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{{short description|Protein encoded by the CUl3 gene in humans}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
{{Infobox_gene}}
'''Cullin 3''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''CUL3'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8681378">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kipreos ET, Lander LE, Wing JP, He WW, Hedgecock EM | title = cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family | journal = Cell | volume = 85 | issue = 6 | pages = 829–39 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8681378 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81267-2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17192413">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wimuttisuk W, Singer JD | title = The Cullin3 ubiquitin ligase functions as a Nedd8-bound heterodimer | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 899–909 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17192413 | pmc = 1805106 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E06-06-0542 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CUL3 cullin 3| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8452| access-date = }}</ref>
'''Cullin 3''' is a [[protein]] that in humans is encoded by the ''CUL3'' [[gene]].<ref name="pmid8681378">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kipreos ET, Lander LE, Wing JP, He WW, Hedgecock EM | title = cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family | journal = Cell | volume = 85 | issue = 6 | pages = 829–39 | date = June 1996 | pmid = 8681378 | pmc =  | doi = 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81267-2 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17192413">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wimuttisuk W, Singer JD | title = The Cullin3 ubiquitin ligase functions as a Nedd8-bound heterodimer | journal = Molecular Biology of the Cell | volume = 18 | issue = 3 | pages = 899–909 | date = March 2007 | pmid = 17192413 | pmc = 1805106 | doi = 10.1091/mbc.E06-06-0542 }}</ref><ref name="entrez">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CUL3 cullin 3| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8452| access-date = }}</ref>
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Cullin 3-RING complex consists of Cullin 3 protein, RING-box protein 1 (RBX1), which recruits the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a Bric-a-brac/Tramtrack/Broad (BTB) protein, a substrate recognition subunit. Cullin 3 protein is a core scaffold protein coordinating other components of the CRL complex.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W | title = Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer | volume = 1869 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–28 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29128526 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001 | url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304419X17301798 }}</ref> Cullin 3-RING complexes can also dimerise via their BTB domains which lead to creation of two substrate receptors and two catalytic RING domains.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulatov E, Ciulli A | title = Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 467 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–86 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25886174 | pmc = 4403949 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20141450 | url = http://www.biochemj.org/content/467/3/365 }}</ref>
Cullin 3-RING complex consists of Cullin 3 protein, RING-box protein 1 (RBX1), which recruits the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a Bric-a-brac/Tramtrack/Broad (BTB) protein, a substrate recognition subunit. Cullin 3 protein is a core scaffold protein coordinating other components of the CRL complex.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W | title = Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis | journal = Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer | volume = 1869 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–28 | date = January 2018 | pmid = 29128526 | doi = 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001 | url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304419X17301798 }}</ref> Cullin 3-RING complexes can also dimerise via their BTB domains which lead to creation of two substrate receptors and two catalytic RING domains.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulatov E, Ciulli A | title = Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 467 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–86 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25886174 | pmc = 4403949 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20141450 | url = http://www.biochemj.org/content/467/3/365 }}</ref>


Activation of the complex is regulated by the attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein [[NEDD8]] to a conserved Lys residue in the cullin-homology domain, the process called [[neddylation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ | title = Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases | language = En | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–20 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15688063 | doi = 10.1038/nrm1547 | url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrm1547 }}</ref> Deneddylation is conducted by an eight-subunit CSN complex which mediates the cleavage of the isopeptidic bond between NEDD8 and cullin protein.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulatov E, Ciulli A | title = Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 467 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–86 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25886174 | pmc = 4403949 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20141450 | url = http://www.biochemj.org/content/467/3/365 }}</ref> Another protein that interacts with cullin is [[CAND1]] which binds to deneddylated form of cullin protein and disrupts the interaction between cullin and other subunits of the complex leading to inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chew EH, Hagen T | title = Substrate-mediated regulation of cullin neddylation | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 282 | issue = 23 | pages = 17032–40 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17439941 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M701153200 | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/282/23/17032 }}</ref> Therefore, dynamic neddylation and deneddylation of cullin is important for regulation of CRL complex activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Soucy TA, Smith PG, Rolfe M | title = Targeting NEDD8-activated cullin-RING ligases for the treatment of cancer | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 3912–6 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19509147 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0343 | url = http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/15/12/3912 }}</ref>
Activation of the complex is regulated by the attachment of the [[ubiquitin-like protein]] [[NEDD8]] to a conserved Lys residue in the cullin-homology domain, the process called [[neddylation]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ | title = Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases | language = En | journal = Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 9–20 | date = January 2005 | pmid = 15688063 | doi = 10.1038/nrm1547 | url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrm1547 }}</ref> Deneddylation is conducted by an eight-subunit CSN complex which mediates the cleavage of the isopeptidic bond between NEDD8 and cullin protein.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bulatov E, Ciulli A | title = Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation | journal = The Biochemical Journal | volume = 467 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–86 | date = May 2015 | pmid = 25886174 | pmc = 4403949 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20141450 | url = http://www.biochemj.org/content/467/3/365 }}</ref> Another protein that interacts with cullin is [[CAND1]] which binds to deneddylated form of cullin protein and disrupts the interaction between cullin and other subunits of the complex leading to inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Chew EH, Hagen T | title = Substrate-mediated regulation of cullin neddylation | journal = The Journal of Biological Chemistry | volume = 282 | issue = 23 | pages = 17032–40 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17439941 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M701153200 | url = http://www.jbc.org/content/282/23/17032 }}</ref> Therefore, dynamic neddylation and deneddylation of cullin is important for regulation of CRL complex activity.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Soucy TA, Smith PG, Rolfe M | title = Targeting NEDD8-activated cullin-RING ligases for the treatment of cancer | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 15 | issue = 12 | pages = 3912–6 | date = June 2009 | pmid = 19509147 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0343 | url = http://clincancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/15/12/3912 }}</ref>


