Sandbox leucocytosis

Disease	Presentation	Risk Factors	Diagnosis	Affected Organ Systems	Important features	Picture
Diseases predominantly affecting the oral cavity
Oral Candidiasis	Dysphagia or odynophagia White patches on the mouth and tongue	Newborn babies Denture users Poorly controlled diabetes As a side effect of medication, most commonly having taken antibiotics. Inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of lung conditions (e.g, asthma or COPD) may also result in oral candidiasis which may be reduced by regularly rinsing the mouth with water after taking the medication. People with poor nutrition, specifically vitamin A, iron and folate deficiencies. People with an immune deficiency (e.g. as a result of AIDS/HIV or chemotherapy treatment). Women undergoing hormonal changes, like pregnancy or those on birth control pills. Organ transplantation patients	Clinical diagnosis Confirmatory tests rarely needed	Localized candidiasis Oral and esophageal candidasis Candida vulvovaginitis Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis Invasive candidasis Candidaemia Candida endocarditis Candida osteoarticular disease	Oral candidiaisis is a benign self limiting disease unless accompanied by immunosuppression.	Tongue infected with oral candidiasis - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=11717223.jpg
Herpes simplex oral lesions	Fever Sore throat Painful ulcers	Stress Recent URTI Female sex	Physical examination Viral culture Tzanck smear	Orofacial Infection Anogenital Infection Ocular Infection Herpes Encephalitis Neonatal Herpes Herpetic Whitlow Herpes Gladiatorum	The symptoms of primary HSV infection generally resolve within two weeks	Oral herpes simplex infection - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=19051042.jpg
Aphthous ulcers	Painful, red spot or bump that develops into an open ulcer	Being a female Between the ages of 10-40 Family history of aphthous ulcers	Physical examination Diagnosis of exclusion	Oral cavity	Self-limiting , Pain decreases in 7 to 10 days, with complete healing in 1 to 3 weeks	By Ebarruda - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, httpscommons.wikimedia.orgwindex.phpcurid=7903358
Squamous cell carcinoma	Non healing ulcer, nodule, indurated plaque or mass May involve skin, lips, inside the mouth, throat or esophagus	Chronic sun or UV exposure Fair skin Elderly age (>45 yrs) Male sex Smoking	Physical exam Biopsy	Oral Cavity Floor of mouth Lateral tongue Throat Esophagus	Malignant Can spread to TMJ Some times associated with leukoplakia	Squamous cell carcinoma - By Luca Pastore, Maria Luisa Fiorella, Raffaele Fiorella, Lorenzo Lo Muzio - http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/showImageLarge.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0050212.g001, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15252632
Leukoplakia	White leathery spots on the mucous membranes of the tongue and inside of the mouth Lateral borders of tongue	Atypical Tobacco use Chronic irritation Immunodeficiency Bloodroot (sanguinaria)	Physical exam Diagnosis of exclusion Biopsy	Vulvar lesions occur independent of oral lesions	Associated with HIV Persistant white spots Benign but can progress to carcinoma after almost 10 years Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia is an aggressive sub type with multiple lesions and higher conversion to warts or carcinoma	Leukoplakia - By Aitor III - Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9873087
Melanoma	A lesion with ABCD Asymmetry Border irregularity Color variation Diameter changes Bleeding from the lesion	UV radiations Genetic predisposition Old age Male gender Family or personal history of melanoma Multiple benign or atypical nevi	ABCD characteristics Bleeding or ulceration may show malignancy Serum LDH may be elevated in case of malignancy Biopsy	Can metastasize All UV radiation or sun exposed areas can be effected independently 1-2 to hundreds of granules	Neural crest cell derivative Development begins with disruption of nevus growth control Progression involves MAPK/ERK pathway N-RAS or BRAF oncogene also involved	Oral melanoma - By Emmanouil K Symvoulakis, Dionysios E Kyrmizakis, Emmanouil I Drivas, Anastassios V Koutsopoulos, Stylianos G Malandrakis, Charalambos E Skoulakis and John G Bizakis - Symvoulakis et al. Head & Face Medicine 2006 2:7 doi:10.1186/1746-160X-2-7 (Open Access), [1], CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=9839811
