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| rowspan="8" |'''INFECTIONS''' | | rowspan="8" |'''INFECTIONS''' | ||
| rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bacteria | | rowspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Bacteria | ||
|Syphilis | |Syphilis<ref name="pmid21694502">{{cite journal| author=Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S| title=The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity. | journal=Am J Dermatopathol | year= 2011 | volume= 33 | issue= 5 | pages= 433-60 | pmid=21694502 | doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587 | pmc=3690623 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21694502 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1386838">{{cite journal| author=Fitzgerald TJ| title=The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental? | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1992 | volume= 60 | issue= 9 | pages= 3475-9 | pmid=1386838 | doi= | pmc=257347 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1386838 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10194456">{{cite journal| author=Singh AE, Romanowski B| title=Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features. | journal=Clin Microbiol Rev | year= 1999 | volume= 12 | issue= 2 | pages= 187-209 | pmid=10194456 | doi= | pmc=88914 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10194456 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1911961">{{cite journal| author=Engelkens HJ, ten Kate FJ, Vuzevski VD, van der Sluis JJ, Stolz E| title=Primary and secondary syphilis: a histopathological study. | journal=Int J STD AIDS | year= 1991 | volume= 2 | issue= 4 | pages= 280-4 | pmid=1911961 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1911961 }}</ref> | ||
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* painless | * painless | ||
| Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
On microscopic [[histopathological]] analysis, characteristic findings of syphilis: | |||
*Mononuclear leukocytic infiltration, [[macrophages]], and [[lymphocytes]]. | |||
*Swelling and proliferation of small blood vessels. | |||
|Painless clean base chancre. | |Painless clean base chancre. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Brucellosis | |Brucellosis<ref name="pmid15930423">{{cite journal| author=Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E| title=Brucellosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 22 | pages= 2325-36 | pmid=15930423 | doi=10.1056/NEJMra050570 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15930423 }}</ref><ref name="pmid8698508">{{cite journal| author=Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C| title=Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 1996 | volume= 64 | issue= 7 | pages= 2782-6 | pmid=8698508 | doi= | pmc=174139 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8698508 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2915152">{{cite journal| author=Gazapo E, Gonzalez Lahoz J, Subiza JL, Baquero M, Gil J, de la Concha EG| title=Changes in IgM and IgG antibody concentrations in brucellosis over time: importance for diagnosis and follow-up. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1989 | volume= 159 | issue= 2 | pages= 219-25 | pmid=2915152 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2915152 }}</ref><ref name="pmid10858243">{{cite journal| author=Arenas GN, Staskevich AS, Aballay A, Mayorga LS| title=Intracellular trafficking of Brucella abortus in J774 macrophages. | journal=Infect Immun | year= 2000 | volume= 68 | issue= 7 | pages= 4255-63 | pmid=10858243 | doi= | pmc=101738 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10858243 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15694858">{{cite journal| author=Lapaque N, Moriyon I, Moreno E, Gorvel JP| title=Brucella lipopolysaccharide acts as a virulence factor. | journal=Curr Opin Microbiol | year= 2005 | volume= 8 | issue= 1 | pages= 60-6 | pmid=15694858 | doi=10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15694858 }}</ref> | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Painful | * Painful | ||
| Line 91: | Line 95: | ||
* [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] is most commonly isolated from blood cultures | * [[Brucella|''Brucella'']] is most commonly isolated from blood cultures | ||
* | * Positive titer of anti-[[Brucella|b''rucella'']] [[antibodies]] on serological testing | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| Line 97: | Line 101: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="4" |Viral | | rowspan="4" |Viral | ||
|infectious mononucleosis | |infectious mononucleosis<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ |title=Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7338 |pages=660–1 |year=2002 |pmid=11895827 |doi=10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660}}</ref> | ||
| | | | ||
* painful | * painful | ||
