Hypopharyngeal cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 18:21, 27 December 2018

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [2]

Common risk factors in the development of hypopharyngeal cancer are tobacco use, and abuse of alcohol consumption.

Common risk factors for the development of hypopharyngeal cancer include:^[1]^[2]


Risk Factors	Description

Smoking	Mutations may change a normal DNA sequence to an oncogene, which is a gene that causes cancer after exposure to a carcinogen. Squamous cells, a type of cell that lines hollow organs like the throat, mouth, lungs, and outer layer of skin, are particularly vulnerable when exposed to cigarette smoke.
Chewing tobacco	The chewing tobacco is placed into the mouth, leaving it exposed to enzymes, like amylase, which partly digests the carcinogenic material. Saliva is swallowed, along with the cancer-promoting material, which passes through the hypopharynx on its way to the esophagus.
Heavy alcohol consumption	Heavy alcohol consumption is linked to hypopharyngeal cancer as well. Alcohol damages the lining of the hypopharynx, increasing the amount of chemicals that are allowed to seep into the underlying membranes. Heavy alcohol use is also associated with nutritional deficiencies.
Plummer-Vinson syndrome	A genetic disorder that causes a long-term iron deficiency, may also lead to hypopharyngeal cancer. Other factors like a deficiency in certain vitamins also appear to contribute to this type of cancer.

↑ "Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ(R)): Patient Version". 2002. PMID 26389254.
↑ Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/hypopharyngeal-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 7, 2015
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Maasland, Denise HE; van den Brandt, Piet A; Kremer, Bernd; Goldbohm, R Alexandra; Schouten, Leo J (2014). "Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study". BMC Cancer. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-187. ISSN 1471-2407.
↑ Novacek, Gottfried (2006). Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 1 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-36. ISSN 1750-1172. Missing or empty |title= (help)
↑ Toland, Amanda Ewart; Joo, Young-Hoon; Lee, Youn-Soo; Cho, Kwang-Jae; Park, Jun-Ook; Nam, In-Chul; Kim, Chung-Soo; Kim, Sang-Yeon; Kim, Min-Sik (2013). "Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of High-Risk HPV-Associated Hypopharyngeal Cancers". PLoS ONE. 8 (11): e78718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078718. ISSN 1932-6203.
↑ Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin MP (2009). "Areca nut and betel quid chewing among South Asian immigrants to Western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening". Rural Remote Health. 9 (2): 1118. PMC 2726113. PMID 19445556.

@@ Line 19: / Line 19: @@
 *[[HPV]] infection<ref name="TolandJoo2013">{{cite journal|last1=Toland|first1=Amanda Ewart|last2=Joo|first2=Young-Hoon|last3=Lee|first3=Youn-Soo|last4=Cho|first4=Kwang-Jae|last5=Park|first5=Jun-Ook|last6=Nam|first6=In-Chul|last7=Kim|first7=Chung-Soo|last8=Kim|first8=Sang-Yeon|last9=Kim|first9=Min-Sik|title=Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of High-Risk HPV-Associated Hypopharyngeal Cancers|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=11|year=2013|pages=e78718|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078718}}</ref>
-*Areca nut and betel quid chewing habit
+*Areca nut and betel quid chewing habit<ref name="pmid19445556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin MP |title=Areca nut and betel quid chewing among South Asian immigrants to Western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening |journal=Rural Remote Health |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1118 |date=2009 |pmid=19445556 |pmc=2726113 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 *Occupational exposures of substances such as:
 :*Organic solvents