Fordyce spots	Rice-like granules or spots Small, painless, raised, pale, red or white 1 to 3 mm in diameter	Greasy skin types Some rheumatic disorders Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer Lower gingiva (gums) Vestibular mucosa	Physical exam Small keratin-filled pseudocysts May be seen on incidental mucosal biopsy Biopsy not done for them primarily	Oral cavity Vermilion border of the lips Oral mucosa of the upper lip Buccal mucosa in the commissural region often bilaterally Genitals	Benign neoplasms with sebaceous features Visible sebaceous glands No surrounding mucosal change Several adjacent glands may coalesce into a larger cauliflower-like cluster	Fordyce spots - Por Perene - Obra do próprio, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=19772899
Burning mouth syndrome	Burning or tingling on the lips, tongue, or entire mouth	Nutritional deficiencies Chronic anxiety or depression Diabetes type 2 Menopause Oral thrush or dry mouth, or damaged nerves transmitting taste Female gender Menopause	Presentation Physical exam	Oral cavity	Pain typically is low in the morning and builds up over the day Low dosages of benzodiazepines, tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants may be effective
Torus palatinus	Bony growth on midline of the hard palate Nodular mass covered with normal mucosa	Genetic predisposition Autosomal dominant	Physical exam Types Flat tori Spindle tori Nodular tori Lobular tori	Hard palate	More common in Asian and Inuit populations Twice more common in females Repeated trauma can cause bleeding Surgery may be required in symptomatic	Torus palatinus - By Photo taken by dozenist, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=846591
Diseases involving oral cavity and other organ systems
Behcet's disease	Painful mouth sores Acne like skin lesions Headache, fever, poor balance, disorientation Abdominal pain, diarrhea or bleeding Uveitis Joint swelling and joint pain Genital sores wit pain and scaring Aneurysms	Over active immune system	Physical examination	Mouth Genitals GIT Eye Joints Skin Vascular system Brain	Outbreaks of exaggerated inflammation Affects smaller blood vessels	Behcet's disease - By Ahmet Altiner MD, Rajni Mandal MD - http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1611/articles/18_2009-10-20/2.jpg, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17863021
Crohn's disease	Chronic, episodic diarrhea or constipation Abdominal pain Vomiting Weight loss or weight gain	Smoking Whites and European Jews Hormonal contraception Diets high in microparticles, sweet, fatty or refined foods Industrialized country	Typical history and symptoms Skip lesions on biopsy Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)	Eyes Joints Skin	May lead to Obstructions Abscesses Free perforation Hemorrhage
Agranulocytosis	Fever or chills Frequent infections Unusual redness, pain, or swelling around a wound Mouth ulcers Abdominal pain Burning sensation when urinating Sore throat	Medications Cytotoxic chemotherapy Hematologic malignancies Autoimmune disorders	Neutropenia <100 cells per micro litre Eosinopenia Basopenia	Oral cavity Skin GIT Urinary system Conjunctiva	Immunocompromization Types Drug-induced Malignant Autoimmune
Syphilis	Chancre Regional lymphadenopathy	Multiple sexual partners Illicit drug use Unprotected sex Men who have sex with men Residence in highly prevalent areas HIV infection Presence of other STIs Previous history of STIs Intravenous drug use	Darkfield microscopy Non treponemal tests like VDRL and RPR test) Treponemal testsFTA-ABS tests, (TP-PA) assay, enzyme immunoassays, and chemiluminescence immunoassays)	Oral cavity Penis Cervix Labia Anal canal Rectum CNS CVS	Primary syphilis Chancre Secondary syphilis Condylomata lata Latent syphilis Asymptomatic Tertiary syphilis Gummas Neurosyphilis	oral syphilis - By CDC/Susan Lindsley - http://phil.cdc.gov/phil_images/20021114/34/PHIL_2385_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2134349
Coxsackie virus	Fever Sores in the mouth Rash with blisters Aches	Pregnancy immunodeficiency	History and Physical exam Throat swabs Swabs from the lesion Tzanck test	Oral cavity Skin	Symptomatic treatment	Hand-foot-and-mouth disease - adapted from atlasdermatologico.com
