Rhabdomyosarcoma differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions

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! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histology
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Histology
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|-
|Rhabdomyosarcoma<ref name="pmid24966711">{{cite journal| author=Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives. | journal=Adolesc Health Med Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 115-25 | pmid=24966711 | doi=10.2147/AHMT.S44582 | pmc=4069040 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24966711  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27955730">{{cite journal| author=Dasgupta R, Fuchs J, Rodeberg D| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Semin Pediatr Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 276-283 | pmid=27955730 | doi=10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.09.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27955730  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18442956">{{cite journal| author=Park K, van Rijn R, McHugh K| title=The role of radiology in paediatric soft tissue sarcomas. | journal=Cancer Imaging | year= 2008 | volume= 8 | issue=  | pages= 102-15 | pmid=18442956 | doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0014 | pmc=2365455 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18442956  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26349418">{{cite journal| author=Shern JF, Yohe ME, Khan J| title=Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Crit Rev Oncog | year= 2015 | volume= 20 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 227-43 | pmid=26349418 | doi= | pmc=5486973 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26349418  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Rhabdomyosarcoma<ref name="pmid24966711">{{cite journal| author=Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives. | journal=Adolesc Health Med Ther | year= 2014 | volume= 5 | issue=  | pages= 115-25 | pmid=24966711 | doi=10.2147/AHMT.S44582 | pmc=4069040 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24966711  }}</ref><ref name="pmid27955730">{{cite journal| author=Dasgupta R, Fuchs J, Rodeberg D| title=Rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Semin Pediatr Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 276-283 | pmid=27955730 | doi=10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.09.011 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27955730  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18442956">{{cite journal| author=Park K, van Rijn R, McHugh K| title=The role of radiology in paediatric soft tissue sarcomas. | journal=Cancer Imaging | year= 2008 | volume= 8 | issue=  | pages= 102-15 | pmid=18442956 | doi=10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0014 | pmc=2365455 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18442956  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26349418">{{cite journal| author=Shern JF, Yohe ME, Khan J| title=Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma. | journal=Crit Rev Oncog | year= 2015 | volume= 20 | issue= 3-4 | pages= 227-43 | pmid=26349418 | doi= | pmc=5486973 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26349418  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Most common soft tissue cancer among children and adolescents
* Most common soft tissue cancer among children and adolescents
* The third most common extracranial solid tumors  
* The third most common extracranial solid tumors  
* Two-third of all cases happen under 6 years old
* Two-third of all cases happen under 6 years old
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |+
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Skin changes
* Skin changes
* Respiratory difficulties
* Respiratory difficulties
* Vomitting
* Vomitting
* Hematuria
* Hematuria
| +/-
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Fever
* Fever
* Erythmatous skin
* Erythmatous skin
* Proptosis
* Proptosis
* Ophtalmoplasia
* Ophtalmoplasia
* Dysconjugate gaze
* Dysconjugate gaze
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[Loss of heterozygosity]] of 11p15.
* [[Loss of heterozygosity]] of 11p15.
[[Mutations]] in:
[[Mutations]] in:
* [[TP53]]
* [[TP53]]
* [[NRAS]]
* [[NRAS]]
* [[KRAS]]
* [[KRAS]]
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* FGFR4
* FGFR4
* [[Translocations]] in [[PAX3]] or [[PAX7]] genes with [[FOXO1]]
* [[Translocations]] in [[PAX3]] or [[PAX7]] genes with [[FOXO1]]
|CT scan:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |CT scan:
* Soft tissue density
* Soft tissue density
* Enhancement with contrast
* Enhancement with contrast
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|
|
|}
|}
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* An appearance of round blue cell tumors  
* An appearance of round blue cell tumors  
* Myogenesis pathway has various types of differentiation
* Myogenesis pathway has various types of differentiation
Line 85: Line 83:
** Myogenin
** Myogenin
|-
|-
|[[Wilms' tumor|Wilms tumor]]<ref name="pmid61529362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman DS, Sanders RC |title=Wilms' tumor versus neuroblastoma: usefulness of ultrasound in differentiation |journal=J Ultrasound Med |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=117–22 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6152936 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30036602">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Campo JF |title=Ultrasound of Wilms' tumor |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–4 |date=1986 |pmid=3003660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4080660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cahan LD |title=Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease |journal=Pediatr Neurosci |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |date=1985 |pmid=4080660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10985142">{{cite journal| author=Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K| title=Principles of Wilms' tumor biology. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 423-33, viii | pmid=10985142 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10985142  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22789581">{{cite journal| author=Davidoff AM| title=Wilms tumor. | journal=Adv Pediatr | year= 2012 | volume= 59 | issue= 1 | pages= 247-67 | pmid=22789581 | doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.001 | pmc=3589819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22789581  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |[[Wilms' tumor|Wilms tumor]]<ref name="pmid61529362">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hartman DS, Sanders RC |title=Wilms' tumor versus neuroblastoma: usefulness of ultrasound in differentiation |journal=J Ultrasound Med |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=117–22 |date=April 1982 |pmid=6152936 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid30036602">{{cite journal |vauthors=De Campo JF |title=Ultrasound of Wilms' tumor |journal=Pediatr Radiol |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=21–4 |date=1986 |pmid=3003660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid4080660">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cahan LD |title=Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease |journal=Pediatr Neurosci |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=58–62 |date=1985 |pmid=4080660 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10985142">{{cite journal| author=Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K| title=Principles of Wilms' tumor biology. | journal=Urol Clin North Am | year= 2000 | volume= 27 | issue= 3 | pages= 423-33, viii | pmid=10985142 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10985142  }}</ref><ref name="pmid22789581">{{cite journal| author=Davidoff AM| title=Wilms tumor. | journal=Adv Pediatr | year= 2012 | volume= 59 | issue= 1 | pages= 247-67 | pmid=22789581 | doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.001 | pmc=3589819 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22789581  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Also called nephroblastoma
* Also called nephroblastoma
* The most common childhood abdominal malignancy
* The most common childhood abdominal malignancy
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|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| +
| +
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Hematuria
* Hematuria
* Respiratory symptoms ( due to lung metastases)
* Respiratory symptoms ( due to lung metastases)
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Fever
* Fever
* Hypertension/ hypotension
* Hypertension/ hypotension
|Present mutations of:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Present mutations of:
* WT1
* WT1
* P53
* P53
* FWT1
* FWT1
* FWT2 11p15.5 loci
* FWT2 11p15.5 loci
|Ultrasound:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Ultrasound:
*The best initial diagnostic study.