| Line 105: | Line 109: | ||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+</nowiki> | ||
| | | | ||
* low-grade [[fever]]<nowiki/>without [[chills]] | *<nowiki/>low-grade [[fever]]<nowiki/>without [[chills]] | ||
* [[sore throat]], | * [[sore throat]], | ||
* white patches on [[tonsils]] and back of the throat, | *<nowiki/>white patches on [[tonsils]] and back of the throat, | ||
* [[muscle weakness]] | * [[muscle weakness]] | ||
* [[fatigue]] | * [[fatigue]] | ||
* [[petechial hemorrhage]] | * [[petechial hemorrhage]] | ||
| | | | ||
* A positive reaction to a mono spot test | |||
* Direct detection of [[EBV]] in blood or lymphoid tissues | |||
| | | | ||
* A normal to moderately elevated [[White blood cell|white blood cell count]] | |||
* An increased total number of [[lymphocytes]] | |||
* Greater than 10% [[Lymphocytes|atypical lymphocytes]] | |||
* Presence of [[Reactive lymphocyte|atypical lymphocytes]] (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear. | |||
| | | | ||
| | |Presence of [[Reactive lymphocyte|atypical lymphocytes]] (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|CMV | |CMV<ref name="pmid25304390">{{cite journal| author=Griffiths P, Lumley S| title=Cytomegalovirus. | journal=Curr Opin Infect Dis | year= 2014 | volume= 27 | issue= 6 | pages= 554-9 | pmid=25304390 | doi=10.1097/QCO.0000000000000107 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25304390 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27526428">{{cite journal| author=Pytka D, Czarkowska-Pączek B| title=[CMV infection in elderly]. | journal=Przegl Lek | year= 2016 | volume= 73 | issue= 4 | pages= 241-4 | pmid=27526428 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27526428 }}</ref> | ||
| | | | ||
* Painful | |||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+</nowiki> | ||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | ||
| Line 123: | Line 134: | ||
|<nowiki>+</nowiki> | |<nowiki>+</nowiki> | ||
| | | | ||
** [[Floaters]] | |||
** [[Scotoma|Scotomata]] | |||
** Peripheral [[Visual field defect|visual field defects]] | |||
** [[Odynophagia]] | |||
** [[Nausea]] | |||
** [[Lethargy]] | |||
** [[Confusion]] | |||
** [[Altered mental status]] | |||
| | | | ||
* Positive [[PCR]] for [[CMV]]. | |||
| | | | ||
* [[Hemolytic anemia]] | |||
* [[Thrombocytopenia]] | |||
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] | |||
* [[Pancytopenia]] | |||
| | | | ||
| | * [[CMV infection]] demonstrates the presence of intranuclear [[inclusion]] bodies. These [[inclusion bodies]] stain dark pink on an [[H&E stain]], and are also called "Owl's Eye" [[inclusion bodies]]. | ||
|Owl Eye inclusion bodies. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|HIV | |HIV<ref name="pmid8093551">{{cite journal| author=Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS| title=New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 5 | pages= 327-35 | pmid=8093551 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302043280508 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8093551 }}</ref><ref name="Coovadia">{{cite journal | ||
| author=Coovadia, H. | |||
| title=Antiretroviral agents—how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS | journal=N. Engl. J. Med. | |||
| year=2004 | |||
| pages=289-292 | |||
| volume=351 | |||
| issue=3 | |||
| pmid=15247337 | |||
| format= | |||
}}</ref><ref name="pmid2963151">{{cite journal | |||
|author=Lifson AR | |||
|title=Do alternate modes for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus exist? A review | |||
|journal=JAMA | |||
|volume=259 | |||
|issue=9 | |||
|pages=1353–6 | |||
|year=1988 | |||
|pmid=2963151 | |||
|doi= | |||
}}</ref><ref name="WHOUNAIDScircum">{{cite web | |||
| author=WHO | publisher=WHO.int | year=2007 | |||
| url=http://www.who.int/hiv/mediacentre/news68/en/index.html | |||
| title=WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention | |||
| accessdate=2007-07-13 | |||
}}</ref> | |||
| | | | ||
* Painful or painless | * Painful or painless | ||
| Line 136: | Line 186: | ||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | ||
| | | | ||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
* [[Myalgia]] | |||
* Arthritic pain | |||
* [[Headache]] | |||
* [[Memory loss]], [[depression]] and other neurological disorders | |||
| | | | ||
* ELISA | |||
* Dot blot | |||
* Latex agglutination assays | |||
* Western blot assays | |||
* P24 antigen assays | |||
* CD4 T-cell count (CD4 count) | |||
* Plasma HIV RNA viral load | |||
| | | | ||
* Anaemia | |||
* Thrombocytopenia | |||
* Leukopenia | |||
| | | | ||
| | |Plasma HIV RNA viral load | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Cat scratch disease | |Cat scratch disease | ||
| Line 202: | Line 267: | ||
|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" |'''AUTOIMMUNE''' | | rowspan="3" |'''AUTOIMMUNE''' | ||
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Systemic lupus erythematosus | | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Systemic lupus erythematosus | ||