Chicken pox	Conjunctival symptoms Catarrhal symptoms Characteristic spots on the trunk appearing in two or three waves Itching	Pregnancy Premature infants born to susceptible mothers All infants born at less than 28 weeks gestation or who weigh =1000 grams Immunocompromised	History and physical exam PCR to detect VZV in skin lesions (vesicles, scabs, maculopapular lesions)	Oral cavity Skin	Sodium bicarbonate in baths or antihistamines for itching Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for fever Prednisolone is contraindicated	Chickenpox - By James Heilman, MD - Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=52872565
Measles	Fever Rash Cough Coryza (runny nose) Conjunctivitis (pink eye) Malaise Koplick spots in mouth	Unvaccinated individuals Crowded and/or unsanitary conditions Traveling to less developed and developing countries Immunocompromized Winter and spring seasons Born after 1956 and never fully vaccinated Health care workers	History and examination PCR for Measles-specific IgM antibody PCR for Measles RNA	Oral cavity Skin Respiratory tract Eyes Throat	Caused by Morbillivirus Primary site of infection is the respiratory epithelium of the nasopharynx Transmitted in respiratory secretions, via aerosol droplets containing virus particles	Koplick spots (Measles) - By CDC - http://phil.cdc.gov/PHIL_Images/20040908/4f54ee8f0e5f49f58aaa30c1bc6413ba/6111_lores.jpg, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=824483

Surface Lesions of Oral Mucosa						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
White			Epithelial	Geographic tongue
				Hairy tongue
				Leukoedema
				White sponge nevus
				Hairy leukoplakia
				Lichen planus
				Nicotinic stomatitis
				Hyperkeratosis
				Epithelial dysplasia
				Carcinoma in-situ
				Squamous cell carcinoma
			Surface debris	Candidiosis
				Burn
			Subepithelial	Congenital keratotic cyst
				Scar
				Fordyce granules
Pigmented			Localized	Intravascular	Hemangioma
					Varix
					Kaposi sarcoma
				Extravasated blood	Hematoma
					Ecchymosis
					Petechiae
				Melanocytic	Oral melanocytic macule
					Nevus
					Melanoma
					Ephelis
				Tattoo
			Diffuse	Hereditary
				Addison's disease
				Heavy metal ingestion
				Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
				Neurofibromatosis
				Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
				Pregnancy
				Medication
				Smoker's melanosis
Vesicular/Ulcerative/Erythematous			Hereditary	Epidermolysis bullosa
			Viral	Herpes simplex
				Herpangina
				Hand foot and mouth disease
				Herpes zoster
				Infectious mononucleosis
				Varicella
			Autoimmune	Erosive lichen planus
				Mucous memrane pemphigoid
				Pemphigous vulgaris
				Bullous pemphigoid
				Lupus erythmatosus
			Idiopathic	Aphthous ulcer
				Erythema multiforme
				Erythroplakia
				Medication induced mucositis
				Contact stomatitis
			Mycotic	Candidiosis
Benign Oral lesions						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
Pyogenic granuloma
Peripheral ossifying fibroma
Granular cell tumor
Peripheral giant cell granuloma
Oral hemangioma
Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor	Traumatic neuroma
	Neurofibroma
	Schwannoma
	Palisaded encapsulated neuroma
Neodymium-doped yttrium alluminium garnet
Pigmented lesions	Diffuse	Peutz-jeghers syndrome
		Addison's disease
		Heavy metal
		Drug induced
		Post inflammatory
		Smoker's melanosis
	Focal	Ephelides
		Labial melanocytic macules
		Amalgam tattoo
		Oral melanoacanthoma
		Oral melanocytic nevi
Pre-malignant oral lesions						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
Leukoplakia
Oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
Oral submucus fibrosis
Oral lichen planus and lichenoid lesions
Oral discoid lupus erythmatosus
Oral chronic graft vs host disease
Actinic chelitis
Malignant oral lesions						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
Epithelial tissue origin	Squamous cell carcinoma
	Basal cell carcinoma
	Verrucous crcinoma
	Spindle cell carcinoma
	Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma
	Lymphoepithelioma and transitional cell carcinoma
	Malignant melanoma
Nerve tissue origin	Malignant schwannoma
Muscle tissue origin	Leiomyosarcoma
	Rhabdomyosarcoma
Lymphoid tissue origin	Malignant lymphoma
	Non Hodgkin lymphoma
	Hodgkin lymphoma
	Burkitt's lymphoma
