Testicular cancer differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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* Excellent [[prognosis]] | * Excellent [[prognosis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Most common among age of 15-35 years old | * Most common among [[age]] of 15-35 years old | ||
* Does not occur during infancy | * Does not occur during [[infancy]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Late [[metastasis]] | * Late [[metastasis]] | ||
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* [[Glycogen]] | * [[Glycogen]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Large cells wit watery [[cytoplasm]] | * Large [[cells]] wit watery [[cytoplasm]] | ||
* Fried egg appearance | * Fried egg [[appearance]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Palpable]], nontender unilateral [[testicular]] mass | * [[Palpable]], nontender unilateral [[testicular]] [[mass]] | ||
* Usually [[homogeneous]] enlargement | * Usually [[homogeneous]] enlargement | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated [[serum]] placental ALP (PALP) | * Elevated [[serum]] [[placental]] [[ALP]] (PALP) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Homogeneous hypoechoic intratesticular mass | * [[Homogeneous]] hypoechoic intratesticular [[mass]] | ||
* Cysts and | * [[Cysts]] and [[calcification]] are uncommon | ||
* Inhomogenous feature in larger mass | * Inhomogenous feature in larger [[mass]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Embryonal carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid19066212">{{cite journal| author=Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y| title=Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report. | journal=Jpn J Clin Oncol | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 124-6 | pmid=19066212 | doi=10.1093/jjco/hyn141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19066212 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Embryonal carcinoma]]<ref name="pmid19066212">{{cite journal| author=Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y| title=Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report. | journal=Jpn J Clin Oncol | year= 2009 | volume= 39 | issue= 2 | pages= 124-6 | pmid=19066212 | doi=10.1093/jjco/hyn141 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19066212 }}</ref> | ||
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* May be nonpalpable | * May be nonpalpable | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Hemorrhagic]] mass with [[necrosis]] | * [[Hemorrhagic]] [[mass]] with [[necrosis]] | ||
* Worse [[prognosis]] than [[seminoma]] | * Worse [[prognosis]] than [[seminoma]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Rare type | * [[Rare]] type | ||
* Peak incidence at the age of 30 years old | * Peak [[incidence]] at the [[age]] of 30 years old | ||
* Usually mixed with other types | * Usually mixed with other types | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Early [[metastasis]] to: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Early [[metastasis]] to: | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Unremarkable | * Unremarkable | ||
* May present with abdominal/ pelvic mass | * May present with [[abdominal]]/ [[pelvic]] [[mass]] | ||
* Abdominal pain may be present | * [[Abdominal pain]] may be present | ||
* [[Metastatic]] findings | * [[Metastatic]] findings | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated serum hCG | * Elevated [[serum]] hCG | ||
* Elevated serum AFP, when mixed with other tumor types | * Elevated [[serum]] [[AFP]], when mixed with other [[tumor]] types | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Usually hypoechoic mass | * Usually hypoechoic [[mass]] | ||
* Invasion to tunica albuginea | * [[Invasion]] to [[tunica albuginea]] | ||
* Irregular | * Irregular [[calcification]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Yolk sac tumor]]<ref name="pmid26612222">{{cite journal| author=Howitt BE, Berney DM| title=Tumors of the Testis: Morphologic Features and Molecular Alterations. | journal=Surg Pathol Clin | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 687-716 | pmid=26612222 | doi=10.1016/j.path.2015.07.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26612222 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24921638">{{cite journal| author=Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH et al.| title="Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2014 | volume= 38 | issue= 10 | pages= 1396-409 | pmid=24921638 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24921638 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Yolk sac tumor]]<ref name="pmid26612222">{{cite journal| author=Howitt BE, Berney DM| title=Tumors of the Testis: Morphologic Features and Molecular Alterations. | journal=Surg Pathol Clin | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue= 4 | pages= 687-716 | pmid=26612222 | doi=10.1016/j.path.2015.07.007 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26612222 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24921638">{{cite journal| author=Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH et al.| title="Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin. | journal=Am J Surg Pathol | year= 2014 | volume= 38 | issue= 10 | pages= 1396-409 | pmid=24921638 | doi=10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24921638 }}</ref> | ||
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* History of [[undescended testes]] in youth | * History of [[undescended testes]] in youth | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Most common prepubertal testicular cancer in children < 3 years of age | * Most common prepubertal [[testicular cancer]] in children < 3 years of [[age]] | ||
* Common among Asian | * Common among Asian | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Palpable]] [[mass]] | * [[Palpable]] [[mass]] | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender [[mass]] | ||