== Clinical significance ==
== Clinical significance ==

Latest revision as of 06:48, 18 January 2019

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Identifiers
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External IDsGeneCards: [1]
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
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Cullin 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CUL3 gene.[1][2][3]

Cullin 3 protein belongs to the family of cullins which in mammals contains eight proteins (Cullin 1, Cullin 2, Cullin 3, Cullin 4A, Cullin 4B, Cullin 5, Cullin 7 and Cullin 9).[4] Cullin proteins are an evolutionarily conserved family of proteins throughout bacteria, plants and mammals.[5]

Protein function

Cullin 3 is a component of Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases complexes (CRLs) which are involved in protein ubiquitylation and represent a part of ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). Added ubiquitin moieties to the lysine residue by CRLs then target the protein for the proteasomal degradation.[6] Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases are involved in many cellular processes responsible for cell cycle regulation, stress response, protein trafficking, signal transduction, DNA replication, transcription, protein quality control, circadian clock and development.[7][8]

Deletion of CUL3 gene in mice causes embryonic lethality.[9]

Cullin 3-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases

Cullin 3-RING complex consists of Cullin 3 protein, RING-box protein 1 (RBX1), which recruits the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and a Bric-a-brac/Tramtrack/Broad (BTB) protein, a substrate recognition subunit. Cullin 3 protein is a core scaffold protein coordinating other components of the CRL complex.[10] Cullin 3-RING complexes can also dimerise via their BTB domains which lead to creation of two substrate receptors and two catalytic RING domains.[11]

Activation of the complex is regulated by the attachment of the ubiquitin-like protein NEDD8 to a conserved Lys residue in the cullin-homology domain, the process called neddylation.[12] Deneddylation is conducted by an eight-subunit CSN complex which mediates the cleavage of the isopeptidic bond between NEDD8 and cullin protein.[13] Another protein that interacts with cullin is CAND1 which binds to deneddylated form of cullin protein and disrupts the interaction between cullin and other subunits of the complex leading to inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.[14] Therefore, dynamic neddylation and deneddylation of cullin is important for regulation of CRL complex activity.[15]

Clinical significance

Familial hyperkalemic hypertension

Mutations in CUL3 gene are associated with Familial hyperkalemic hypertension disease. CRL complex containing Cullin 3 controls the activity of Na+ Cl- cotransporter (NCC) in the kidney by regulating the proteasomal degradation of With-no-lysine [K] kinases WNK1 and WNK4. It was shown that mutations in CUL3 gene lead to WNKs accumulation.[16] The abundance of these kinases leads to increased phosphorylation of NCC and its activation. As a consequence, Na+ reabsorption is increasing resulting in high blood pressure.[17]

Cancer

Deregulation of Cullin 3 expression level was observed in human cancers. It was shown that Cullin 3 is overexpressed in invasive cancers, and the protein expression level positively correlates with tumour stage. In breast cancer, the overexpression of Cullin 3 protein results in a decrease of Nrf2 protein level. This protein is a transcription factor regulating the expression of some detoxification and antioxidant enzymes. Another substrate of CRL complex is a candidate tumour suppressor protein RhoBTB2.[18]