	Reticular cell sarcoma
	Plasma cell tumor	Multiple myeloma
		Plasmacytoma
Connective and Adipose tissue origin	Fibrosarcoma
	Liposarcoma
Tumors of disputed origin	Granular cell myoblastoma
	Congenital epulis
	Alveolar soft part sarcoma
	Melanocytic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
	Kaposi sarcoma
	Ewing's sarcoma
Infections						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
Herpes simplex virus
Varicella zoster virus
Coxsackie virus
HIV infection
Syphilis
Other infections
Autoimmune Conditions						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
Oral erosive lichen planus
Systemic lupus erythamtosus
Mucus membrane pemphigoid
Bullous pemphigoid
Pemphigus vulgaris
Paraneoplastic pemphigus
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Miscellaneous						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
Burning mouth syndrome
Contact stomatitis
Cheilitis
Mucoceles
Torus
Dental erosions/Gingival overgrowth
Telangiectasias
Tongue lesions						Localization	Differentiating features	Diagnostic procedure	Treatment
Atrophic glossitis
Fissured tongue
Black tongue
Black hairy tongue
Pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue
Geographic tongue
Median rhomboid glossitis

Type of cancer	Subtype	Epidemiology	Localization	Clinical features	Diagnostic procedures
Squamous cell carcinoma Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma Papillary squamous cell carcinoma Spindle cell carcinoma Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma Adenosquamous carcinoma	Verrucous carcinoma	Older males 5th and 6th decades of life Males are affected more often than females	Lip SCC arise almost exclusively on the lower lip Buccal mucosa Upper and lower gingiva Hard palate Anterior two-thirds of the tongue, including dorsal, ventral and lateral surfaces, and the floor of mouth	Often asymptomatic or may present with vague symptoms and minimal physical finding	Biopsy shows: Thickened club-shaped papillae and blunt stromal invaginations of well-differentiated squamous epithelium with marked keratinization
Lymphoepithelial carcinoma		0.8-2% of all oral or oropharyngeal cancers	Tonsil and tongue(90%) Palate and buccal mucosa(others)	Intraoral mass, which may be ulcerated. Some tumors can be bilateral	Biopsy chows: Syncytial sheets and clusters of carcinoma cells with vesicular nuclei Prominent nucleoli and ill-defined cell borders A rich lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate is present
Epithelial precursor lesions	---	---	Seen in the entire digestive tract	White patches (leukoplakia) Red patches (erythroplasia/erythroplakia) Mixed red and white lesions	Biopsy shows: Hyperplasia Dysplasia, / squamous intraepithelial neoplasia / atypical hyperplasia Carcinoma in-situ
Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and precancerous conditions	---	Average age at diagnosis is 62 years Women are more commonly afflicted (ratio, 4:1)	Buccal mucosa in women Tongue in men.	An aggressive form of oral leukoplakia with considerable morbidity and strong predilection to malignant transformation	Biopsy shows: Extensive, thick, white plaques Hyperplasia and dense hyperkeratosis Verrucous surface with hyperkeratosis, hypergranulosis and a dense inflammatory infiltrate in the corium
Papillomas	Squamous cell papilloma and verruca vulgaris	Common in children and in adults in the 3rd to 5th decades Almost equal sex incidence with a slight male predominance	Any oral site may be affected mostly: Hard and soft palate Labial mucosa Tongue Gingiva	Soft, pedunculated lesions formed by a cluster of finger-like fronds or a sessile, dome-shaped lesion with a nodular, papillary or verrucous surface	Biopsy shows: Exophytic and comprise folds of hyperplastic stratified epithelium Cluster of finger-like projections
	Condyloma acuminatum	2nd and 5th decade with a peak in teenagers and young adults	Labial mucosa Tongue Palate	Painless, rounded, dome-shaped exophytic nodules 15 mm in diameter Have a broad base and a nodular or mulberry-like surface that is slightly red, pink or of normal mucosal color. Lesions may be multiple and are then usually clustered	Biopsy shows: Several sessile, cauliflower-like swellings forming a cluster