* Unilateral [[mass]] | * Unilateral [[mass]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated serum AFP | * Elevated [[serum]] [[AFP]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Diffuse enlargement of the testis with a heterogeneous appearance | * [[Diffuse]] enlargement of the [[testis]] with a [[heterogeneous]] [[appearance]] | ||
MRI: | [[MRI]]: | ||
* Areas of hemorrhage and necrosis | * Areas of [[hemorrhage]] and [[necrosis]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Teratoma]]<ref name="pmid8583612">{{cite journal| author=Simmonds PD, Lee AH, Theaker JM, Tung K, Smart CJ, Mead GM| title=Primary pure teratoma of the testis. | journal=J Urol | year= 1996 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= 939-42 | pmid=8583612 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8583612 }}</ref><ref name="pmid377749">{{cite journal| author=Brosman SA| title=Testicular tumors in prepubertal children. | journal=Urology | year= 1979 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= 581-8 | pmid=377749 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=377749 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Teratoma]]<ref name="pmid8583612">{{cite journal| author=Simmonds PD, Lee AH, Theaker JM, Tung K, Smart CJ, Mead GM| title=Primary pure teratoma of the testis. | journal=J Urol | year= 1996 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= 939-42 | pmid=8583612 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8583612 }}</ref><ref name="pmid377749">{{cite journal| author=Brosman SA| title=Testicular tumors in prepubertal children. | journal=Urology | year= 1979 | volume= 13 | issue= 6 | pages= 581-8 | pmid=377749 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=377749 }}</ref> | ||
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* May present in both prepubertal and adult men | * May present in both prepubertal and adult men | ||
* Benign form in children under 4 years old | * [[Benign]] form in [[children]] under 4 years old | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Uncommon in [[benign]] ones among prepubertal men | * Uncommon in [[benign]] ones among prepubertal men | ||
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* [[AFP]] | * [[AFP]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Large, [[heterogeneous]] appearance | * Large, [[heterogeneous]] [[appearance]] | ||
* Presence of at least 2 [[germ layers]] | * Presence of at least 2 [[germ layers]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable [[mass]] | * [[Palpable]] [[mass]] | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender [[mass]] | ||
* Unilateral mass | * Unilateral [[mass]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated serum hCG | * Elevated [[serum]] [[hCG]] | ||
* Elevated serum AFP | * Elevated [[serum]] [[AFP]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Heterogeneous, cystic appearance | * [[Heterogeneous]], [[cystic]] [[appearance]] | ||
* Irregular | * Irregular [[calcification]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Choriocarcinoma]]<ref name="pmid26881635">{{cite journal| author=Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V| title=Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male. | journal=J Cancer Res Ther | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 1035 | pmid=26881635 | doi=10.4103/0973-1482.154010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26881635 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19084853">{{cite journal| author=Wood HM, Elder JS| title=Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction. | journal=J Urol | year= 2009 | volume= 181 | issue= 2 | pages= 452-61 | pmid=19084853 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.074 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19084853 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Choriocarcinoma]]<ref name="pmid26881635">{{cite journal| author=Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V| title=Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male. | journal=J Cancer Res Ther | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 1035 | pmid=26881635 | doi=10.4103/0973-1482.154010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26881635 }}</ref><ref name="pmid19084853">{{cite journal| author=Wood HM, Elder JS| title=Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction. | journal=J Urol | year= 2009 | volume= 181 | issue= 2 | pages= 452-61 | pmid=19084853 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.074 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19084853 }}</ref> | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Nonpalpable or small mass | * Nonpalpable or small [[mass]] | ||
* Painless or radiating pain to groin/ abdomen | * Painless or radiating [[pain]] to [[groin]]/ [[abdomen]] | ||
* Metastatic findings | * [[Metastatic]] findings | ||
* Gynecomastia | * [[Gynecomastia]] | ||
* Hyperthyroidism symptoms | * [[Hyperthyroidism]] [[symptoms]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Elevated serum hCG | * Elevated [[serum]] [[hCG]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Hemorrhage and necrosis | * [[Hemorrhage]] and [[necrosis]] | ||
