Hypopharyngeal cancer pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract. Hypopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of malignant cancer which has delayed onset of clinical symptoms. Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually found at advanced stage and it is spread to other organs such as lungs, mediastinum,bones, brain, liver, esophagus, and thyroid gland. The metastatic invasion depends on the anatomic location of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is mostly differentiated as squamous cell carcinoma, but the undifferentiated type can be found in the pyriform sinus region. The exact pathogenesis of the hypopharyngeal cancer is not exactly understood, but the ''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'', ''[[cyclin D1]]'', and ''[[TP53]]'' gene mutations have been associated with the development of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is associated with sideropenic dysphagia and Paterson Brown Kelly syndrome. On gross pathology, flattened plaques, mucosal ulceration, and raised margins of the lesion are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. On microscopic histopathological analysis, [[spindle cell]]s, basaloid cells, and nuclear atypia are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. | Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract. Hypopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of malignant cancer which has delayed onset of clinical symptoms. Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually found at advanced stage and it is spread to other organs such as lungs, mediastinum,bones, brain, liver, esophagus, and thyroid gland. The metastatic invasion depends on the anatomic location of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is mostly differentiated as squamous cell carcinoma, but the undifferentiated type can be found in the pyriform sinus region. The exact pathogenesis of the hypopharyngeal cancer is not exactly understood, but the ''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'', ''[[cyclin D1]]'', and ''[[TP53]]'' gene mutations have been associated with the development of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is associated with sideropenic dysphagia and Paterson Brown Kelly syndrome. On gross pathology, flattened plaques, mucosal ulceration, and raised margins of the lesion are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. On microscopic histopathological analysis, [[spindle cell]]s, basaloid cells, and nuclear atypia are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract. Development of hypopharyngeal cancer is the result of multiple genetic mutations. These mutations lead to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes which ultimately results in deregulated cellular proliferation. | *Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from [[squamous cell]]s, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract. | ||
*Development of hypopharyngeal cancer is the result of multiple genetic mutations. These mutations lead to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes which ultimately results in deregulated cellular proliferation. | |||
*Overexpression of ''[[TP53]]'' and ''[[Cyclin D1]]'' will be consequence of multiple primary cancers of the hypopharynx esophagus<ref name="KohmuraHasegawa1999">{{cite journal|last1=Kohmura|first1=Takahide|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Yasuhisa|last3=Ogawa|first3=Tetsuya|last4=Matsuura|first4=Hidehiro|last5=Takahashi|first5=Masakatsu|last6=Yanagita|first6=Noriyuki|last7=Nakashima|first7=Tsutomu|title=Cyclin D1 and p53 Overexpression Predicts Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus|journal=Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery|volume=125|issue=12|year=1999|pages=1351|issn=0886-4470|doi=10.1001/archotol.125.12.1351}}</ref> | |||
==Genetics== | ==Genetics== | ||
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of hypopharyngeal cancer include: | Genes involved in the pathogenesis of hypopharyngeal cancer include:<ref name="pmid12560383">{{cite journal |vauthors=Helliwell TR |title=acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=56 |issue=2 |pages=81–5 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12560383 |pmc=1769882 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="KohmuraHasegawa1999">{{cite journal|last1=Kohmura|first1=Takahide|last2=Hasegawa|first2=Yasuhisa|last3=Ogawa|first3=Tetsuya|last4=Matsuura|first4=Hidehiro|last5=Takahashi|first5=Masakatsu|last6=Yanagita|first6=Noriyuki|last7=Nakashima|first7=Tsutomu|title=Cyclin D1 and p53 Overexpression Predicts Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus|journal=Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery|volume=125|issue=12|year=1999|pages=1351|issn=0886-4470|doi=10.1001/archotol.125.12.1351}}</ref> | ||
*''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'' | *''[[P16 (gene)|p16]]'' | ||
*''[[Cyclin D1]]'' | *''[[Cyclin D1]]'' | ||
*''[[TP53]]'' | *''[[TP53]]'' | ||
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*Mucosal ulceration | *Mucosal ulceration | ||
*Tumor spread to [[piriform sinus]] | *Tumor spread to [[piriform sinus]] | ||
*Exophytic | |||
==Microscopic Pathology== | ==Microscopic Pathology== | ||
Revision as of 19:33, 9 January 2019
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]
Overview
Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from squamous cells, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract. Hypopharyngeal cancer is a rare type of malignant cancer which has delayed onset of clinical symptoms. Hypopharyngeal cancer is usually found at advanced stage and it is spread to other organs such as lungs, mediastinum,bones, brain, liver, esophagus, and thyroid gland. The metastatic invasion depends on the anatomic location of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is mostly differentiated as squamous cell carcinoma, but the undifferentiated type can be found in the pyriform sinus region. The exact pathogenesis of the hypopharyngeal cancer is not exactly understood, but the p16, cyclin D1, and TP53 gene mutations have been associated with the development of the hypopharyngeal cancer. Hypopharyngeal cancer is associated with sideropenic dysphagia and Paterson Brown Kelly syndrome. On gross pathology, flattened plaques, mucosal ulceration, and raised margins of the lesion are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer. On microscopic histopathological analysis, spindle cells, basaloid cells, and nuclear atypia are characteristic findings of hypopharyngeal cancer.
Pathophysiology
- Hypopharyngeal cancer arises from squamous cells, which are cells that are normally involved in protection of aerodigestive tract.
- Development of hypopharyngeal cancer is the result of multiple genetic mutations. These mutations lead to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppression genes which ultimately results in deregulated cellular proliferation.
- Overexpression of TP53 and Cyclin D1 will be consequence of multiple primary cancers of the hypopharynx esophagus[1]
Genetics
Genes involved in the pathogenesis of hypopharyngeal cancer include:[2][1]
Associated Diseases
Hypopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with:[2]
Gross Pathology
On gross pathology, hypopharyngeal cancer is characterized by:[2]
- Flattened plaques
- Raised margins of the lesion
- Mucosal ulceration
- Tumor spread to piriform sinus
- Exophytic
Microscopic Pathology
On microscopic histopathological analysis, hypopharyngeal carcinoma is characterized by:[2]
- Spindle cells
- Basaloid cells
- Nuclear atypia
- Abundant chromatin
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kohmura, Takahide; Hasegawa, Yasuhisa; Ogawa, Tetsuya; Matsuura, Hidehiro; Takahashi, Masakatsu; Yanagita, Noriyuki; Nakashima, Tsutomu (1999). "Cyclin D1 and p53 Overexpression Predicts Multiple Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Hypopharynx and Esophagus". Archives of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery. 125 (12): 1351. doi:10.1001/archotol.125.12.1351. ISSN 0886-4470.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Helliwell TR (February 2003). "acp Best Practice No 169. Evidence based pathology: squamous carcinoma of the hypopharynx". J. Clin. Pathol. 56 (2): 81–5. PMC 1769882. PMID 12560383.