Interactions

CUL3 has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ↑ Kipreos ET, Lander LE, Wing JP, He WW, Hedgecock EM (June 1996). "cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family". Cell. 85 (6): 829–39. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81267-2. PMID 8681378.
  2. ↑ Wimuttisuk W, Singer JD (March 2007). "The Cullin3 ubiquitin ligase functions as a Nedd8-bound heterodimer". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 18 (3): 899–909. doi:10.1091/mbc.E06-06-0542. PMC 1805106. PMID 17192413.
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: CUL3 cullin 3".
  4. ↑ Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W (January 2018). "Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1869 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001. PMID 29128526.
  5. ↑ Chen Z, Sui J, Zhang F, Zhang C (2015). "Cullin family proteins and tumorigenesis: genetic association and molecular mechanisms". Journal of Cancer. 6 (3): 233–42. doi:10.7150/jca.11076. PMC 4317758. PMID 25663940.
  6. ↑ Dubiel D, Bintig W, Kähne T, Dubiel W, Naumann M (August 2017). "Cul3 neddylation is crucial for gradual lipid droplet formation during adipogenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1864 (8): 1405–1412. doi:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.05.009. PMID 28499918.
  7. ↑ Chen HY, Chen RH (2016). "Cullin 3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Cancer Biology: Functions and Therapeutic Implications". Frontiers in Oncology. 6: 113. doi:10.3389/fonc.2016.00113. PMC 4852199. PMID 27200299.
  8. ↑ Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ (January 2005). "Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 6 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1038/nrm1547. PMID 15688063.
  9. ↑ Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W (January 2018). "Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1869 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001. PMID 29128526.
  10. ↑ Cheng J, Guo J, Wang Z, North BJ, Tao K, Dai X, Wei W (January 2018). "Functional analysis of Cullin 3 E3 ligases in tumorigenesis". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer. 1869 (1): 11–28. doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.11.001. PMID 29128526.
  11. ↑ Bulatov E, Ciulli A (May 2015). "Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation". The Biochemical Journal. 467 (3): 365–86. doi:10.1042/BJ20141450. PMC 4403949. PMID 25886174.
  12. ↑ Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ (January 2005). "Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 6 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1038/nrm1547. PMID 15688063.
  13. ↑ Bulatov E, Ciulli A (May 2015). "Targeting Cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligases for drug discovery: structure, assembly and small-molecule modulation". The Biochemical Journal. 467 (3): 365–86. doi:10.1042/BJ20141450. PMC 4403949. PMID 25886174.
  14. ↑ Chew EH, Hagen T (June 2007). "Substrate-mediated regulation of cullin neddylation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 282 (23): 17032–40. doi:10.1074/jbc.M701153200. PMID 17439941.
  15. ↑ Soucy TA, Smith PG, Rolfe M (June 2009). "Targeting NEDD8-activated cullin-RING ligases for the treatment of cancer". Clinical Cancer Research. 15 (12): 3912–6. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-0343. PMID 19509147.
  16. ↑ Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA (June 2016). "The CUL3/KLHL3-WNK-SPAK/OSR1 pathway as a target for antihypertensive therapy". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 310 (11): F1389–96. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00132.2016. PMC 4935775. PMID 27076645.
  17. ↑ Ferdaus MZ, McCormick JA (May 2018). "Mechanisms and controversies in mutant Cul3-mediated familial hyperkalemic hypertension". American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology. 314 (5): F915–F920. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00593.2017. PMC 6031903. PMID 29361671.
  18. ↑ Haagenson KK, Tait L, Wang J, Shekhar MP, Polin L, Chen W, Wu GS (September 2012). "Cullin-3 protein expression levels correlate with breast cancer progression". Cancer Biology & Therapy. 13 (11): 1042–6. doi:10.4161/cbt.21046. PMC 3461811. PMID 22825334.
  19. ↑ Min KW, Hwang JW, Lee JS, Park Y, Tamura TA, Yoon JB (May 2003). "TIP120A associates with cullins and modulates ubiquitin ligase activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (18): 15905–10. doi:10.1074/jbc.M213070200. PMID 12609982.
  20. ↑ Singer JD, Gurian-West M, Clurman B, Roberts JM (September 1999). "Cullin-3 targets cyclin E for ubiquitination and controls S phase in mammalian cells". Genes & Development. 13 (18): 2375–87. doi:10.1101/gad.13.18.2375. PMC 317026. PMID 10500095.
  21. ↑ Kim AY, Bommeljé CC, Lee BE, Yonekawa Y, Choi L, Morris LG, Huang G, Kaufman A, Ryan RJ, Hao B, Ramanathan Y, Singh B (November 2008). "SCCRO (DCUN1D1) is an essential component of the E3 complex for neddylation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (48): 33211–20. doi:10.1074/jbc.M804440200. PMC 2586271. PMID 18826954.
  22. ↑ Wang XJ, Sun Z, Chen W, Li Y, Villeneuve NF, Zhang DD (August 2008). "Activation of Nrf2 by arsenite and monomethylarsonous acid is independent of Keap1-C151: enhanced Keap1-Cul3 interaction". Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. 230 (3): 383–9. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2008.03.003. PMC 2610481. PMID 18417180.
  23. ↑ Rachakonda G, Xiong Y, Sekhar KR, Stamer SL, Liebler DC, Freeman ML (March 2008). "Covalent modification at Cys151 dissociates the electrophile sensor Keap1 from the ubiquitin ligase CUL3". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 21 (3): 705–10. doi:10.1021/tx700302s. PMID 18251510.
  24. ↑ Rondou P, Haegeman G, Vanhoenacker P, Van Craenenbroeck K (April 2008). "BTB Protein KLHL12 targets the dopamine D4 receptor for ubiquitination by a Cul3-based E3 ligase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (17): 11083–96. doi:10.1074/jbc.M708473200. PMC 2431063. PMID 18303015.

Further reading

External links

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