(SLE)<ref name="pmid8519610">{{cite journal |vauthors=Elkon K |title=Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Curr Opin Rheumatol |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=384–8 |year=1995 |pmid=8519610 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25449682">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yaniv G, Twig G, Shor DB, Furer A, Sherer Y, Mozes O, Komisar O, Slonimsky E, Klang E, Lotan E, Welt M, Marai I, Shina A, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y |title=A volcanic explosion of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a diversity of 180 different antibodies found in SLE patients |journal=Autoimmun Rev |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=75–9 |year=2015 |pmid=25449682 |doi=10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.003 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23672591">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dye JR, Ullal AJ, Pisetsky DS |title=The role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Scand. J. Immunol. |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=140–8 |year=2013 |pmid=23672591 |doi=10.1111/sji.12068 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15593221">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kirou KA, Lee C, George S, Louca K, Papagiannis IG, Peterson MG, Ly N, Woodward RN, Fry KE, Lau AY, Prentice JG, Wohlgemuth JG, Crow MK |title=Coordinate overexpression of interferon-alpha-induced genes in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Arthritis Rheum. |volume=50 |issue=12 |pages=3958–67 |year=2004 |pmid=15593221 |doi=10.1002/art.20798 |url=}}</ref> | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | +/- | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Fatigue]] | |||
* [[Myalgia]] | |||
* Joint [[tenderness]] | |||
* [[Muscle weakness]] | |||
* [[Abdominal pain]] | |||
* [[Bloating]] | |||
* [[Distension]] | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[ESR]] | *<nowiki/>[[ANA]] positive | ||
* [[Lupus anticoagulant]] (LA) | |||
* [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] [[Anti-cardiolipin antibodies|anticardiolipin (aCL) antibodies]] | |||
* [[IgG]] and [[IgM]] anti-beta2-glycoprotein (GP) | |||
* C3: Vary between varying between normal to slightly reduced | |||
* C4: Reduced | |||
* CH50: Reduced | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | |||
* [[Leukopenia]] | |||
* [[Lymphopenia]] | |||
* Mild [[anemia]] | |||
* [[Thrombocytopenia]] | |||
* [[ESR]] | |||
* [[CRP]]<nowiki/>elevated | * [[CRP]]<nowiki/>elevated | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |On microscopic histopathological analysis, lupus erythematosus (LE) cells can be seen in SLE. LE cells are [[neutrophils]] that have engulfed an intact nucleus. LE cells are also known as LE bodies. | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Malar rash]] and [[photosensitivity]] | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Malar rash]] and [[photosensitivity]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sjögren's syndrome | | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sjögren's syndrome<ref name="pmid24162151">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Solans R, Camps MT, Casanovas A, Sopeña B, Díaz-López B, Rascón FJ, Qanneta R, Fraile G, Pérez-Alvarez R, Callejas JL, Ripoll M, Pinilla B, Akasbi M, Fonseca E, Canora J, Nadal ME, de la Red G, Fernández-Regal I, Jiménez-Heredia I, Bosch JA, Ayala MD, Morera-Morales L, Maure B, Mera A, Ramentol M, Retamozo S, Kostov B |title=Systemic involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome evaluated by the EULAR-SS disease activity index: analysis of 921 Spanish patients (GEAS-SS Registry) |journal=Rheumatology (Oxford) |volume=53 |issue=2 |pages=321–31 |date=February 2014 |pmid=24162151 |doi=10.1093/rheumatology/ket349 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23436818">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yazdany J, Schmajuk G, Robbins M, Daikh D, Beall A, Yelin E, Barton J, Carlson A, Margaretten M, Zell J, Gensler LS, Kelly V, Saag K, King C |title=Choosing wisely: the American College of Rheumatology's Top 5 list of things physicians and patients should question |journal=Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=329–39 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23436818 |pmc=4106486 |doi=10.1002/acr.21930 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26766898">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS |title=Making the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry eye |journal=Clin Ophthalmol |volume=10 |issue= |pages=43–53 |date=2016 |pmid=26766898 |pmc=4699514 |doi=10.2147/OPTH.S80043 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28367079">{{cite journal |vauthors=Both T, Dalm VA, van Hagen PM, van Daele PL |title=Reviewing primary Sjögren's syndrome: beyond the dryness - From pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment |journal=Int J Med Sci |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |date=2017 |pmid=28367079 |pmc=5370281 |doi=10.7150/ijms.17718 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Painless | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| Line 228: | Line 311: | ||
