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* [[Asbestos]]<ref name="pmid10658307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I |title=Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=536–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10658307 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27504188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J |title=A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor |journal=Ann Occup Environ Med |volume=28 |issue= |pages=34 |date=2016 |pmid=27504188 |pmc=4976513 |doi=10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Asbestos]]<ref name="pmid10658307">{{cite journal |vauthors=Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I |title=Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers |journal=Occup Med (Lond) |volume=49 |issue=8 |pages=536–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10658307 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27504188">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J |title=A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor |journal=Ann Occup Environ Med |volume=28 |issue= |pages=34 |date=2016 |pmid=27504188 |pmc=4976513 |doi=10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3 |url=}}</ref>


* Perchloroethylene [35]
* Perchloroethylene<ref name="pmid9423585">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Davis S, Thomas DB |title=Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=54 |issue=9 |pages=692–5 |date=September 1997 |pmid=9423585 |pmc=1128846 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Pesticides]], man-made mineral vitreous fibers (MMMF), [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] [36]
* [[Pesticides]], man-made mineral vitreous fibers (MMMF), [[polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons]] [36]
* Textile workers, wood workers [37],
* Manufacturers of [[mustard gas]], [[plastic]] and rubber products, [[naphthalene]] refiners, [[ethanol]], [[sulfuric acid]] mist, leather and paint workers, automobile mechanics, construction workers (cement) [38]
* Farmers, and metal workers [39]
* [[Formaldehyde]] was classified as a carcinogen in 2004 because of its association with [[nasopharyngeal cancer]] and possibly [[cancers]] of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses [40-42]
* SCCs of the larynx and the base of the tongue have also been associated with exposure to Agent Orange.
[[Radiation]]


Diet — Increased consumption of fruits and vegetables decrease the risk [49,50]. In contrast, case-control studies suggest that the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is increased in frequent consumers of preserved meats that contain high levels of added nitrites [51].
Mouthwash <ref name="pmid26275006">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, Lee YC, Muscat J, Olshan A, Winn DM, Castellsagué X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Purdue M, Koifman S, Curado MP, Vilensky M, Gillison M, Fernandez L, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Schantz S, Yu G, D'Souza G, Haddad RI, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M |title=Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium |journal=Eur. J. Cancer Prev. |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=344–8 |date=July 2016 |pmid=26275006 |pmc=4752930 |doi=10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000179 |url=}}</ref>
 
Genetic factors — Multiple genetic factors and pathways may contribute to an increase in the risk of head and neck cancer, and these factors may interact with other known risk factors [52-54]. Examples of these factors include metabolic polymorphisms that influence exposure to the carcinogens in tobacco smoke, DNA repair gene polymorphisms, and variations in other pathways contributing to carcinogenesis.
 
Patients with Fanconi anemia are at high risk for developing a malignancy, including SCC of the head and neck, myelodysplastic syndrome, and acute myelocytic leukemia [55-57]. Head and neck cancers in these patients tend to arise at an earlier age and in the absence of other risk factors (tobacco, alcohol). The management of patients with head and neck cancer arising with Fanconi anemia is complicated by the significant increase in susceptibility to complications of radiation therapy [57].
 
Mouthwash —  [58].


Other risk factors — Other factors also may contribute to the development of head and neck cancer in selected patients. These include poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which has been linked with carcinoma of the oral cavity [59]. On the other hand, dental prostheses or poorly fitting dentures do not appear to be independent risk factors for the development of oral carcinoma [60-63].
Other risk factors — Other factors also may contribute to the development of head and neck cancer in selected patients. These include poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which has been linked with carcinoma of the oral cavity [59]. On the other hand, dental prostheses or poorly fitting dentures do not appear to be independent risk factors for the development of oral carcinoma [60-63].

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of laryngeal cancer are smoking tobacco, chewing tobacco, and heavy alcohol consumption.[1]

Risk Factors

Common risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer include:[1]

Alcohol[2][3][4][5]

Tobacco products[2][5][6][7][8]

Viral infection Multiple types of viral infections have been associated with an increased risk of head and neck cancer, including particularly EBV[9] , HPV, hepatitis C virus (HCV)[10], and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).Herpes[11]

Immunodeficiency Immunodeficiency due to infection with HIV or solid organ transplantation has been associated with an increased risk of cancer in the head and neck region.[12]

Betel nut chewing [13]

Occupational exposure

Mouthwash [18]

Other risk factors — Other factors also may contribute to the development of head and neck cancer in selected patients. These include poor oral hygiene and periodontal disease, which has been linked with carcinoma of the oral cavity [59]. On the other hand, dental prostheses or poorly fitting dentures do not appear to be independent risk factors for the development of oral carcinoma [60-63].

Risk Factors Description

Smoking

  • Mutations may change a normal DNA sequence to an oncogene, which is a gene that causes cancer after exposure to a carcinogen.
  • Squamous cells, a type of cell that lines hollow organs like the throat, mouth, lungs, and outer layer of skin, are particularly vulnerable when exposed to cigarette smoke.