* May appear more cystic inhomogeneous, and calcified | * May appear more [[cystic]] inhomogeneous, and [[Calcification|calcified]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mixed [[germ cell tumors]]<ref name="pmid20331874">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KL, Liaw CC, Ueng SH, Liao SK, Pang ST, Chang YH et al.| title=Mixed germ cell tumor metastatic to the skin: case report and literature review. | journal=World J Surg Oncol | year= 2010 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 21 | pmid=20331874 | doi=10.1186/1477-7819-8-21 | pmc=2851696 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20331874 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6093440">{{cite journal| author=Krag Jacobsen G, Barlebo H, Olsen J, Schultz HP, Starklint H, Søgaard H et al.| title=Testicular germ cell tumours in Denmark 1976-1980. Pathology of 1058 consecutive cases. | journal=Acta Radiol Oncol | year= 1984 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 239-47 | pmid=6093440 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6093440 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Mixed [[germ cell tumors]]<ref name="pmid20331874">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KL, Liaw CC, Ueng SH, Liao SK, Pang ST, Chang YH et al.| title=Mixed germ cell tumor metastatic to the skin: case report and literature review. | journal=World J Surg Oncol | year= 2010 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 21 | pmid=20331874 | doi=10.1186/1477-7819-8-21 | pmc=2851696 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20331874 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6093440">{{cite journal| author=Krag Jacobsen G, Barlebo H, Olsen J, Schultz HP, Starklint H, Søgaard H et al.| title=Testicular germ cell tumours in Denmark 1976-1980. Pathology of 1058 consecutive cases. | journal=Acta Radiol Oncol | year= 1984 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 239-47 | pmid=6093440 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6093440 }}</ref> | ||
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* Depends on underlying components | * Depends on underlying components | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Average age about 30 years old | * [[Average]] [[age]] about 30 years old | ||
* Rare in prepubertal age | * Rare in prepubertal [[age]] | ||
* Include one-third of all [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] | * Include one-third of all [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Variable components depends on [[tumor]] | * Variable components depends on [[tumor]] | ||
* Accompanied with necrosis and hemorrhages | * Accompanied with [[necrosis]] and [[hemorrhages]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |± | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Physical exam findings based on underlying components | * [[Physical exam]] findings based on underlying components | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
Elevations in: | Elevations in: | ||
* AFP | * [[AFP]] | ||
* Beta-hCG | * [[Beta-hCG]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Imaging findings based on underlying components | * [[Imaging]] findings based on underlying components | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Carcinoma in situ]] (intratubular germ cell neoplasia )<ref name="pmid7517917">{{cite journal| author=Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE| title=Expression of the c-kit protein product in carcinoma-in-situ and invasive testicular germ cell tumours. | journal=Int J Androl | year= 1994 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-92 | pmid=7517917 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7517917 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6209917">{{cite journal| author=Jacobsen GK, Nørgaard-Pedersen B| title=Placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular germ cell tumours and in carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. An immunohistochemical study. | journal=Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A | year= 1984 | volume= 92 | issue= 5 | pages= 323-9 | pmid=6209917 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6209917 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7260858">{{cite journal| author=Jacobsen GK, Henriksen OB, von der Maase H| title=Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: a study of 105 cases. | journal=Cancer | year= 1981 | volume= 47 | issue= 11 | pages= 2660-2 | pmid=7260858 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7260858 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Carcinoma in situ]] (intratubular germ cell neoplasia )<ref name="pmid7517917">{{cite journal| author=Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE| title=Expression of the c-kit protein product in carcinoma-in-situ and invasive testicular germ cell tumours. | journal=Int J Androl | year= 1994 | volume= 17 | issue= 2 | pages= 85-92 | pmid=7517917 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7517917 }}</ref><ref name="pmid6209917">{{cite journal| author=Jacobsen GK, Nørgaard-Pedersen B| title=Placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular germ cell tumours and in carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. An immunohistochemical study. | journal=Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A | year= 1984 | volume= 92 | issue= 5 | pages= 323-9 | pmid=6209917 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6209917 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7260858">{{cite journal| author=Jacobsen GK, Henriksen OB, von der Maase H| title=Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: a study of 105 cases. | journal=Cancer | year= 1981 | volume= 47 | issue= 11 | pages= 2660-2 | pmid=7260858 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7260858 }}</ref> | ||
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* Cryptorchid [[testes]] | * Cryptorchid [[testes]] | ||
* Previous [[testicular cancer]] | * Previous [[testicular cancer]] | ||
* Abnormal sexual differentiation | * [[Abnormal]] [[sexual differentiation]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* A precursor of most [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] | * A [[precursor]] of most [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] | ||