* Annular [[erythema]] | * Annular [[erythema]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Anti-Ro/SSA | |||
* Anti-La/SSB | |||
* Presence of [[rheumatoid factor]] (RF) | |||
* Presence of anti–alpha-fodrin antibody (diagnostic marker of juvenile Sjögren's syndrome) | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | |||
* Elevated [[erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] ([[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate|ESR]]) | |||
* [[Anemia]] | |||
* [[Leukopenia]] | |||
* [[Thrombocytopenia]] | |||
* [[Eosinophilia]] | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Keratoconjunctivitis sicca]] | |||
* Presence of anti–alpha-fodrin antibody | |||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sarcoidosis | | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sarcoidosis<ref>Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS: Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 357:2153–2165, 2007.</ref><ref>Zissel G: Cellular activation in the immune response of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 35:307–315, 2014.</ref><ref>Rosen Y: Pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28(1):36–52, 2007.</ref> | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |- | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Can involve all organ systems to varying extent and degree. | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*serum [[ACE]] level | |||
*Serum chitotriosidase | |||
*Soluble interleukin-2 receptor | |||
*[[Hypercalcemia]] | |||
*[[Kveim test]] | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Biopsy of lung shows non-[[caseating]][[granuloma]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Non-[[caseating]][[granuloma]] | ||
| | | | ||
|<nowiki>-</nowiki> | |<nowiki>-</nowiki> | ||
| Line 273: | Line 374: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Presents with "B" symptoms | |||
* Constant [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]] | |||
* [[Shortness of breath]] and Cough | |||
* [[Abdominal pain]] or swelling | |||
* [[Constipation]] | |||
* [[Nausea]] and[[vomiting]]. | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki/> | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |<nowiki/> | ||
**Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be increased. | **Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be increased. | ||
| Line 284: | Line 392: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
Fine-needle aspiration | Fine-needle aspiration | ||
*Mononucleate and binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells in a background of inflammatory cells | *Mononucleate and binucleate Reed-Sternberg cells in a background of inflammatory cells | ||
| Line 308: | Line 415: | ||
*Express [[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD23]], and [[CD5]] on the [[cell]] surface | *Express [[CD19]], [[CD20]], [[CD23]], and [[CD5]] on the [[cell]] surface | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
CBC | CBC | ||
*Absolute [[lymphocytosis]] (>5000 cells/μl) | *Absolute [[lymphocytosis]] (>5000 cells/μl) | ||
| Line 359: | Line 465: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis]] ([[SIADH]]) | * [[Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis]] ([[SIADH]]) | ||
| Line 370: | Line 476: | ||
*[[Chest pain]] | *[[Chest pain]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for | Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for | ||
*[[keratin]], | *[[keratin]], | ||
| Line 393: | Line 498: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*Rapid growth of an existing [[nevus]] | *Rapid growth of an existing [[nevus]] | ||
| Line 412: | Line 517: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]] | | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Lymphomatoid granulomatosis]]<ref name="pmid21297689">{{cite journal |vauthors=Denburg JA, Bienenstock J |title=Physiology of the immune response |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=25 |issue= |pages=301–7 |date=March 1979 |pmid=21297689 |pmc=2382958 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9547995">{{cite journal| author=Jaffe ES, Wilson WH| title=Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications. | journal=Cancer Surv | year= 1997 | volume= 30 | issue= | pages= 233-48 | pmid=9547995 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9547995 }}</ref><ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4 | doi= | pmc=5922622 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11688570">{{cite journal| author=Beaty MW, Toro J, Sorbara L, Stern JB, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M et al.