Testicular cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
No edit summary |
|||
Line 32: | Line 32: | ||
* [[Malignant]] | * [[Malignant]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Unilateral | * [[Unilateral]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* History of [[cryptorchidism]] | * History of [[cryptorchidism]] | ||
Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
* Does not occur during infancy | * Does not occur during infancy | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Late metastasis | * Late [[metastasis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | ||
* ALP | * [[ALP]] | ||
* C-KIT | * [[C-KIT]] | ||
* CD30 | * [[CD30]] | ||
* EMA | * EMA | ||
* Glycogen | * [[Glycogen]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Large cells wit watery cytoplasm | * Large cells wit watery [[cytoplasm]] | ||
* Fried egg appearance | * Fried egg appearance | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable, nontender unilateral testicular mass | * [[Palpable]], nontender unilateral [[testicular]] mass | ||
* Usually homogeneous enlargement | * Usually [[homogeneous]] enlargement | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated serum placental ALP (PALP) | * Elevated [[serum]] placental ALP (PALP) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | ||
* Homogeneous hypoechoic intratesticular mass | * Homogeneous hypoechoic intratesticular mass | ||
Line 66: | Line 66: | ||
* [[Malignant]] | * [[Malignant]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Usually located in parenchyma of testis | * Usually located in [[parenchyma]] of [[testis]] | ||
* May be nonpalpable | * May be nonpalpable | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Hemorrhagic]] mass with necrosis | * [[Hemorrhagic]] mass with [[necrosis]] | ||
* Worse [[prognosis]] than [[seminoma]] | * Worse [[prognosis]] than [[seminoma]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
Line 75: | Line 75: | ||
* Peak incidence at the age of 30 years old | * Peak incidence at the age of 30 years old | ||
* Usually mixed with other types | * Usually mixed with other types | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Early metastasis to: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Early [[metastasis]] to: | ||
* retroperitoneum | * [[retroperitoneum]] | ||
* Lung | * [[Lung]] | ||
* Liver | * [[Liver]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | ||
* CD30 | * [[CD30]] | ||
* HCG | * [[HCG]] | ||
May stain positively for : | May stain positively for : | ||
* AFP, when mixed with other tumors | * [[AFP]], when mixed with other [[tumors]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Primitive epithelial cells with marked pleomorphism | * Primitive [[epithelial cells]] with marked [[pleomorphism]] | ||
* Often mixed histopathological features (solid, papillary, tubular, pseudoglandular) | * Often mixed [[histopathological]] features ([[solid]], [[papillary]], [[tubular]], pseudoglandular) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | ||
Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
* May present with abdominal/ pelvic mass | * May present with abdominal/ pelvic mass | ||
* Abdominal pain may be present | * Abdominal pain may be present | ||
* Metastatic findings | * [[Metastatic]] findings | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated serum hCG | * Elevated serum hCG | ||
Line 117: | Line 117: | ||
* Uncommon | * Uncommon | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | ||
* AFP | * [[AFP]] | ||
* Alpha-1-antitrypsin | * [[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency|Alpha-1-antitrypsin]] | ||
* PAS diastase | * [[PAS diastase]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Yellow, mucinous, encapsulated mass | * Yellow, [[mucinous]], encapsulated mass | ||
* Schiller-Duval bodies (perivascular structures) | * Schiller-Duval bodies (perivascular structures) | ||
Line 128: | Line 128: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable mass | * [[Palpable]] [[mass]] | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender mass | ||
* Unilateral mass | * Unilateral [[mass]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated serum AFP | * Elevated serum AFP | ||
Line 154: | Line 154: | ||
* Benign form in children under 4 years old | * Benign form in children under 4 years old | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Uncommon in benign ones among prepubertal men | * Uncommon in [[benign]] ones among prepubertal men | ||
* Common in malignant ones among postpubertal ones | * Common in [[malignant]] ones among postpubertal ones | ||
* Metastasis may be teratomatous | * [[Metastasis]] may be teratomatous | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Chromosome | * [[Chromosome]] 12 [[Mutation|mutations]] | ||
Stains positively for: | Stains positively for: | ||
* Cytokeratin | * [[Cytokeratin]] | ||
* HCG | * [[HCG]] | ||
* AFP | * [[AFP]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Large, heterogeneous appearance | * Large, [[heterogeneous]] appearance | ||
* Presence of at least 2 germ layers | * Presence of at least 2 [[germ layers]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable mass | * Palpable [[mass]] | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender mass | ||
