Multiple sclerosis causes: Difference between revisions
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== Causes == | == Causes == | ||
Common Causes of Multiple sclerosis may include: | Common Causes of Multiple sclerosis may include: | ||
* '''Autoimmunity:''' | |||
The main [[hypothesis]] regarding [[MS]] [[etiology]] is that it is caused by an [[autoimmune reaction]] against the [[central nervous system]] ([[CNS]]).<ref name="pmid18970977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Compston A, Coles A |title=Multiple sclerosis |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9648 |pages=1502–17 |year=2008 |pmid=18970977 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7 |url=}}</ref> Self reactive [[T cell|T cells]] which has been activated by a foreign ([[virus]] for example) or native factor, will attack the [[myelin sheath]] around the [[neurons]].<ref name="pmid19300953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Korn T |title=Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=255 Suppl 6 |issue= |pages=2–6 |year=2008 |pmid=19300953 |doi=10.1007/s00415-008-6001-2 |url=}}</ref> Presents of autoreactive [[T cell|T cells]] and myelin basic protein-specific [[CD4+ T cells]] in the [[peripheral blood smear]] of [[MS]] [[Patient|patients]] supports the [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune]] [[hypothesis]].<ref name="pmid1700336">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pette M, Fujita K, Kitze B, Whitaker JN, Albert E, Kappos L, Wekerle H |title=Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte lines from MS patients and healthy individuals |journal=Neurology |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1770–6 |year=1990 |pmid=1700336 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid11017150">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bielekova B, Goodwin B, Richert N, Cortese I, Kondo T, Afshar G, Gran B, Eaton J, Antel J, Frank JA, McFarland HF, Martin R |title=Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83-99) in multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=1167–75 |year=2000 |pmid=11017150 |doi=10.1038/80516 |url=}}</ref> | The main [[hypothesis]] regarding [[MS]] [[etiology]] is that it is caused by an [[autoimmune reaction]] against the [[central nervous system]] ([[CNS]]).<ref name="pmid18970977">{{cite journal |vauthors=Compston A, Coles A |title=Multiple sclerosis |journal=Lancet |volume=372 |issue=9648 |pages=1502–17 |year=2008 |pmid=18970977 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7 |url=}}</ref> Self reactive [[T cell|T cells]] which has been activated by a foreign ([[virus]] for example) or native factor, will attack the [[myelin sheath]] around the [[neurons]].<ref name="pmid19300953">{{cite journal |vauthors=Korn T |title=Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis |journal=J. Neurol. |volume=255 Suppl 6 |issue= |pages=2–6 |year=2008 |pmid=19300953 |doi=10.1007/s00415-008-6001-2 |url=}}</ref> Presents of autoreactive [[T cell|T cells]] and myelin basic protein-specific [[CD4+ T cells]] in the [[peripheral blood smear]] of [[MS]] [[Patient|patients]] supports the [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune]] [[hypothesis]].<ref name="pmid1700336">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pette M, Fujita K, Kitze B, Whitaker JN, Albert E, Kappos L, Wekerle H |title=Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte lines from MS patients and healthy individuals |journal=Neurology |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1770–6 |year=1990 |pmid=1700336 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid11017150">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bielekova B, Goodwin B, Richert N, Cortese I, Kondo T, Afshar G, Gran B, Eaton J, Antel J, Frank JA, McFarland HF, Martin R |title=Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83-99) in multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=1167–75 |year=2000 |pmid=11017150 |doi=10.1038/80516 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* '''Infectious:''' | |||
Infections including [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[chlamydia]], and [[herpes virus]] seems to have some relations to [[MS]] based on finding pathogenic proteins and [[nucleic acids]] in [[post_mortem]] [[patients]].<ref name="pmid9484408">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sriram S, Mitchell W, Stratton C |title=Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS |journal=Neurology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=571–2 |year=1998 |pmid=9484408 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11450311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soldan SS, Jacobson S |title=Role of viruses in etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis |journal=Adv. Virus Res. |volume=56 |issue= |pages=517–55 |year=2001 |pmid=11450311 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25740864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mechelli R, Manzari C, Policano C, Annese A, Picardi E, Umeton R, Fornasiero A, D'Erchia AM, Buscarinu MC, Agliardi C, Annibali V, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Romano S, Angelini DF, Ricigliano VA, Buttari F, Battistini L, Centonze D, Guerini FR, D'Alfonso S, Pesole G, Salvetti M, Ristori G |title=Epstein-Barr virus genetic variants are associated with multiple sclerosis |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=13 |pages=1362–8 |year=2015 |pmid=25740864 |pmc=4388746 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001420 |url=}}</ref> | Infections including [[Epstein-Barr virus]], [[chlamydia]], and [[herpes virus]] seems to have some relations to [[MS]] based on finding pathogenic proteins and [[nucleic acids]] in [[post_mortem]] [[patients]].<ref name="pmid9484408">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sriram S, Mitchell W, Stratton C |title=Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS |journal=Neurology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=571–2 |year=1998 |pmid=9484408 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11450311">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soldan SS, Jacobson S |title=Role of viruses in etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis |journal=Adv. Virus Res. |volume=56 |issue= |pages=517–55 |year=2001 |pmid=11450311 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25740864">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mechelli R, Manzari C, Policano C, Annese A, Picardi E, Umeton R, Fornasiero A, D'Erchia AM, Buscarinu MC, Agliardi C, Annibali V, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Romano S, Angelini DF, Ricigliano VA, Buttari F, Battistini L, Centonze D, Guerini FR, D'Alfonso S, Pesole G, Salvetti M, Ristori G |title=Epstein-Barr virus genetic variants are associated with multiple sclerosis |journal=Neurology |volume=84 |issue=13 |pages=1362–8 |year=2015 |pmid=25740864 |pmc=4388746 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000001420 |url=}}</ref> | ||