| title=Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2001 | volume= 25 | issue= 9 | pages= 1111-20 | pmid=11688570 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11688570 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22361129">{{cite journal| author=Bartosik W, Raza A, Kalimuthu S, Fabre A| title=Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis mimicking lung cancer. | journal=Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 14 | issue= 5 | pages= 662-4 | pmid=22361129 | doi=10.1093/icvts/ivr083 | pmc=3329320 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22361129 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22214969">{{cite journal| author=Colby TV| title=Current histological diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2012 | volume= 25 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S39-42 | pmid=22214969 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.2011.149 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22214969 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22745203">{{cite journal| author=Hare SS, Souza CA, Bain G, Seely JM, Gomes MM et al.| title=The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease. | journal=Br J Radiol | year= 2012 | volume= 85 | issue= 1015 | pages= 848-64 | pmid=22745203 | doi=10.1259/bjr/16420165 | pmc=3474050 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22745203 }}</ref> | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |On chest CT scan, [[Halo sign]] is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |On chest CT scan, [[Halo sign]] is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy | | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy<ref name="who1">{{cite book |last=Swerdlow |first=S.H. |last2=Campo |first2=E. |last3=Harris |first3=N.L. |last4=Jaffe |first4=E.S. |last5=Pileri |first5=S.A. |last6=Stein |first6=H. |last7=Thiele |first7=J. |last8=Vardiman |first8=J.W |chapter=11 Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma |title=WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues |edition=4th |series=IARC WHO Classification of Tumours |volume=2 |publisher=IARC |year=2008 |isbn=9283224310 |url=http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?codlan=1&codcol=70&codcch=4002&content=1}}</ref><ref name="quin1">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=10524524&query_hl=30&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Quintanilla-Martinez L, Fend F, Moguel LR, Spilove L, Beaty MW, Kingma DW, Raffeld M, Jaffe ES. "Peripheral T-cell lymphoma with Reed-Sternberg-like cells of B-cell phenotype and genotype associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection." '''Am J Surg Pathol'''. 1999 Oct;23(10):1233-40. PMID: 10524524</ref><ref name="ree1">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=9630171&query_hl=32&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Ree HJ, Kadin ME, Kikuchi M, Ko YH, Go JH, Suzumiya J, Kim DS. "Angioimmunoblastic lymphoma (AILD-type T-cell lymphoma) with hyperplastic germinal centers." '''Am J Surg Pathol'''. 1998 Jun;22(6):643-55. PMID: 9630171</ref><ref name="kane12">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=3261178&query_hl=40&itool=pubmed_ExternalLink] Kaneko Y, Maseki N, Sakurai M, Takayama S, Nanba K, Kikuchi M, Frizzera G. "Characteristic karyotypic pattern in T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders with reactive "angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia-type" features." '''Blood'''. 1988 Aug;72(2):413-21. PMID: 3261178</ref> | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |painless | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| rowspan="3" |'''NEOPLASIA''' | | rowspan="3" |'''NEOPLASIA''' | ||
| colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease) | | colspan="2" style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease)<ref>Aoki Y, Yarchoan R, Wyvill K, Okamoto S, Little RF, Tosato G. Detection of viral interleukin-6 in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-linked disorders. Blood 2001;97(7):2173-6.</ref> | ||
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Revision as of 03:13, 24 December 2018
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [4]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[5]
Differential NHL
| Diseases | Clinical manifestations | Para-clinical findings | Pathogonomic finding | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Lab Findings | Biopsy
Histopathology | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lymphadenopathy | Fever | Weight loss | Night Sweats | Rash | Other symptoms | Immunochemistry | Blood work | |||||||||||||
| Non-Hodgkins lymphoma |
|
+ | + | + | + |
|
||||||||||||||
| INFECTIONS | Bacteria | Syphilis[1][2][3][4] |
|
+ | - | - | + | Primary syphilis:
Secondary syphilis:
Tertiary syphilis
|
|
On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of syphilis:
