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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
* '''Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection''' | * '''Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection:''' | ||
:*The presence of strains 16, 18 and 31 is the prime [[risk factor]] for cervical cancer, and | |||
:*The presence of strains 16, 18 and 31 is the prime [[risk factor]] for cervical cancer, and | |||
* Other risk factors for cervical cancer include the following: <ref name="pmid30212064">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JJ, Burger EA, Regan C, Sy S |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30212064 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30172799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tatar O, Thompson E, Naz A, Perez S, Shapiro GK, Wade K, Zimet G, Gilca V, Janda M, Kahn J, Daley E, Rosberger Z |title=Factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) test acceptability in primary screening for cervical cancer: A mixed methods research synthesis |journal=Prev Med |volume=116 |issue= |pages=40–50 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30172799 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.034 |url=}}</ref> | * Other risk factors for cervical cancer include the following: <ref name="pmid30212064">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim JJ, Burger EA, Regan C, Sy S |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |date= |pmid=30212064 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30172799">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tatar O, Thompson E, Naz A, Perez S, Shapiro GK, Wade K, Zimet G, Gilca V, Janda M, Kahn J, Daley E, Rosberger Z |title=Factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) test acceptability in primary screening for cervical cancer: A mixed methods research synthesis |journal=Prev Med |volume=116 |issue= |pages=40–50 |date=November 2018 |pmid=30172799 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.034 |url=}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 17:40, 8 February 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Monalisa Dmello, M.B,B.S., M.D. [2]
Overview
The most potent risk factor in the development of cervical cancer is Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Other risk factors include smoking, increased number of sexual partners, and young age at time of first sexual intercourse.
Risk Factors
- Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection:
- The presence of strains 16, 18 and 31 is the prime risk factor for cervical cancer, and
- HIV infection: Infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) or taking drugs that suppress the immune system increases the risk of cervical cancer.
- Increased number of sexual partners: Women who have had many sexual partners have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Also, a woman who has had sex with a man who has had many sexual partners may be at higher risk of developing cervical cancer. In both cases, the risk of developing cervical cancer is higher because these women have a higher risk of HPV infection.
- Young age at time of first sexual intercourse: Having unprotected sex, especially at a young age, makes HPV infection more likely.
- Hormonal contraception: Using birth control pills for a long time (5 or more years) may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection. However, the risk decreases quickly when women stop using birth control pills.
- High parity: Studies suggest that giving birth to many children (5 or more) may slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with HPV infection.
- DES (diethylstilbestrol): DES may increase the risk of a rare form of cervical cancer in daughters exposed to this drug before birth. DES was given to some pregnant women in the United States between about 1940 and 1971. (It is no longer given to pregnant women.)
References
- ↑ Kim JJ, Burger EA, Regan C, Sy S. PMID 30212064. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Tatar O, Thompson E, Naz A, Perez S, Shapiro GK, Wade K, Zimet G, Gilca V, Janda M, Kahn J, Daley E, Rosberger Z (November 2018). "Factors associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) test acceptability in primary screening for cervical cancer: A mixed methods research synthesis". Prev Med. 116: 40–50. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.034. PMID 30172799.