* Unilateral mass | * Unilateral mass | ||
Line 184: | Line 184: | ||
* [[Malignant]] | * [[Malignant]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Testicular mass may be small/ asymptomatic | * [[Testicular]] mass may be small/ asymptomatic | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* History of [[cryptorchidism]] | * History of [[cryptorchidism]] | ||
Line 190: | Line 190: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Most aggressive type | * Most aggressive type | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Early metastasis: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Early [[metastasis]]: | ||
* Liver | * [[Liver]] | ||
* Brain | * [[Brain]] | ||
* Lung | * [[Lung]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | ||
* | * [[HCG]] | ||
* Genetic changes of 12p11.2-p12.1 chromosomal region | * [[Genetic]] changes of 12p11.2-p12.1 [[chromosomal]] region | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Characterized by hemorrhagic and necrotic areas | * Characterized by [[hemorrhagic]] and [[necrotic]] areas | ||
* Disordered syncytiotrophoblastic and cytotrophoblastic elements | * Disordered syncytiotrophoblastic and [[cytotrophoblastic]] elements | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | ||
Line 225: | Line 225: | ||
* Average age about 30 years old | * Average age about 30 years old | ||
* Rare in prepubertal age | * Rare in prepubertal age | ||
* Include one-third of all testicular | * Include one-third of all [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Metastasis depends on tumors types | * [[Metastasis]] depends on tumors types | ||
* Metastasis to lung, liver, brain, skin | * [[Metastasis]] to [[lung]], [[liver]], [[brain]], [[skin]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* May stain positive based on underlying components | * May stain positive based on underlying components | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Variable components depends on tumor | * Variable components depends on [[tumor]] | ||
* Accompanied with necrosis and hemorrhages | * Accompanied with necrosis and hemorrhages | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | ||
Line 253: | Line 253: | ||
* Bilateral | * Bilateral | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Cryptorchid testes | * Cryptorchid [[testes]] | ||
* Previous [[testicular cancer]] | * Previous [[testicular cancer]] | ||
* Abnormal sexual differentiation | * Abnormal sexual differentiation | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* A precursor of most testicular germ cell tumors | * A precursor of most [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] | ||
* Adjacent to a other testicular germ cell tumors > 90% of all | * Adjacent to a other [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] > 90% of all | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Common: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Common: | ||
* [[Lymph nodes]] | |||
Lymph nodes | * Any other [[organs]] | ||
Any other organs | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
Stain positively for: | Stain positively for: | ||
* PALP | * PALP | ||
* Genetic changes in chromosome 12 | * [[Genetic]] changes in [[chromosome 12]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Proliferation of neoplastic germ cells in seminiferous tubules | * Proliferation of [[neoplastic]] [[germ cells]] in [[seminiferous tubules]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
Line 321: | Line 319: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Golden brown color | * Golden brown color | ||
* May have cystic, hemorrhagic, or necrotic areas | * May have [[cystic]], [[hemorrhagic]], or [[necrotic]] areas | ||
* Eosinophilic crystals of Reinke | * [[Eosinophilic]] crystals of Reinke | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
Line 356: | Line 354: | ||
* Considered as stromal tumors | * Considered as stromal tumors | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Uncommon metastasis | * Uncommon [[metastasis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stain positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stain positively for: | ||
* Inhibin | * Inhibin | ||
* Cytokeratin | * Cytokeratin | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Solid or hollow tubules divided by basement membrane | * Solid or hollow tubules divided by [[basement membrane]] | ||
* Pale eosinophilic cytoplasm | * Pale [[eosinophilic]] [[cytoplasm]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
Line 388: | Line 386: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* The most common in men older than 50 years old | * The most common in men older than 50 years old | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Common metastasis to : | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Common [[metastasis]] to : | ||
* Skin | * [[Skin]] | ||
* Subcutaneous tissue | * [[Subcutaneous tissue]] | ||
* Bone marrow | * [[Bone marrow]] | ||
* Central nervous system | * [[Central nervous system]] | ||
* Lung | * [[Lung]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | ||
* CD45 | * [[CD45]] | ||