* Adjacent to a other [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] > 90% of all | * Adjacent to a other [[testicular]] [[germ cell tumors]] > 90% of all | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Common: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Common: | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
Stain positively for: | Stain positively for: | ||
* | * [[Placental]] ALP | ||
* [[Genetic]] changes in [[chromosome 12]] | * [[Genetic]] changes in [[chromosome 12]] | ||
Line 274: | Line 274: | ||
* N/A | * N/A | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Elevated for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Elevated for: | ||
* | * [[Placental]] [[ALP]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* N/A | * N/A | ||
Line 301: | Line 301: | ||
* Unilateral | * Unilateral | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Slowly enlarging painless unilateral mass | * Slowly enlarging painless unilateral [[mass]] | ||
* Based on large size, vascular invasion, and mitotic activity classify into benign / [[malignant]] | * Based on large size, [[vascular]] [[invasion]], and [[mitotic]] activity classify into [[benign]] / [[malignant]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Bimodal age distribution in both adults and children | * Bimodal [[age]] distribution in both adults and [[children]] | ||
* Considered as stromal tumors | * Considered as [[stromal]] [[tumors]] | ||
* | * | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Uncommon metastasis | * Uncommon [[metastasis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Mutation in fumarate hydratase | * [[Mutation]] in [[fumarate]] hydratase | ||
Stains positively for: | Stains positively for: | ||
* | * [[Inhibin A]] | ||
* Calretinin | * [[Calretinin]] | ||
* WT-1 | * WT-1 | ||
* SALL-4 | * SALL-4 | ||
Line 324: | Line 324: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable mass | * [[Palpable]] [[mass]] | ||
* Unilateral mass | * Unilateral [[mass]] | ||
* Nontender | * Nontender | ||
* Gynecomastia | * [[Gynecomastia]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* N/A | * N/A | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Well-defined, hypoechoic solid mass | * Well-defined, hypoechoic [[solid]] mass | ||
* Cystic component | * [[Cystic]] component | ||
* Irregular | * Irregular [[calcification]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sertoli cell tumor<ref name="pmid27036305">{{cite journal| author=Banerji JS, Odem-Davis K, Wolff EM, Nichols CR, Porter CR| title=Patterns of Care and Survival Outcomes for Malignant Sex Cord Stromal Testicular Cancer: Results from the National Cancer Data Base. | journal=J Urol | year= 2016 | volume= 196 | issue= 4 | pages= 1117-22 | pmid=27036305 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.143 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27036305 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15502809">{{cite journal| author=Young RH| title=Sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary and testis: their similarities and differences with consideration of selected problems. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 18 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S81-98 | pmid=15502809 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15502809 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7003168">{{cite journal| author=Gabrilove JL, Freiberg EK, Leiter E, Nicolis GL| title=Feminizing and non-feminizing Sertoli cell tumors. | journal=J Urol | year= 1980 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 757-67 | pmid=7003168 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7003168 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Sertoli cell tumor<ref name="pmid27036305">{{cite journal| author=Banerji JS, Odem-Davis K, Wolff EM, Nichols CR, Porter CR| title=Patterns of Care and Survival Outcomes for Malignant Sex Cord Stromal Testicular Cancer: Results from the National Cancer Data Base. | journal=J Urol | year= 2016 | volume= 196 | issue= 4 | pages= 1117-22 | pmid=27036305 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.143 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27036305 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15502809">{{cite journal| author=Young RH| title=Sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary and testis: their similarities and differences with consideration of selected problems. | journal=Mod Pathol | year= 2005 | volume= 18 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S81-98 | pmid=15502809 | doi=10.1038/modpathol.3800311 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15502809 }}</ref><ref name="pmid7003168">{{cite journal| author=Gabrilove JL, Freiberg EK, Leiter E, Nicolis GL| title=Feminizing and non-feminizing Sertoli cell tumors. | journal=J Urol | year= 1980 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 757-67 | pmid=7003168 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7003168 }}</ref> | ||
Line 344: | Line 344: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Classified as large cell calcifying or sclerosing types | * Classified as large cell calcifying or sclerosing types | ||
* [[Androblastoma]] from sex cord stroma | * [[Androblastoma]] from [[sex cord]] [[stroma]] | ||
* History of [[peutz-Jeghers syndrome]] and [[Carney complex]] | * History of [[peutz-Jeghers syndrome]] and [[Carney complex]] | ||
* Gradually enlarging testicular mass | * Gradually enlarging [[testicular]] [[mass]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Occur in any ages (infancy to elderly) | * Occur in any ages ([[infancy]] to elderly) | ||
* Average age of 45 years | * Average [[age]] of 45 years | ||
* Mean age for large cell calcifying variant is 21 years old | * [[Mean]] [[age]] for large [[cell]] calcifying variant is 21 years old | ||
* 0.1% of testicular tumors | * 0.1% of [[testicular]] [[tumors]] | ||
