erythrocytosis + genetic testing |
| |
Category | Disease | Etiology | Mutation | Demography | Fatigue | Headache | Shortness of breath | Bleeding | Pain | Other symptoms | Appearance | SaO2 | Fever | BP | Tenderness | Splenomegaly | Other signs | Hb | RBC | WBC | Plt | EPO level | PBS | Gold standard diagnosis | Associated findings |
Iatrogenic causes | Smoking[8][9] |
|
− | Any | − | − | + | − | − | − | Cyanosis | ↓ | − | Nl | − | − | − | ↑ | Nl | Nl to ↑ | Nl to ↑ | Nl to ↓ | NA | Clinical manifestation | NA |
Chronic exposure to carbon monoxide[10] |
|
− | Miners, fire fighters | + | + | + | − | − |
|
Cyanosis, flushed cheeks | Nl | − | Nl | − | − | − | ↑ | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Nl to ↓ | NA | Blood level of carboxyhemoglobin |
| |
Diuretics[11] |
|
- | Any | - | - | - | - | - |
|
Nl | Nl | - | Nl to ↓ | - | - | - | ↑ | Nl | Nl | Nl | Nl to ↓ | NA | Clinical manifestation | NA | |
Use of androgens or anabolic steroids[12] |
|
- | Athletes | - | + | - | - | - | - | Muscular | Nl | - | Nl to ↑ | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | Nl | Nl | ↓ | NA | Clinical manifestation | ||
Self-injection of erythropoietin |
|
- | Athletes | - | + | - | - | - | - | Muscular | Nl | - | Nl to ↑ | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | Nl | Nl | ↓ | NA | Clinical manifestation | ||
Secondary causes | Secondary polycythemia due to hypoxemia |
|
− | Depends on etiology | + | + | + | − | Depends on etiology | Cyanosis | ↓ | − | Nl to ↑ | − | − | ↑ | ↑ | Nl | Nl | ↑ | NA | Clinical manifestation + imaging |
| ||
Secondary polycythemia due to erythropoietin producing tumor | − | Depends on etiology | + | − | − | − | Depends on etiology | Depends on etiology | Chronically ill | Nl | ± | Nl to ↑ | ± | ± | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ | Nl | ↑ | ↑ | NA | Clinical manifestation + imaging |
| |||
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia | Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations | ↑/↓ | ↑/↓ | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Category | Disease | Etiology | Mutation | Demography | Fatigue | Headache | Shortness of breath | Bleeding | Pain | Other symptoms | Appearance | SaO2 | Fever | BP | Tenderness | Splenomegaly | Other signs | Hb | RBC | WBC | Plt | EPO level | PBS | Gold standard diagnosis | Associated findings |
References
- ↑ Tefferi A, Barbui T (2015). "Polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification and management". Am J Hematol. 90 (2): 162–73. doi:10.1002/ajh.23895. PMID 25611051.
- ↑ Sanchez S, Ewton A (2006). "Essential thrombocythemia: a review of diagnostic and pathologic features". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 130 (8): 1144–50. doi:10.1043/1543-2165(2006)130[1144:ET]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16879015.
- ↑ Jabbour E, Kantarjian H (2014). "Chronic myeloid leukemia: 2014 update on diagnosis, monitoring, and management". Am J Hematol. 89 (5): 547–56. doi:10.1002/ajh.23691. PMID 24729196.
- ↑ Stein, Brady L.; Oh, Stephen T.; Berenzon, Dmitriy; Hobbs, Gabriela S.; Kremyanskaya, Marina; Rampal, Raajit K.; Abboud, Camille N.; Adler, Kenneth; Heaney, Mark L.; Jabbour, Elias J.; Komrokji, Rami S.; Moliterno, Alison R.; Ritchie, Ellen K.; Rice, Lawrence; Mascarenhas, John; Hoffman, Ronald (2015). "Polycythemia Vera: An Appraisal of the Biology and Management 10 Years After the Discovery ofJAK2 V617F". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 33 (33): 3953–3960. doi:10.1200/JCO.2015.61.6474. ISSN 0732-183X.
- ↑ Zhou, Amy W.; Knoche, Eric M.; Engle, Elizabeth K.; Ban-Hoefen, Makiko; Kaiwar, Charu; Oh, Stephen T. (2016). "Clinical Improvement with JAK2 Inhibition in Chuvash Polycythemia". New England Journal of Medicine. 375 (5): 494–496. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1600337. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Da-Silva SS, Sajan IS, Underwood JP (August 2003). "Congenital methemoglobinemia: a rare cause of cyanosis in the newborn--a case report". Pediatrics. 112 (2): e158–61. PMID 12897322.
- ↑ Bento C, McMullin MF, Percy M, et al. Primary Familial and Congenital Polycythemia. 2016 Nov 10. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, et al., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993-2018. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395975/
- ↑ Hasselbalch, Hans Carl (2015). "Smoking as a contributing factor for development of polycythemia vera and related neoplasms". Leukemia Research. 39 (11): 1137–1145. doi:10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.002. ISSN 0145-2126.
- ↑ Malenica, Maja; Prnjavorac, Besim; Bego, Tamer; Dujic, Tanja; Semiz, Sabina; Skrbo, Selma; Gusic, Amar; Hadzic, Ajla; Causevic, Adlija (2017). "Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Haematological Parameters in Healthy Population". Medical Archives. 71 (2): 132. doi:10.5455/medarh.2017.71.132-136. ISSN 0350-199X.
- ↑ Wu, P. E.; Juurlink, D. N. (2014). "Carbon monoxide poisoning". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 186 (8): 611–611. doi:10.1503/cmaj.130972. ISSN 0820-3946.
- ↑ Pollak R, Maddux MS, Cohan J, Jacobsson PK, Mozes MF (March 1988). "Erythrocythemia following renal transplantation: influence of diuretic therapy". Clin. Nephrol. 29 (3): 119–23. PMID 3282731.
- ↑ Krauss DJ, Taub HA, Lantinga LJ, Dunsky MH, Kelly CM (December 1991). "Risks of blood volume changes in hypogonadal men treated with testosterone enanthate for erectile impotence". J. Urol. 146 (6): 1566–70. PMID 1942342.