* '''Degeneration:''' | |||
In a progressive form of [[MS]], [[Axon|axonal]] degeneration and cortical [[atrophy]] are more prominent rather than contrast- enhancing lesions.<ref name="pmid24638138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friese MA, Schattling B, Fugger L |title=Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and axonal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis |journal=Nat Rev Neurol |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=225–38 |year=2014 |pmid=24638138 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.37 |url=}}</ref> Therefore there is an idea in which degeneration is an entirely separate cause in [[pathology]] of multiple sclerosis.<ref name="pmid16230320">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kutzelnigg A, Lucchinetti CF, Stadelmann C, Brück W, Rauschka H, Bergmann M, Schmidbauer M, Parisi JE, Lassmann H |title=Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis |journal=Brain |volume=128 |issue=Pt 11 |pages=2705–12 |year=2005 |pmid=16230320 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh641 |url=}}</ref> | In a progressive form of [[MS]], [[Axon|axonal]] degeneration and cortical [[atrophy]] are more prominent rather than contrast- enhancing lesions.<ref name="pmid24638138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Friese MA, Schattling B, Fugger L |title=Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and axonal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis |journal=Nat Rev Neurol |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=225–38 |year=2014 |pmid=24638138 |doi=10.1038/nrneurol.2014.37 |url=}}</ref> Therefore there is an idea in which degeneration is an entirely separate cause in [[pathology]] of multiple sclerosis.<ref name="pmid16230320">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kutzelnigg A, Lucchinetti CF, Stadelmann C, Brück W, Rauschka H, Bergmann M, Schmidbauer M, Parisi JE, Lassmann H |title=Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis |journal=Brain |volume=128 |issue=Pt 11 |pages=2705–12 |year=2005 |pmid=16230320 |doi=10.1093/brain/awh641 |url=}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 18:32, 27 November 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Irfan Dotani
Overview
Multiple sclerosis may be caused by different categories of causes include: Autoimmunity, genetic, infectious and degeneration.
Causes
Common Causes of Multiple sclerosis may include:
- Autoimmunity:
The main hypothesis regarding MS etiology is that it is caused by an autoimmune reaction against the central nervous system (CNS).[1] Self reactive T cells which has been activated by a foreign (virus for example) or native factor, will attack the myelin sheath around the neurons.[2] Presents of autoreactive T cells and myelin basic protein-specific CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood smear of MS patients supports the autoimmune hypothesis.[3] [4]
- Infectious:
Infections including Epstein-Barr virus, chlamydia, and herpes virus seems to have some relations to MS based on finding pathogenic proteins and nucleic acids in post_mortem patients.[5][6][7]
- Degeneration:
In a progressive form of MS, axonal degeneration and cortical atrophy are more prominent rather than contrast- enhancing lesions.[8] Therefore there is an idea in which degeneration is an entirely separate cause in pathology of multiple sclerosis.[9]
References
- ↑ Compston A, Coles A (2008). "Multiple sclerosis". Lancet. 372 (9648): 1502–17. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61620-7. PMID 18970977.
- ↑ Korn T (2008). "Pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis". J. Neurol. 255 Suppl 6: 2–6. doi:10.1007/s00415-008-6001-2. PMID 19300953.
- ↑ Pette M, Fujita K, Kitze B, Whitaker JN, Albert E, Kappos L, Wekerle H (1990). "Myelin basic protein-specific T lymphocyte lines from MS patients and healthy individuals". Neurology. 40 (11): 1770–6. PMID 1700336.
- ↑ Bielekova B, Goodwin B, Richert N, Cortese I, Kondo T, Afshar G, Gran B, Eaton J, Antel J, Frank JA, McFarland HF, Martin R (2000). "Encephalitogenic potential of the myelin basic protein peptide (amino acids 83-99) in multiple sclerosis: results of a phase II clinical trial with an altered peptide ligand". Nat. Med. 6 (10): 1167–75. doi:10.1038/80516. PMID 11017150.
- ↑ Sriram S, Mitchell W, Stratton C (1998). "Multiple sclerosis associated with Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the CNS". Neurology. 50 (2): 571–2. PMID 9484408.
- ↑ Soldan SS, Jacobson S (2001). "Role of viruses in etiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis". Adv. Virus Res. 56: 517–55. PMID 11450311.
- ↑ Mechelli R, Manzari C, Policano C, Annese A, Picardi E, Umeton R, Fornasiero A, D'Erchia AM, Buscarinu MC, Agliardi C, Annibali V, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Romano S, Angelini DF, Ricigliano VA, Buttari F, Battistini L, Centonze D, Guerini FR, D'Alfonso S, Pesole G, Salvetti M, Ristori G (2015). "Epstein-Barr virus genetic variants are associated with multiple sclerosis". Neurology. 84 (13): 1362–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001420. PMC 4388746. PMID 25740864.
- ↑ Friese MA, Schattling B, Fugger L (2014). "Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and axonal dysfunction in multiple sclerosis". Nat Rev Neurol. 10 (4): 225–38. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.37. PMID 24638138.
- ↑ Kutzelnigg A, Lucchinetti CF, Stadelmann C, Brück W, Rauschka H, Bergmann M, Schmidbauer M, Parisi JE, Lassmann H (2005). "Cortical demyelination and diffuse white matter injury in multiple sclerosis". Brain. 128 (Pt 11): 2705–12. doi:10.1093/brain/awh641. PMID 16230320.