* Considered as stromal tumors | * Considered as [[stromal]] [[tumors]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Uncommon [[metastasis]] | * Uncommon [[metastasis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stain positively for: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Stain positively for: | ||
* Inhibin | * [[Inhibin]] | ||
* Cytokeratin | * [[Cytokeratin]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Solid or hollow tubules divided by [[basement membrane]] | * Solid or hollow tubules divided by [[basement membrane]] | ||
Line 365: | Line 365: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Palpable and painless mass | * [[Palpable]] and painless [[mass]] | ||
* Hyperestrinism is noted in syndromic cases | * Hyperestrinism is noted in syndromic cases | ||
* Gynecomastia | * [[Gynecomastia]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* N/A | * N/A | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Large cell calcifying variant | * Large [[cell]] calcifying variant | ||
* Hypoechoic | * Hypoechoic | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 383: | Line 383: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Aggressive extranodal [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] | * Aggressive extranodal [[non-Hodgkin lymphoma]] | ||
* Large cell diffuse [[B-cell lymphoma]] is responsible for most cases | * Large [[cell]] [[diffuse]] [[B-cell lymphoma]] is responsible for most cases | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* The most common in men older than 50 years old | * The most common in men older than 50 years old | ||
Line 404: | Line 404: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Palpable]] mass | * [[Palpable]] [[mass]] | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender [[mass]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Depends on [[lymphoma]] subtype | * Depends on [[lymphoma]] subtype | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Diffuse testicular infiltration and enlargement | * [[Diffuse]] [[testicular]] [[Infiltration (medical)|infiltration]] and enlargement | ||
* Hypervascularity | * Hypervascularity | ||
* Hypoechoic and solid lesion | * Hypoechoic and [[solid]] lesion | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Granulosa cell tumors]]<ref name="pmid10688023">{{cite journal| author=Garrett JE, Cartwright PC, Snow BW, Coffin CM| title=Cystic testicular lesions in the pediatric population. | journal=J Urol | year= 2000 | volume= 163 | issue= 3 | pages= 928-36 | pmid=10688023 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10688023 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17628299">{{cite journal| author=Ditonno P, Lucarelli G, Battaglia M, Mancini V, Palazzo S, Trabucco S et al.| title=Testicular granulosa cell tumor of adult type: a new case and a review of the literature. | journal=Urol Oncol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 322-5 | pmid=17628299 | doi=10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.08.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17628299 }}</ref> | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Granulosa cell tumors]]<ref name="pmid10688023">{{cite journal| author=Garrett JE, Cartwright PC, Snow BW, Coffin CM| title=Cystic testicular lesions in the pediatric population. | journal=J Urol | year= 2000 | volume= 163 | issue= 3 | pages= 928-36 | pmid=10688023 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10688023 }}</ref><ref name="pmid17628299">{{cite journal| author=Ditonno P, Lucarelli G, Battaglia M, Mancini V, Palazzo S, Trabucco S et al.| title=Testicular granulosa cell tumor of adult type: a new case and a review of the literature. | journal=Urol Oncol | year= 2007 | volume= 25 | issue= 4 | pages= 322-5 | pmid=17628299 | doi=10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.08.019 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17628299 }}</ref> | ||
Line 425: | Line 425: | ||
* [[Cryptorchidism]] | * [[Cryptorchidism]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* Similar to ovarian counterparts | * Similar to [[ovarian]] counterparts | ||
* Occur in both adult and juvenile | * Occur in both adult and juvenile | ||
* Juvenile type in children less than 2 years old ( the most common infancy tumor) | * Juvenile type in [[children]] less than 2 years old ( the most common [[infancy]] [[tumor]]) | ||
* Adult type with average age of 44 years old ( rare) | * Adult type with [[average]] [[age]] of 44 years old ( [[rare]]) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Metastasis]] occur in 10%-20% of cases | * [[Metastasis]] occur in 10%-20% of cases | ||
Line 445: | Line 445: | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | + | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
* [[Palpable]] mass | * [[Palpable]] [[mass]] | ||
* Nontender mass | * Nontender [[mass]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Elevated [[serum]]: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Elevated [[serum]]: | ||
* [[Inhibin]] | * [[Inhibin]] | ||
* [[Müllerian inhibiting factor]] | * [[Müllerian inhibiting factor]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Ultrasound: | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |[[Ultrasound]]: | ||
* Hypoechoic mass | * Hypoechoic [[mass]] | ||
* Solid and cystic appearance | * [[Solid]] and [[cystic]] [[appearance]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 15:45, 28 January 2019
Testicular cancer Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
---|
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Testicular cancer differential diagnosis On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Testicular cancer differential diagnosis |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Testicular cancer differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]
Overview
Testicular cancer must be differentiated from epididymitis, hematocele, hydrocele, spermatocele, granulomatous orchitis, and varicocele.
