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| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Orchitis]]<ref name="pmid18336454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludwig M |title=Diagnosis and therapy of acute prostatitis, epididymitis and orchitis |journal=Andrologia |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=76–80 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18336454 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00823.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16730939">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pepe P, Panella P, Pennisi M, Aragona F |title=Does color Doppler sonography improve the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum? |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=120–4 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16730939 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.04.016 |url=}}</ref>
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Orchitis]]<ref name="pmid18873054">{{cite journal |vauthors=CHARNY CW, MERANZE DR |title=Pathology of mumps orchitis |journal=J. Urol. |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=140–6 |date=July 1948 |pmid=18873054 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4580293">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bjorvatn B |title=Mumps virus recovered from testicles by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in cases of mumps orchitis |journal=Scand. J. Infect. Dis. |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=3–5 |date=1973 |pmid=4580293 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid609284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Beard CM, Benson RC, Kelalis PP, Elveback LR, Kurland LT |title=The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974 |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–7 |date=January 1977 |pmid=609284 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19970951">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gall EA |title=The Histopathology of Acute Mumps Orchitis |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=637–51 |date=July 1947 |pmid=19970951 |pmc=1934294 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18336454">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ludwig M |title=Diagnosis and therapy of acute prostatitis, epididymitis and orchitis |journal=Andrologia |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=76–80 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18336454 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00823.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16730939">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pepe P, Panella P, Pennisi M, Aragona F |title=Does color Doppler sonography improve the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum? |journal=Eur J Radiol |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=120–4 |date=October 2006 |pmid=16730939 |doi=10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.04.016 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10823460">{{cite journal |vauthors=Başekim CC, Kizilkaya E, Pekkafali Z, Baykal KV, Karsli AF |title=Mumps epididymo-orchitis: sonography and color Doppler sonographic findings |journal=Abdom Imaging |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=322–5 |date=2000 |pmid=10823460 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
([[Mumps]])
([[Mumps]])
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |Bilateral

Revision as of 20:17, 29 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sujit Routray, M.D. [2]

Overview

Scrotal masses may be differentiated according to clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging features, histological features, and genetic studies from other diseases that cause testicular mass with discomfort, back pain, abdominal discomfort, or abdominal mass. Common differential diagnoses include yolk sac tumor, teratoma, choriocarcinoma, embryonal cell carcinoma, seminoma, and testicular lymphoma (usually non-Hodgkin lymphoma).

Differential Diagnosis

The table below summarizes the findings that differentiates scrotal mass according to the clinical features, laboratory findings, imaging features, histological features, and genetic studies.

Scrotal Swelling Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Associated
Painful Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Past Medical History Histopathology
Unilateral /Bilateral swelling Onset Fever Urinary symptoms Tenderness Erythema Discharge Inguinal Lymphadenopathy Cremasteric Reflex Blood/Urine Analysis Doppler U/S
Epididymitis[1][2][3] Unilateral [4][5][6]|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00823.x |url=}}</ref>[7] Gradual ± Dysuria, frequency, and/or urgency + - Pyuria

Bacteriuria

Painful local lymphadenopathy +
  • CBC-Leukocytosis
  • Urine culture (pre-pubertal and elderly)
  • NAAT
  • Immunofluorescent antibody testing
  • Decreased epididymal blood flow
Orchitis[8][9][10][11][6][12][13]

(Mumps)

Bilateral Abrupt ± Dysuria + - ± Painful local lymphadenopathy +
  • CBC-Leukocytosis
  • Immunofluorescent antibody testing
  • Urine annalysis and culture - negative
  • Increased blood flow in affected side.
 Phen sign +ve
Testicular Torsion[14][12] Unilateral Sudden - + + Blood in semen may be present Absent - Normal
  • Absent or decreased arterial perfusion of the testis
 Phen sign +ve
Hematocele Unilateral or bilateral Sudden - + + Blood in semen Absent
  • Ultrasonography: to check for testicular rupture.
Incarcerated Hernia[15][16] Unilateral Sudden + Absent + + - Absent
Testicular Abcess -
Brucellosis -
Histoplasma
Gonorrhea
Fournier's gangrene
Scrotal Swelling Diseases Unilateral /Bilateral swelling Onset Fever Urinary symptoms Tenderness Erythema Discharge Inguinal Lymphadenopathy Cremasteric Reflex Blood/Urine Analysis Doppler U/S Past Medical History Histopathology Gold standard Additional findings
Painless Fragile X Macroorchidism Bilateral - +
Testicular Tumors Unilateral or bilateral Gradual ± ± +
Henoch-Schonlein purpura - -
Hydrocele[17] Gradual - Absent - - - Absent + Ultrasound:

simple fluid collection

Transillumination test +ve.
Varicocele[18] Unilateral

(Mainly left)

Gradual Local warmth Absent - ± - Absent + style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align: left;"| Ultrasonography:

tortuous, tubular, anechoic structures adjacent to the testis corresponding to dilated veins of the pampiniform plexus with calibers of 2–3 mm during the Valsalva maneuver

Spermatocele[19] Gradual - - - Absent +
  • Falling snow, resulting from internal echoes moving away from the transducer
 Ultrasonography:

hypoechoic with posterior acoustic enhancement

Inguino-scrotal hernia[20][15] - - Absent
Scrotal eodema Bilateral and can extend to perineum - - - Eosinophilia Occurs between 4-12 years of age.
Epididymal cyst[21] ± Ultrasonography:

posterior acoustic enhancement, well defined anechoic lesions, larger cysts may contain septations

