Fibromuscular dysplasia differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohsen Basiri M.D.

Overview

Fibromuscular dysplasia must be differentiated from other diseases that present clinical features of multisystem involvement, hypertension, aneurysm, and dissection, such as atherosclerotic vascular disease, vasculitis, and Ehlers-Danlos Type IV.

There is a significant delay in diagnosis from the first onset of clinical symptoms/signs of 4.4 years in men and 4.1 years in women. There are several possible reasons for such a delay, including the possibility that FMD is not considered in the differential diagnosis of a patient’s symptoms because of under-recognition of this disorder, as well as the mistaken belief that FMD is predominately a rare disease of young patients, and the fact that many of the signs and symptoms of FMD are nonspecific, such as dizziness, tinnitus, and headaches.

Differentiating X from other Diseases

Fibromuscular dysplasia must be differentiated from atherosclerotic vascular disease. Patients with atherosclerosis often have multiple atherosclerotic risk factors, whereas most individuals with FMD are younger and have fewer risk factors.

In general, Atherosclerosis occurs proximally and usually involves the proximal segment of the arteries, whereas FMD involves the mid or distal portion of the blood vessel. The "string of beads" appearance is remarkable for FMD; and atherosclerotic disease and FMD can be differentiated radiographically.

• Ehlers-Danlos Type IV may be associated with medial fibroplasia. This differential diagnosis should be considered in patients who have multiple aneurysms in addition to the routine angiographic characteristics of FMD.

• Multisystem involvement is observed in both vasculitis and FMD. Those with FMD generally will not have associated anemia, thrombocytopenia, or abnormalities of acute phase reactants.

Large vessel vasculitis may occur in the absence of changes in acute phase reactants in up to 40% of cases. If histologic proof of FMD or inflammation is not available, distinguishing these entities may at times be difficult because the angiographic appearance can be similar, especially if the intimal fibroplasia is of the multivessel type.

• Segmental arterial mediolysis is a poorly understood condition characterized by spontaneous dissections, occlusion, or aneurysm formation, which may be difficult to differentiate from FMD. Similar to FMD, segmental arterial mediolysis is a noninflammatory, nonatherosclerotic arterial disease. A definitive diagnosis of segmental arterial mediolysis requires tissue examination. This lesion of segmental arterial mediolysis is characterized by the vacuolar degeneration of smooth muscle cells.

• Differential diagnosis of FMD Involving the coronary arteries, are cocaine vasculitis, coronary vasospasm, and atherosclerotic plaque.

• Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a unique disease by bilateral stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis and arterial collateral vessels and formation of an abnormal vascular network in the vicinity of the arterial occlusion. The most presentations of this disease are ischemic cerebrovascular events, and hemorrhagic stroke.

Preferred Table

Diseases	Clinical manifestations							Para-clinical findings						Gold standard	Additional findings
	Symptoms				Physical examination
								Lab Findings			Imaging
	Symptom 1	Symptom 2	Symptom 3	Other symptoms	Physical exam 1	Physical exam 2	Physical exam 3	Lab 1	Lab 2	Lab 3	Imaging 1	Imaging 2	Imaging 3
Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease	Heart attack	Stroke	Peripheral artery occlusive disease		Chest pain	motor or/and sensory deficit	intermittent claudication	Hyperlipidemia	Hyperglycemia		Angiography	CT scan or MRI	Duplex ultrasound	Angiography	Generally older than 60 yrs of age
Takayasu Arteritis	Headache	Malaise	Artheralgias and fever		Hypertension	Absent or diminished pulses	Focal neurologic deficits	Elevated ESR and CRP	Leukocytosis	Normochromic anemia	Color Doppler ultrasonography	CT helical scanning angiography	MRA		Female, younger than 40 yrs of age, hypertension, absent or decreased pulses, bruits, murmur of aortic regurgitation
Moyamoya disease	Asymptomatic/variable	TIA/ CVA	headaches/ dizziness/or seizures		Non-specific	Motor or/and Sensory deficit		Electroencephalography			Head CT/Brain MRI	Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography	MRA		Children with MMD often exhibit abnormalities on EEG. The most characteristic is the "rebuild-up" phenomenon following hyperventilation.
Diseases	Symptom 1	Symptom 2	Symptom 3		Physical exam 1	Physical exam 2	Physical exam 3	Lab 1	Lab 2	Lab 3	Imaging 1	Imaging 2	Imaging 3	Gold standard	Additional findings
Ehlers-Danlos Type IV	Arterial rupture	Intestinal rupture	Uterine rupture		Non-specific S&S of arterial rupture	Non-specific S&S intestinal rupture	Non-specific S&S uterine rupture	Sequence and deletion/duplication testing of the COL3A1 gene	Analysis of type III procollagen from fibroblasts culture						Younger than 40 yrs of age, small body habitus, characteristic facial appearance, translucent skin, easy bruising, hypermobile joints
Segmental arterial mediolysis	Asymptomatic	Abdominal or flank pain	Intensive headache/ CVA		Non-specific S&S of Arterial occlusion or/and rupture	Abdominal distention		Rapidly decreasing hematocrit	Hematuria	Acid/base disturbances	CTA	Angiography	MRA	Histology	A rare conditions in the elderly
Cocaine vasculitis	Arthralgias	Skin lesions	constitutional symptoms: fever, night sweats, weight loss, myalgias		Acute hypertension	Hole in nasal septum		Urine toxicology	ECG may show ST-segment elevations	MPO-ANCA/PR3-ANCA				Urine toxicology	Men with fewer cardiovascular risk factors