Heavy alcohol consumption

  • Heavy alcohol consumption is linked to laryngeal cancer as well. Alcohol damages the lining of the larynx, increasing the amount of chemicals that are allowed to seep into the underlying membranes. Heavy alcohol use is also associated with nutritional deficiencies.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.org/cancer/laryngealandhypopharyngealcancer/detailedguide/laryngeal-and-hypopharyngeal-cancer-risk-factors Accessed on October 26, 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Andre K, Schraub S, Mercier M, Bontemps P (September 1995). "Role of alcohol and tobacco in the aetiology of head and neck cancer: a case-control study in the Doubs region of France". Eur. J. Cancer, B, Oral Oncol. 31B (5): 301–9. PMID 8704646.
  3. ↑ De Stefani E, Boffetta P, Oreggia F, Fierro L, Mendilaharsu M (March 1998). "Hard liquor drinking is associated with higher risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx than wine drinking. A case-control study in Uruguay". Oral Oncol. 34 (2): 99–104. PMID 9682771.
  4. ↑ Hashibe M, Brennan P, Benhamou S, Castellsague X, Chen C, Curado MP, Dal Maso L, Daudt AW, Fabianova E, Fernandez L, Wünsch-Filho V, Franceschi S, Hayes RB, Herrero R, Koifman S, La Vecchia C, Lazarus P, Levi F, Mates D, Matos E, Menezes A, Muscat J, Eluf-Neto J, Olshan AF, Rudnai P, Schwartz SM, Smith E, Sturgis EM, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Talamini R, Wei Q, Winn DM, Zaridze D, Zatonski W, Zhang ZF, Berthiller J, Boffetta P (May 2007). "Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 99 (10): 777–89. doi:10.1093/jnci/djk179. PMID 17505073.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, Gustavsson P, Wennerberg J, Biörklund A, Rutqvist LE (April 1998). "Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a population-based case-referent study in Sweden". Cancer. 82 (7): 1367–75. PMID 9529030.
  6. ↑ Spitz MR (June 1994). "Epidemiology and risk factors for head and neck cancer". Semin. Oncol. 21 (3): 281–8. PMID 8209260.
  7. ↑ Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Preston-Martin S, Bernstein L, Schoenberg JB, Stemhagen A, Fraumeni JF (June 1988). "Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer". Cancer Res. 48 (11): 3282–7. PMID 3365707.
  8. ↑ Wyss A, Hashibe M, Chuang SC, Lee YC, Zhang ZF, Yu GP, Winn DM, Wei Q, Talamini R, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Sturgis EM, Smith E, Shangina O, Schwartz SM, Schantz S, Rudnai P, Purdue MP, Eluf-Neto J, Muscat J, Morgenstern H, Michaluart P, Menezes A, Matos E, Mates IN, Lissowska J, Levi F, Lazarus P, La Vecchia C, Koifman S, Herrero R, Hayes RB, Franceschi S, Wünsch-Filho V, Fernandez L, Fabianova E, Daudt AW, Dal Maso L, Curado MP, Chen C, Castellsague X, de Carvalho MB, Cadoni G, Boccia S, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Olshan AF (September 2013). "Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking and the risk of head and neck cancers: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium". Am. J. Epidemiol. 178 (5): 679–90. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt029. PMC 3755640. PMID 23817919.
  9. ↑ Kobayashi I, Shima K, Saito I, Kiyoshima T, Matsuo K, Ozeki S, Ohishi M, Sakai H (September 1999). "Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in oral squamous cell carcinoma". J. Pathol. 189 (1): 34–9. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199909)189:1<34::AID-PATH391>3.0.CO;2-4. PMID 10451485.
  10. ↑ Mahale P, Sturgis EM, Tweardy DJ, Ariza-Heredia EJ, Torres HA (August 2016). "Association Between Hepatitis C Virus and Head and Neck Cancers". J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 108 (8). doi:10.1093/jnci/djw035. PMC 5017939. PMID 27075854.
  11. ↑ Das CM, Schantz SP, Shillitoe EJ (May 1993). "Antibody to a mutagenic peptide of herpes simplex virus in young adult patients with cancer of the head and neck". Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 75 (5): 610–4. PMID 8387664.
  12. ↑ Rabinovics N, Mizrachi A, Hadar T, Ad-El D, Feinmesser R, Guttman D, Shpitzer T, Bachar G (February 2014). "Cancer of the head and neck region in solid organ transplant recipients". Head Neck. 36 (2): 181–6. doi:10.1002/hed.23283. PMID 23554129.
  13. ↑ Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K (September 2014). "Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control". Int. J. Cancer. 135 (6): 1433–43. doi:10.1002/ijc.28643. PMID 24302487.
  14. ↑ Olsen J, Sabroe S (June 1984). "Occupational causes of laryngeal cancer". J Epidemiol Community Health. 38 (2): 117–21. PMID 6747509.
  15. ↑ Battista G, Belli S, Comba P, Fiumalbi C, Grignoli M, Loi F, Orsi D, Paredes I (November 1999). "Mortality due to asbestos-related causes among railway carriage construction and repair workers". Occup Med (Lond). 49 (8): 536–9. PMID 10658307.
  16. ↑ Roh S, Park S, Tae G, Song J (2016). "A case of laryngeal cancer induced by exposure to asbestos in a construction site supervisor". Ann Occup Environ Med. 28: 34. doi:10.1186/s40557-016-0114-3. PMC 4976513. PMID 27504188.
  17. ↑ Vaughan TL, Stewart PA, Davis S, Thomas DB (September 1997). "Work in dry cleaning and the incidence of cancer of the oral cavity, larynx, and oesophagus". Occup Environ Med. 54 (9): 692–5. PMC 1128846. PMID 9423585.
  18. ↑ Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, Lee YC, Muscat J, Olshan A, Winn DM, Castellsagué X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Purdue M, Koifman S, Curado MP, Vilensky M, Gillison M, Fernandez L, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Schantz S, Yu G, D'Souza G, Haddad RI, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M (July 2016). "Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium". Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 25 (4): 344–8. doi:10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000179. PMC 4752930. PMID 26275006.

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