Sebaceous cyst
Carcinoma of the scrotum
Chylocele (Filariasis) Gradually/Rapidly
Cystic dysplasia
Srotoliths

References

  1. ↑ Yu KJ, Wang TM, Chen HW, Wang HH (2012). "The dilemma in the diagnosis of acute scrotum: clinical clues for differentiating between testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis". Chang Gung Med J. 35 (1): 38–45. PMID 22483426.
  2. ↑ Manavi K, Turner K, Scott GR, Stewart LH (May 2005). "Audit on the management of epididymo-orchitis by the Department of Urology in Edinburgh". Int J STD AIDS. 16 (5): 386–7. doi:10.1258/0956462053888853. PMID 15949072.
  3. ↑ Lee YS, Kim SW, Han SW (2018). "Different managements for prepubertal epididymitis based on a preexisting genitourinary anomaly diagnosis". PLoS ONE. 13 (4): e0194761. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194761. PMC 5905873. PMID 29668706.
  4. ↑ Ralls PW, Jensen MC, Lee KP, Mayekawa DS, Johnson MB, Halls JM (June 1990). "Color Doppler sonography in acute epididymitis and orchitis". J Clin Ultrasound. 18 (5): 383–6. PMID 2161009.
  5. ↑ Michel V, Pilatz A, Hedger MP, Meinhardt A (2015). "Epididymitis: revelations at the convergence of clinical and basic sciences". Asian J. Androl. 17 (5): 756–63. doi:10.4103/1008-682X.155770. PMC 4577585. PMID 26112484.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Ludwig M |title=Diagnosis and therapy of acute prostatitis, epididymitis and orchitis |journal=Andrologia |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=76–80 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18336454 <ref name="pmid16730939">Pepe P, Panella P, Pennisi M, Aragona F (October 2006). "Does color Doppler sonography improve the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum?". Eur J Radiol. 60 (1): 120–4. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.04.016. PMID 16730939.
  7. ↑ Tracy CR, Costabile RA (April 2009). "The evaluation and treatment of acute epididymitis in a large university based population: are CDC guidelines being followed?". World J Urol. 27 (2): 259–63. doi:10.1007/s00345-008-0338-0. PMID 19002691.
  8. ↑ CHARNY CW, MERANZE DR (July 1948). "Pathology of mumps orchitis". J. Urol. 60 (1): 140–6. PMID 18873054.
  9. ↑ Bjorvatn B (1973). "Mumps virus recovered from testicles by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in cases of mumps orchitis". Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 5 (1): 3–5. PMID 4580293.
  10. ↑ Beard CM, Benson RC, Kelalis PP, Elveback LR, Kurland LT (January 1977). "The incidence and outcome of mumps orchitis in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935 to 1974". Mayo Clin. Proc. 52 (1): 3–7. PMID 609284.
  11. ↑ Gall EA (July 1947). "The Histopathology of Acute Mumps Orchitis". Am. J. Pathol. 23 (4): 637–51. PMC 1934294. PMID 19970951.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Pepe P, Panella P, Pennisi M, Aragona F (October 2006). "Does color Doppler sonography improve the clinical assessment of patients with acute scrotum?". Eur J Radiol. 60 (1): 120–4. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.04.016. PMID 16730939.
  13. ↑ Başekim CC, Kizilkaya E, Pekkafali Z, Baykal KV, Karsli AF (2000). "Mumps epididymo-orchitis: sonography and color Doppler sonographic findings". Abdom Imaging. 25 (3): 322–5. PMID 10823460.
  14. ↑ Gunther P, Schenk JP, Wunsch R, Holland-Cunz S, Kessler U, Troger J, Waag KL (November 2006). "Acute testicular torsion in children: the role of sonography in the diagnostic workup". Eur Radiol. 16 (11): 2527–32. doi:10.1007/s00330-006-0287-1. PMID 16724203.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Jenkins JT, O'Dwyer PJ (2008). "Inguinal hernias". BMJ. 336 (7638): 269–72. doi:10.1136/bmj.39450.428275.AD. PMC 2223000. PMID 18244999.
  16. ↑ Berger D (2016). "Evidence-Based Hernia Treatment in Adults". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (9): 150–7, quiz 158. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0150. PMC 4802357. PMID 26987468.
  17. ↑ Yang DM, Kim HC, Lim JW, Jin W, Ryu CW, Kim GY, Cho H (2007). "Sonographic findings of groin masses". J Ultrasound Med. 26 (5): 605–14. PMID 17460003.
  18. ↑ Yang DM, Kim HC, Lim JW, Jin W, Ryu CW, Kim GY, Cho H (2007). "Sonographic findings of groin masses". J Ultrasound Med. 26 (5): 605–14. PMID 17460003.
  19. ↑ Yang DM, Kim HC, Lim JW, Jin W, Ryu CW, Kim GY, Cho H (2007). "Sonographic findings of groin masses". J Ultrasound Med. 26 (5): 605–14. PMID 17460003.
  20. ↑ Berger D (2016). "Evidence-Based Hernia Treatment in Adults". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 113 (9): 150–7, quiz 158. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0150. PMC 4802357. PMID 26987468.
  21. ↑ Yang DM, Kim HC, Lim JW, Jin W, Ryu CW, Kim GY, Cho H (2007). "Sonographic findings of groin masses". J Ultrasound Med. 26 (5): 605–14. PMID 17460003.
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