	Focal epithelial hyperplasia	Disease of children, adolescents and young adults	All areas of the oral cavity Labia Buccal mucosa Tongue	Multiple asymptomatic lesions Soft rounded or flat plaque-like sessile swelling. Usually pink or white in color 2-10mm in diameter	Biopsy shows: Rounded sessile swelling formed by a sharply demarcated zone of epithelial acanthosis Koilocytes similar to those of squamous papilloma are usually present “Mitosoid bodies”, which are nuclei with coarse clumped heterochromatin resembling a mitotic figure
Granular cell tumor	---	Arise in all age groups, with a peak between 40 and 60 years Females are affected more often than males with an M/F ratio of 2:1	Tongue is the most common single site Buccal mucosa Floor of oral cavity Palate Salivary gland	Lesion presents as a smooth, sessile mucosal swelling 1-2 cm in diameter with a firm texture. The overlying epithelium is of normal color or may be slightly pale	Biopsy shows: Plump eosinophilic cells with central small dark nuclei and abundant granular cytoplasm
Keratoacanthoma	---	Occurs more often in whites Twice as frequent in men as in women	Skin of the face,including the lips Mucocutaneous linings may also be involved	Verrucous, speckled or ulcerated lesions Deep projections, which extend through minor salivary glands and underlying bone	Biopsy shows: Verrucous surface, keratinized clefts and penetrating squamous rete processes Minimal atypia seen
Papillary hyperplasia	---	Affects all age groups	Palate	Asymptomatic nodular or papillary mucosal lesion	Biopsy shows: Parakeratinisation or less frequently orthokeratinisation
Median rhomboid glossitis	---	---	Dorsum of the tongue at the junction of the anterior two thirds and posterior third	Forms a patch of papillary atrophy in the region of the embryological foramen caecum	Biopsy shows: Psoriasiform hyperplasia Areas of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia Atypia may be present
Salivary gland tumors	Acinic cell carcinoma	2-6.5% of all intraoral salivary gland tumors Age range from 11-77 years, with a mean of 45 years Male to female ratio of 1.5:1	Buccal mucosa Upper lip and Palate	Tumors usually form non-descript swellings	Biopsy shows: Solid sheets of epithelium with secretory material Ductal differentiation in tumors
	Mucoepidermoid carcinoma	9.5-23% of all minor gland tumors	Palate (most common site) Buccal mucosa Lips: upper>lower Floor of oral cavity Retromolar pad	Asymptomatic Bluish, domed swellings that resemble mucoceles or haemangiomas High-grade tumors result in ulceration, loosening of teeth, paraesthesia or anaesthesia	Low power microscopy shows low-grade tumor with both cystic and solid areas and an inflamed, fibrous stroma
	Adenoid cystic carcinoma	42.5% of minor gland tumors	Tongue Tonsil Oropharynx Cheek Lips Retromolar pad and gingiva	Slow growing submucosal masses and ulceration may be seen, particularly in the palate Pain, or evidence of nerve involvement, is usually only present in advanced tumors	Predominantly solid variant shows peri- and intraneural invasion
	Epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma	---	---	---	---
	Clear cell carcinoma, NOS		---	---	---
	Basal cell adenocarcinoma	Rare in minor glands	Palate Buccal mucosa Lip	Asymptomatic, smooth or lobulated sub-mucosal masses	Microscopically similar to basal cell adenocarcinomas of the major gland
	Cystadenocarcinoma	32% developed in the minor glands	Palate Lips Buccal mucosa Tongue and retromolar regions	Slow growing and painless but some palatal tumors may erode the underlying bone causing sinonasal complex	---
	Salivary duct carcinoma	Rare in minor salivary glands Age range was 23-80 years (mean 56 years)	Palate (65%) Buccal mucosa and vestibule (19%) Tongue (8%) Retromolar pad (4%) and upper lip (4%)	Tumors formed painless swellings but many in the palate can be painful and ulcerated or fungated with metastases to regional lymph nodes	The range of microscopical appearances is similar to that seen in the major glands
Salivary gland adenomas	Pleomorphic adenoma	40-70% of minor gland tumors	Palate Lips and Buccal mucosa	Painless, slow growing, submucosal masses, but when traumatized may bleed or ulcerate	Biopsy shows cellular, and hyaline or plasmacytoid cell
	Myoepithelioma	42% of minor gland tumors	Palate of younger individuals	---	---
	Basal cell adenoma	20% of minor gland tumors	Upper lip Buccal mucosa	---	They are histologically similar to those in major glands.