|
Painless clean base chancre. | |||||||||
| Brucellosis[5][6][7][8][9] |
|
+ | - | - | + |
|
|
Night sweats, often with characteristic smell, likened to wet hay | ||||||||||||
| Viral | infectious mononucleosis[10] |
|
+ | - | - | + |
|
|
|
Presence of atypical lymphocytes (a type of mononuclear cell) on the peripheral blood smear. | ||||||||||
| CMV[11][12] |
|
+ | - | - | + |
|
Owl Eye inclusion bodies. | |||||||||||||
| HIV[13][14][15][16] |
|
- | + | - | - |
|
|
|
Plasma HIV RNA viral load | |||||||||||
| Cat scratch disease | + | - | - | + | ||||||||||||||||
| Mycobacteria | Tuberculosis |
|
+ | + | + | + |
|
|
Gohn's focus | |||||||||||
| Parasite | Toxoplasmosis | - | - | |||||||||||||||||
| Diseases | Lymphadenopathy | Fever | Weight loss | Night sweats | Rash | Other symptoms | Immunochemistry | Blood work | Biopsy
Histopathology |
Pathogonomical
findings | ||||||||||
| AUTOIMMUNE | Systemic lupus erythematosus | painless | + | +/- | - | + |
|
|
On microscopic histopathological analysis, lupus erythematosus (LE) cells can be seen in SLE. LE cells are neutrophils that have engulfed an intact nucleus. LE cells are also known as LE bodies. | Malar rash and photosensitivity | ||||||||||
| Sjögren's syndrome[21][22][23][24] | Painless | - | - | - | + |
|
| |||||||||||||
| Sarcoidosis[25][26][27] | painless | - | - | - | - |
|
|
Biopsy of lung shows non-caseatinggranuloma | Non-caseatinggranuloma | - | - | |||||||||
| Diseases | Lymphadenopathy | Fever | Weight loss | Night sweats | Rash | Other symptoms | Immunochemistry | Blood work | Biopsy
Histopathology |
Pathogonomical
findings | ||||||||||
| NEOPLASIA | Hodgkin's disease[28][29][30][31] | painless | + | + | + | + |
|
|
Fine-needle aspiration
|
Reed-Sternberg cells on microscopic pathology. | ||||||||||
| Chronic lymphocytic leukemia[32][33][34][35] | Painless | + | + | + | - |
|
|
CBC
|
|
|||||||||||
| Small cell carcinoma of the lung[36][37][38][39][40] | painless | - | - | - | - |
|
Nearly all SCLC are immunoreactive for
Neuroendocrine and neural differentiation result in the expression of molecules like |
|||||||||||||
| Melanoma[41][42][43] | painless | - | - | - | - |
|
|
|
Epidermal atrophy and flattening and prominent dermal invasion | |||||||||||
| Lymphomatoid granulomatosis[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] | painless | + | + | - | + | - |
CBC
|
- | On chest CT scan, Halo sign is seen due to the angioinvasive nature of the disease | |||||||||||
| Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy[51][52][53][54] | painless | + | + | + | + |
|
|
|
Lymph node or extranodal tissue biopsy is diagnostic of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.
|
| ||||||||||
| NEOPLASIA | Giant lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman disease)[55] | painless | + | + | - | - | - |
|
- |
| ||||||||||
References
- ↑ Carlson JA, Dabiri G, Cribier B, Sell S (2011). "The immunopathobiology of syphilis: the manifestations and course of syphilis are determined by the level of delayed-type hypersensitivity". Am J Dermatopathol. 33 (5): 433–60. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181e8b587. PMC 3690623. PMID 21694502.
- ↑ Fitzgerald TJ (1992). "The Th1/Th2-like switch in syphilitic infection: is it detrimental?". Infect Immun. 60 (9): 3475–9. PMC 257347. PMID 1386838.
- ↑ Singh AE, Romanowski B (1999). "Syphilis: review with emphasis on clinical, epidemiologic, and some biologic features". Clin Microbiol Rev. 12 (2): 187–209. PMC 88914. PMID 10194456.
- ↑ Engelkens HJ, ten Kate FJ, Vuzevski VD, van der Sluis JJ, Stolz E (1991). "Primary and secondary syphilis: a histopathological study". Int J STD AIDS. 2 (4): 280–4. PMID 1911961.
- ↑ Pappas G, Akritidis N, Bosilkovski M, Tsianos E (2005). "Brucellosis". N Engl J Med. 352 (22): 2325–36. doi:10.1056/NEJMra050570. PMID 15930423.
- ↑ Zhan Y, Liu Z, Cheers C (1996). "Tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 contribute to resistance to the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus by different mechanisms". Infect Immun. 64 (7): 2782–6. PMC 174139. PMID 8698508.
- ↑ Gazapo E, Gonzalez Lahoz J, Subiza JL, Baquero M, Gil J, de la Concha EG (1989). "Changes in IgM and IgG antibody concentrations in brucellosis over time: importance for diagnosis and follow-up". J Infect Dis. 159 (2): 219–25. PMID 2915152.
- ↑ Arenas GN, Staskevich AS, Aballay A, Mayorga LS (2000). "Intracellular trafficking of Brucella abortus in J774 macrophages". Infect Immun. 68 (7): 4255–63. PMC 101738. PMID 10858243.
- ↑ Lapaque N, Moriyon I, Moreno E, Gorvel JP (2005). "Brucella lipopolysaccharide acts as a virulence factor". Curr Opin Microbiol. 8 (1): 60–6. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2004.12.003. PMID 15694858.
- ↑ Chapman AL, Watkin R, Ellis CJ (2002). "Abdominal pain in acute infectious mononucleosis". BMJ. 324 (7338): 660–1. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7338.660. PMID 11895827.