* Depends on lymphoma subtype | * Depends on [[lymphoma]] subtype | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Pleomorphic malignant cells | * [[Pleomorphic]] [[malignant]] cells | ||
* Large irregular nuclei | * Large irregular [[nuclei]] | ||
* Vascular invasion | * [[Vascular]] [[invasion]] | ||
* Seminiferous tubules | * [[Seminiferous tubules]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable mass | * [[Palpable]] mass | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender mass | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Depends on lymphoma subtype | * Depends on [[lymphoma]] subtype | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | ||
* Diffuse testicular infiltration and enlargement | * Diffuse testicular infiltration and enlargement | ||
Line 433: | Line 431: | ||
* Adult type with average age of 44 years old ( rare) | * Adult type with average age of 44 years old ( rare) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Metastasis occur in 10%-20% of cases | * [[Metastasis]] occur in 10%-20% of cases | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stains positively for: | ||
* Calretinin | * [[Calretinin]] | ||
* Inhibin | * [[Inhibin]] | ||
* Vimentin | * [[Vimentin]] | ||
* Actin | * [[Actin]] | ||
* MIC2 | * MIC2 | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Common features are microfollicular and diffuse | * Common features are microfollicular and [[diffuse]] | ||
* Call-Exner bodies in adult type ( eosinophillic material) | * [[Call-Exner bodies]] in adult type ( eosinophillic material) | ||
* In juvenile type: Solid sheets or nodules and form ectatic spaces | * In juvenile type: [[Solid]] sheets or [[nodules]] and form ectatic spaces | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable mass | * [[Palpable]] mass | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender mass | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Elevated serum: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Elevated [[serum]]: | ||
* Inhibin | * [[Inhibin]] | ||
* Müllerian inhibiting | * [[Müllerian inhibiting factor]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | ||
* Hypoechoic mass | * Hypoechoic mass |
Revision as of 15:06, 28 January 2019
Testicular cancer Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Testicular cancer differential diagnosis On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Testicular cancer differential diagnosis |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Testicular cancer differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]
Overview
Testicular cancer must be differentiated from epididymitis, hematocele, hydrocele, spermatocele, granulomatous orchitis, and varicocele.
Differentiating Testicular cancer from other Diseases
Testicular cancer must be differentiated from:
Diseases | Benign/ Malignant | Unilateral/Bilateral | History | Demography | Metastasis | Genetics | Histopathology | Clinical manifestations | Para-clinical findings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain | Mass | Physical examination | |||||||||||
Lab findings | Imaging | ||||||||||||
Germ Cell tumors | Seminoma[1][2] |
|
|
|
Stains positively for: |
|
- | + |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| ||
Embryonal carcinoma[3] |
|
|
|
Early metastasis to: | Stains positively for:
May stain positively for : |
|
+ | ± |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| ||
Yolk sac tumor[4][5] |
|
|
|
|
Stains positively for: |
|
+ | + |
|
Ultrasound:
MRI:
| |||
Teratoma[6][7] |
|
History of congenital disease such as: |
|
|
Stains positively for: |
|
- | + |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| ||
Choriocarcinoma[8][9] |
|
|
|
Early metastasis: | Stains positively for:
|
|
+ | ± |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| ||
Mixed germ cell tumors[10][11] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
± | + |
|
Elevations in:
|
| ||
Carcinoma in situ (intratubular germ cell neoplasia )[12][13][14] |
|
|
|
Common:
|
Stain positively for:
|
|
- | - |
|
Elevated for:
|
| ||
Diseases | Benign/ Malignant | Unilateral/Bilateral | History | Demography | Metastasis | Genetics | Histopathology | Pain | Mass | Physical exam | Lab Findings | Imaging | |
Non- germ cell tumors | Leydig cell tumor[15] |
|
|
|
|
|
Stains positively for:
|
|
- | + |
|
|
Ultrasound:
|
Sertoli cell tumor[16][17][18] |
|
|
|
|
|
Stain positively for:
|
|
- | + |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| |
Testicular lymphoma[19][20][21] |
|
|
|
Common metastasis to : | Stains positively for:
|
|
- | + |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| ||
Granulosa cell tumors[22][23] |
|
Juvenile type associated with:
|
|
|
Stains positively for:
|
|
- | + |
|
Elevated serum: | Ultrasound:
|
References
- ↑ Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2016). "Cancer statistics, 2016". CA Cancer J Clin. 66 (1): 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21332. PMID 26742998.
- ↑ Miller FH, Whitney WS, Fitzgerald SW, Miller EI (1999). "Seminomas complicating undescended intraabdominal testes in patients with prior negative findings from surgical exploration". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172 (2): 425–8. doi:10.2214/ajr.172.2.9930796. PMID 9930796.