Differentiating Testicular cancer from other Diseases
Testicular cancer must be differentiated from:
Diseases | Benign/ Malignant | Unilateral/Bilateral | History | Demography | Metastasis | Genetics | Histopathology | Clinical manifestations | Para-clinical findings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pain | Mass | Physical examination | |||||||||||
Lab findings | Imaging | ||||||||||||
Germ Cell tumors | Seminoma[1][2] |
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|
Stains positively for: |
|
- | + |
|
Ultrasound:
| ||||
Embryonal carcinoma[3] |
|
|
Early metastasis to: | Stains positively for:
May stain positively for : |
|
+ | ± |
|
Ultrasound:
| ||||
Yolk sac tumor[4][5] |
|
|
|
|
Stains positively for: |
|
+ | + | Ultrasound:
MRI:
| ||||
Teratoma[6][7] |
|
History of congenital disease such as: |
|
|
Stains positively for: |
|
- | + | Ultrasound:
| ||||
Choriocarcinoma[8][9] |
|
|
|
Early metastasis: | Stains positively for:
|
|
+ | ± |
|
Ultrasound:
| |||
Mixed germ cell tumors[10][11] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
± | + |
|
Elevations in: |
| ||
Carcinoma in situ (intratubular germ cell neoplasia )[12][13][14] |
|
|
|
Common:
|
Stain positively for:
|
|
- | - |
|
Elevated for: |
| ||
Diseases | Benign/ Malignant | Unilateral/Bilateral | History | Demography | Metastasis | Genetics | Histopathology | Pain | Mass | Physical exam | Lab Findings | Imaging | |
Non- germ cell tumors | Leydig cell tumor[15] |
|
|
|
|
Stains positively for:
|
|
- | + |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| |
Sertoli cell tumor[16][17][18] |
|
|
|
|
Stain positively for: |
|
- | + |
|
|
Ultrasound:
| ||
Testicular lymphoma[19][20][21] |
|
|
|
Common metastasis to : | Stains positively for:
|
|
- | + |
|
Ultrasound:
| |||
Granulosa cell tumors[22][23] |
|
Juvenile type associated with:
|
|
|
Stains positively for:
|
|
- | + | Elevated serum: | Ultrasound:
|
References
- ↑ Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2016). "Cancer statistics, 2016". CA Cancer J Clin. 66 (1): 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21332. PMID 26742998.
- ↑ Miller FH, Whitney WS, Fitzgerald SW, Miller EI (1999). "Seminomas complicating undescended intraabdominal testes in patients with prior negative findings from surgical exploration". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 172 (2): 425–8. doi:10.2214/ajr.172.2.9930796. PMID 9930796.
- ↑ Ishida M, Hasegawa M, Kanao K, Oyama M, Nakajima Y (2009). "Non-palpable testicular embryonal carcinoma diagnosed by ultrasound: a case report". Jpn J Clin Oncol. 39 (2): 124–6. doi:10.1093/jjco/hyn141. PMID 19066212.
- ↑ Howitt BE, Berney DM (2015). "Tumors of the Testis: Morphologic Features and Molecular Alterations". Surg Pathol Clin. 8 (4): 687–716. doi:10.1016/j.path.2015.07.007. PMID 26612222.