- ↑ Griffiths P, Lumley S (2014). "Cytomegalovirus". Curr Opin Infect Dis. 27 (6): 554–9. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000107. PMID 25304390.
- ↑ Pytka D, Czarkowska-Pączek B (2016). "[CMV infection in elderly]". Przegl Lek. 73 (4): 241–4. PMID 27526428.
- ↑ Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Fauci AS (1993). "New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection". N Engl J Med. 328 (5): 327–35. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302043280508. PMID 8093551.
- ↑ Coovadia, H. (2004). "Antiretroviral agents—how best to protect infants from HIV and save their mothers from AIDS". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (3): 289–292. PMID 15247337.
- ↑ Lifson AR (1988). "Do alternate modes for transmission of human immunodeficiency virus exist? A review". JAMA. 259 (9): 1353–6. PMID 2963151.
- ↑ WHO (2007). "WHO and UNAIDS announce recommendations from expert consultation on male circumcision for HIV prevention". WHO.int. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ↑ Elkon K (1995). "Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus". Curr Opin Rheumatol. 7 (5): 384–8. PMID 8519610.
- ↑ Yaniv G, Twig G, Shor DB, Furer A, Sherer Y, Mozes O, Komisar O, Slonimsky E, Klang E, Lotan E, Welt M, Marai I, Shina A, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y (2015). "A volcanic explosion of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a diversity of 180 different antibodies found in SLE patients". Autoimmun Rev. 14 (1): 75–9. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.003. PMID 25449682.
- ↑ Dye JR, Ullal AJ, Pisetsky DS (2013). "The role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus". Scand. J. Immunol. 78 (2): 140–8. doi:10.1111/sji.12068. PMID 23672591.
- ↑ Kirou KA, Lee C, George S, Louca K, Papagiannis IG, Peterson MG, Ly N, Woodward RN, Fry KE, Lau AY, Prentice JG, Wohlgemuth JG, Crow MK (2004). "Coordinate overexpression of interferon-alpha-induced genes in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arthritis Rheum. 50 (12): 3958–67. doi:10.1002/art.20798. PMID 15593221.
- ↑ Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Solans R, Camps MT, Casanovas A, Sopeña B, Díaz-López B, Rascón FJ, Qanneta R, Fraile G, Pérez-Alvarez R, Callejas JL, Ripoll M, Pinilla B, Akasbi M, Fonseca E, Canora J, Nadal ME, de la Red G, Fernández-Regal I, Jiménez-Heredia I, Bosch JA, Ayala MD, Morera-Morales L, Maure B, Mera A, Ramentol M, Retamozo S, Kostov B (February 2014). "Systemic involvement in primary Sjogren's syndrome evaluated by the EULAR-SS disease activity index: analysis of 921 Spanish patients (GEAS-SS Registry)". Rheumatology (Oxford). 53 (2): 321–31. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/ket349. PMID 24162151.
- ↑ Yazdany J, Schmajuk G, Robbins M, Daikh D, Beall A, Yelin E, Barton J, Carlson A, Margaretten M, Zell J, Gensler LS, Kelly V, Saag K, King C (March 2013). "Choosing wisely: the American College of Rheumatology's Top 5 list of things physicians and patients should question". Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 65 (3): 329–39. doi:10.1002/acr.21930. PMC 4106486. PMID 23436818.
- ↑ Beckman KA, Luchs J, Milner MS (2016). "Making the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome in patients with dry eye". Clin Ophthalmol. 10: 43–53. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S80043. PMC 4699514. PMID 26766898.
- ↑ Both T, Dalm VA, van Hagen PM, van Daele PL (2017). "Reviewing primary Sjögren's syndrome: beyond the dryness - From pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment". Int J Med Sci. 14 (3): 191–200. doi:10.7150/ijms.17718. PMC 5370281. PMID 28367079.
- ↑ Iannuzzi MC, Rybicki BA, Teirstein AS: Sarcoidosis. N Engl J Med 357:2153–2165, 2007.
- ↑ Zissel G: Cellular activation in the immune response of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 35:307–315, 2014.
- ↑ Rosen Y: Pathology of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28(1):36–52, 2007.
- ↑ Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. Cambridge University Press. 1994. pp. 97–. ISBN 978-0-521-47154-1.
- ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. OCLC 23245604.
- ↑ Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB (2004). "Nuclear factor-kappaB activation mediates cellular transformation, proliferation, invasion angiogenesis and metastasis of cancer". Cancer Treat Res. 119: 139–73. PMID 15164877.