- ↑ Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y (2009). "Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report". Jpn J Clin Oncol. 39 (2): 124–6. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyn141. PMID 19066212.
- ↑ Howitt BE, Berney DM (2015). "Tumors of the Testis: Morphologic Features and Molecular Alterations". Surg Pathol Clin. 8 (4): 687–716. doi:10.1016/j.path.2015.07.007. PMID 26612222.
- ↑ Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH; et al. (2014). ""Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin". Am J Surg Pathol. 38 (10): 1396–409. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262. PMID 24921638.
- ↑ Simmonds PD, Lee AH, Theaker JM, Tung K, Smart CJ, Mead GM (1996). "Primary pure teratoma of the testis". J Urol. 155 (3): 939–42. PMID 8583612.
- ↑ Brosman SA (1979). "Testicular tumors in prepubertal children". Urology. 13 (6): 581–8. PMID 377749.
- ↑ Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V (2015). "Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male". J Cancer Res Ther. 11 (4): 1035. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.154010. PMID 26881635.
- ↑ Wood HM, Elder JS (2009). "Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction". J Urol. 181 (2): 452–61. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.074. PMID 19084853.
- ↑ Chuang KL, Liaw CC, Ueng SH, Liao SK, Pang ST, Chang YH; et al. (2010). "Mixed germ cell tumor metastatic to the skin: case report and literature review". World J Surg Oncol. 8: 21. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-8-21. PMC 2851696. PMID 20331874.
- ↑ Krag Jacobsen G, Barlebo H, Olsen J, Schultz HP, Starklint H, Søgaard H; et al. (1984). "Testicular germ cell tumours in Denmark 1976-1980. Pathology of 1058 consecutive cases". Acta Radiol Oncol. 23 (4): 239–47. PMID 6093440.
- ↑ Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE (1994). "Expression of the c-kit protein product in carcinoma-in-situ and invasive testicular germ cell tumours". Int J Androl. 17 (2): 85–92. PMID 7517917.
- ↑ Jacobsen GK, Nørgaard-Pedersen B (1984). "Placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular germ cell tumours and in carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. An immunohistochemical study". Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A. 92 (5): 323–9. PMID 6209917.
- ↑ Jacobsen GK, Henriksen OB, von der Maase H (1981). "Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: a study of 105 cases". Cancer. 47 (11): 2660–2. PMID 7260858.
- ↑ Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM (1998). "Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors". Am J Surg Pathol. 22 (11): 1361–7. PMID 9808128.
- ↑ Banerji JS, Odem-Davis K, Wolff EM, Nichols CR, Porter CR (2016). "Patterns of Care and Survival Outcomes for Malignant Sex Cord Stromal Testicular Cancer: Results from the National Cancer Data Base". J Urol. 196 (4): 1117–22. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.143. PMID 27036305.
- ↑ Young RH (2005). "Sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary and testis: their similarities and differences with consideration of selected problems". Mod Pathol. 18 Suppl 2: S81–98. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800311. PMID 15502809.
- ↑ Gabrilove JL, Freiberg EK, Leiter E, Nicolis GL (1980). "Feminizing and non-feminizing Sertoli cell tumors". J Urol. 124 (6): 757–67. PMID 7003168.
- ↑ Shahab N, Doll DC (1999). "Testicular lymphoma". Semin Oncol. 26 (3): 259–69. PMID 10375083.
- ↑ Kim J, Abu-Yousef M (2013). "Testicular lymphoma". Ultrasound Q. 29 (3): 247–8. doi:10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3182a0ac0e. PMID 23945480.
- ↑ Vega F, Medeiros LJ, Abruzzo LV (2001). "Primary paratesticular lymphoma: a report of 2 cases and review of literature". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 125 (3): 428–32. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<0428:PPL>2.0.CO;2. PMID 11231498.
- ↑ Garrett JE, Cartwright PC, Snow BW, Coffin CM (2000). "Cystic testicular lesions in the pediatric population". J Urol. 163 (3): 928–36. PMID 10688023.
- ↑ Ditonno P, Lucarelli G, Battaglia M, Mancini V, Palazzo S, Trabucco S; et al. (2007). "Testicular granulosa cell tumor of adult type: a new case and a review of the literature". Urol Oncol. 25 (4): 322–5. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.08.019. PMID 17628299.