	Cystadenoma	7% of benign minor gland tumors	Lips Cheek Palate	---	---
Kaposi sarcoma	---	Classic (elderly men of Mediterranean/EastEuropean descent) Endemic ( middle-aged adults and children in Equatorial Africa who are not HIV infected) Iatrogenic (Immunosuppressed, post-transplant) AIDS associated (HIV-1 infected individuals)	Skin ( most common) Mucosal membranes such as oral mucosa, lymph nodes and visceral organs	Purplish, reddish blue or dark brown macules Plaques and nodules that may ulcerate	Biopsy of all 4 types show: Vascular slits and sparsely distributed lymphocytes
Lymphangioma	---	Pediatric lesions Present at birth or during the first years of life Appear mostly in the head and neck area but may be found in any other part of the body	Tongue	Circumscribed painless swelling Soft and fluctuant on palpation Irregular nodularity of the dorsum of the tongue	Biopsy shows: Thin-walled, dilated lymphatic vessels of different size, which are lined by a flattened endothelium
Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumour of the anterior tongue	---	Age range varies from 9-78 years No distinct sex predilection.	---	Asymptomatic, slow growing solitary nodule in the anterior dorsal tongue	Biopsy shows: Round, cup-shaped, fusiform, or polygonal cells with uniform small nuclei and moderate amounts of faintly basophilic cytoplasm Some tumors may show nuclear pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and multinucleation
Focal oral mucinosis (FOM)	---	The lesion affects all ages Rare in children There is no distinct sex predilection.	Gingiva( most common site) Palate Cheek mucosa and Tongue	Asymptomatic fibrous or cystic-like lesion	Histopathology is characterized by: Well-circumscribed area of myxomatous tissue Fusiform or stellate fibroblasts Absent or sparse reticular fibers Mucinous material shows alcianophilia at pH 2.5
Congenital granular cell epuli	---	Affects newborns Females are affected ten times more often than males	Maxilla Mandible	Solitary, somewhat pedunculated fibroma-like lesion attached to the alveolar ridge near the midline	Ultrasound for prenatal diagnosis Immuno histochemically, the tumor cells are positive for vimentin and neuron specific enolase No reactivity with cytokeratin, CEA, desmin, hormone receptors or S-100
Hematolymphoid tumors	Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Second most common cancer of the oral cavity	Palate Tongue Floor of mouth Gingiva Buccal mucosa Lips Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils or Oropharynx	NHL of the lip presents with: Ulcer Swelling Discoloration Pain Paraesthesia Anaesthesia, or Loose teeth	Biopsy shows: Large cells with predominantly round nuclei and membrane-bound nucleoli, consistent with centroblastic morphology. Predominantly medium-sized cells with abundant pale cytoplasm. Large cells with round or multilobated nuclei
	Langerhans cell histiocytosis	---	Jaw bone Intraoral soft tissues Gingiva Palate Floor of mouth Buccal mucosa and Tonsil	Common oral symptoms include: Swelling Pain Gingivitis Loose teeth and Ulceration	Biopsy shows ovoid Langerhans cells with deeply grooved nuclei, thin nuclear membranes and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm
	Hodgkin lymphoma	---	Waldeyer ring, particularly the palatine tonsil Oropharynx Alveolar crest of mandible Maxillary gingiva	Most patients present with localized disease (stage I/II), with Chronic tonsillitis or tonsillar enlargement with or without enlarged cervical lymph nodes	---
	Extramedullary myeloid sarcoma	---	Palate Gingiva	Isolated tumor-forming intraoral mass	Biopsy shows an Indian-file pattern of infiltration
	Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma / tumour	Tumor of adulthood Affects wide age range	Tonsil Palate or Oropharynx.	The patients usually present with a painless mass	Biopsy usually exhibits borders and comprises: Fascicles Whorls Nodules Storiform arrays or Diffuse sheets of spindly to ovoid tumor cells sprinkled with small lymphocytes
Mucosal malignant melanoma	---	0.5% of oral malignancies Incidence 0.02 per 100,000	80% arise: Palate Maxillary alveolus or gingivae Mandibular gingiva Others: Buccal mucosa Floor of mouth Tongue	Asymmetric with irregular outlines Macular pigmentation Nodular growth Ulceration Melanosis	Biopsy: S100 positive Negative for cytokeratins More specific markers include: HMB45, Melan-A or anti-tyrosinase