- ↑ Bargou RC, Leng C, Krappmann D, Emmerich F, Mapara MY, Bommert K; et al. (1996). "High-level nuclear NF-kappa B and Oct-2 is a common feature of cultured Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells". Blood. 87 (10): 4340–7. PMID 8639794.
- ↑ Nabhan C, Rosen ST (2014). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a clinical review". JAMA. 312 (21): 2265–76. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.14553. PMID 25461996.
- ↑ Hallek M (2015). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment". Am J Hematol. 90 (5): 446–60. doi:10.1002/ajh.23979. PMID 25908509.
- ↑ Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Libre Pathology (2015) http://librepathology.org/wiki/index.php/B_cell_small_lymphocytic_lymphoma/chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia Accessed on October, 12 2015
- ↑ Hallek M (2015). "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2015 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment". Am J Hematol. 90 (5): 446–60. doi:10.1002/ajh.23979. PMID 25908509.
- ↑ Zakowski, Maureen F. (2003). "Pathology of small cell carcinoma of the lung". Seminars in Oncology. 30 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1053/sonc.2003.50015. ISSN 0093-7754.
- ↑ National Cancer Institute: PDQ® Small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/small-cell-lung/healthprofessional.
- ↑ Grace K. Dy & Alex A. Adjei (2002). "Novel targets for lung cancer therapy: part I". Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 20 (12): 2881–2894. PMID 12065566. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ K. Hibi, T. Takahashi, Y. Sekido, R. Ueda, T. Hida, Y. Ariyoshi, H. Takagi & T. Takahashi (1991). "Coexpression of the stem cell factor and the c-kit genes in small-cell lung cancer". Oncogene. 6 (12): 2291–2296. PMID 1722571. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Yuri Pekarsky, Alexey Palamarchuk, Kay Huebner & Carlo M. Croce (2002). "FHIT as tumor suppressor: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities". Cancer biology & therapy. 1 (3): 232–236. PMID 12432269. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Miller AJ, Mihm MC (2006). "Melanoma". N Engl J Med. 355 (1): 51–65. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052166. PMID 16822996.
- ↑ Schanderdorf D, Kochs C, Livingstone E (2013). Handbook of Cutaneous Melanoma: A Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer.
- ↑ Mooi W, Krausz T (2007). Pathology of Melanocytic Disorders 2nd Ed. CRC Press.
- ↑ Denburg JA, Bienenstock J (March 1979). "Physiology of the immune response". Can Fam Physician. 25: 301–7. PMC 2382958. PMID 21297689.
- ↑ Jaffe ES, Wilson WH (1997). "Lymphomatoid granulomatosis: pathogenesis, pathology and clinical implications". Cancer Surv. 30: 233–48. PMID 9547995.
- ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMC 5922622. PMID https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(72)80005-4 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Beaty MW, Toro J, Sorbara L, Stern JB, Pittaluga S, Raffeld M; et al. (2001). "Cutaneous lymphomatoid granulomatosis: correlation of clinical and biologic features". Am J Surg Pathol. 25 (9): 1111–20. PMID 11688570.
- ↑ Bartosik W, Raza A, Kalimuthu S, Fabre A (2012). "Pulmonary lymphomatoid granulomatosis mimicking lung cancer". Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 14 (5): 662–4. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivr083. PMC 3329320. PMID 22361129.
- ↑ Colby TV (2012). "Current histological diagnosis of lymphomatoid granulomatosis". Mod Pathol. 25 Suppl 1: S39–42. doi:10.1038/modpathol.2011.149. PMID 22214969.
- ↑ Hare SS, Souza CA, Bain G, Seely JM, Gomes MM; et al. (2012). "The radiological spectrum of pulmonary lymphoproliferative disease". Br J Radiol. 85 (1015): 848–64. doi:10.1259/bjr/16420165. PMC 3474050. PMID 22745203.
- ↑ Swerdlow, S.H.; Campo, E.; Harris, N.L.; Jaffe, E.S.; Pileri, S.A.; Stein, H.; Thiele, J.; Vardiman, J.W (2008). "11 Mature T- and NK-cell neoplasms: Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma". WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. IARC WHO Classification of Tumours. 2 (4th ed.). IARC. ISBN 9283224310.
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- ↑ Aoki Y, Yarchoan R, Wyvill K, Okamoto S, Little RF, Tosato G. Detection of viral interleukin-6 in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-linked disorders. Blood 2001;97(7):2173-6.