- ↑ Magers MJ, Kao CS, Cole CD, Rice KR, Foster RS, Einhorn LH; et al. (2014). ""Somatic-type" malignancies arising from testicular germ cell tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 124 cases with emphasis on glandular tumors supporting frequent yolk sac tumor origin". Am J Surg Pathol. 38 (10): 1396–409. doi:10.1097/PAS.0000000000000262. PMID 24921638.
- ↑ Simmonds PD, Lee AH, Theaker JM, Tung K, Smart CJ, Mead GM (1996). "Primary pure teratoma of the testis". J Urol. 155 (3): 939–42. PMID 8583612.
- ↑ Brosman SA (1979). "Testicular tumors in prepubertal children". Urology. 13 (6): 581–8. PMID 377749.
- ↑ Puri S, Sood S, Mohindroo S, Kaushal V (2015). "Cytomorphology of lung metastasis of pure choriocarcinoma of testis in a 58-year-old male". J Cancer Res Ther. 11 (4): 1035. doi:10.4103/0973-1482.154010. PMID 26881635.
- ↑ Wood HM, Elder JS (2009). "Cryptorchidism and testicular cancer: separating fact from fiction". J Urol. 181 (2): 452–61. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.074. PMID 19084853.
- ↑ Chuang KL, Liaw CC, Ueng SH, Liao SK, Pang ST, Chang YH; et al. (2010). "Mixed germ cell tumor metastatic to the skin: case report and literature review". World J Surg Oncol. 8: 21. doi:10.1186/1477-7819-8-21. PMC 2851696. PMID 20331874.
- ↑ Krag Jacobsen G, Barlebo H, Olsen J, Schultz HP, Starklint H, Søgaard H; et al. (1984). "Testicular germ cell tumours in Denmark 1976-1980. Pathology of 1058 consecutive cases". Acta Radiol Oncol. 23 (4): 239–47. PMID 6093440.
- ↑ Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE (1994). "Expression of the c-kit protein product in carcinoma-in-situ and invasive testicular germ cell tumours". Int J Androl. 17 (2): 85–92. PMID 7517917.
- ↑ Jacobsen GK, Nørgaard-Pedersen B (1984). "Placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular germ cell tumours and in carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. An immunohistochemical study". Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand A. 92 (5): 323–9. PMID 6209917.
- ↑ Jacobsen GK, Henriksen OB, von der Maase H (1981). "Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: a study of 105 cases". Cancer. 47 (11): 2660–2. PMID 7260858.
- ↑ Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM (1998). "Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors". Am J Surg Pathol. 22 (11): 1361–7. PMID 9808128.
- ↑ Banerji JS, Odem-Davis K, Wolff EM, Nichols CR, Porter CR (2016). "Patterns of Care and Survival Outcomes for Malignant Sex Cord Stromal Testicular Cancer: Results from the National Cancer Data Base". J Urol. 196 (4): 1117–22. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2016.03.143. PMID 27036305.
- ↑ Young RH (2005). "Sex cord-stromal tumors of the ovary and testis: their similarities and differences with consideration of selected problems". Mod Pathol. 18 Suppl 2: S81–98. doi:10.1038/modpathol.3800311. PMID 15502809.
- ↑ Gabrilove JL, Freiberg EK, Leiter E, Nicolis GL (1980). "Feminizing and non-feminizing Sertoli cell tumors". J Urol. 124 (6): 757–67. PMID 7003168.
- ↑ Shahab N, Doll DC (1999). "Testicular lymphoma". Semin Oncol. 26 (3): 259–69. PMID 10375083.
- ↑ Kim J, Abu-Yousef M (2013). "Testicular lymphoma". Ultrasound Q. 29 (3): 247–8. doi:10.1097/RUQ.0b013e3182a0ac0e. PMID 23945480.
- ↑ Vega F, Medeiros LJ, Abruzzo LV (2001). "Primary paratesticular lymphoma: a report of 2 cases and review of literature". Arch Pathol Lab Med. 125 (3): 428–32. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2001)125<0428:PPL>2.0.CO;2. PMID 11231498.
- ↑ Garrett JE, Cartwright PC, Snow BW, Coffin CM (2000). "Cystic testicular lesions in the pediatric population". J Urol. 163 (3): 928–36. PMID 10688023.
- ↑ Ditonno P, Lucarelli G, Battaglia M, Mancini V, Palazzo S, Trabucco S; et al. (2007). "Testicular granulosa cell tumor of adult type: a new case and a review of the literature". Urol Oncol. 25 (4): 322–5. doi:10.1016/j.urolonc.2006.08.019. PMID 17628299.