*The best initial diagnostic study.
*Distinguish [[tumor]] mass from other causes of renal swelling like [[hydronephrosis]].
*Distinguish [[tumor]] mass from other causes of renal swelling like [[hydronephrosis]].
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* Heterogeneous soft-tissue density masses
* Heterogeneous soft-tissue density masses
* Areas of [[calcification]] and fat-density regions
* Areas of [[calcification]] and fat-density regions
*[[Lymph node]] metastasis
*[[Lymph node]] metastasis
*Surrounding organs invasion  
*Surrounding organs invasion  
*[[Thrombus]] in [[renal vein]] or [[inferior vena cava]]
*[[Thrombus]] in [[renal vein]] or [[inferior vena cava]]
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
*Arises from mesodermal precursors of the renal parenchyma  
*Arises from mesodermal precursors of the renal parenchyma  
*Well-circumscribed/ macrolobulated lesion
*Well-circumscribed/ macrolobulated lesion
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**[[Epithelium|Epithelial]]
**[[Epithelium|Epithelial]]
**[[Blastema|Blastemal]]
**[[Blastema|Blastemal]]
*The stroma may include:
*The stroma may include:
**Striated [[muscle]] [[cartilage]]
**Striated [[muscle]] [[cartilage]]
Line 130: Line 126:
**[[Fibrous connective tissue|Fibrous tissue.]]
**[[Fibrous connective tissue|Fibrous tissue.]]
|-
|-
|Ewing sarcoma<ref name="pmid12560386">{{cite journal| author=Burchill SA| title=Ewing's sarcoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of molecular abnormalities. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 96-102 | pmid=12560386 | doi= | pmc=1769883 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560386  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8443760">{{cite journal| author=Maygarden SJ, Askin FB, Siegal GP, Gilula LA, Schoppe J, Foulkes M et al.| title=Ewing sarcoma of bone in infants and toddlers. A clinicopathologic report from the Intergroup Ewing's Study. | journal=Cancer | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 2109-18 | pmid=8443760 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8443760  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8988217">{{cite journal| author=Panicek DM, Gatsonis C, Rosenthal DI, Seeger LL, Huvos AG, Moore SG et al.| title=CT and MR imaging in the local staging of primary malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms: Report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group. | journal=Radiology | year= 1997 | volume= 202 | issue= 1 | pages= 237-46 | pmid=8988217 | doi=10.1148/radiology.202.1.8988217 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8988217  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29977059">{{cite journal| author=Grünewald TGP, Cidre-Aranaz F, Surdez D, Tomazou EM, de Álava E, Kovar H et al.| title=Ewing sarcoma. | journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers | year= 2018 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 5 | pmid=29977059 | doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0003-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29977059  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Ewing sarcoma<ref name="pmid12560386">{{cite journal| author=Burchill SA| title=Ewing's sarcoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of molecular abnormalities. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2003 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 96-102 | pmid=12560386 | doi= | pmc=1769883 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12560386  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8443760">{{cite journal| author=Maygarden SJ, Askin FB, Siegal GP, Gilula LA, Schoppe J, Foulkes M et al.| title=Ewing sarcoma of bone in infants and toddlers. A clinicopathologic report from the Intergroup Ewing's Study. | journal=Cancer | year= 1993 | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 2109-18 | pmid=8443760 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8443760  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8988217">{{cite journal| author=Panicek DM, Gatsonis C, Rosenthal DI, Seeger LL, Huvos AG, Moore SG et al.| title=CT and MR imaging in the local staging of primary malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms: Report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group. | journal=Radiology | year= 1997 | volume= 202 | issue= 1 | pages= 237-46 | pmid=8988217 | doi=10.1148/radiology.202.1.8988217 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8988217  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29977059">{{cite journal| author=Grünewald TGP, Cidre-Aranaz F, Surdez D, Tomazou EM, de Álava E, Kovar H et al.| title=Ewing sarcoma. | journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers | year= 2018 | volume= 4 | issue= 1 | pages= 5 | pmid=29977059 | doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0003-x | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29977059  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Include ewing sarcoma, askin tumor, and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors
* Include ewing sarcoma, askin tumor, and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors
* The second most common childhood malignant primary bone tumors  
* The second most common childhood malignant primary bone tumors  
Line 137: Line 133:
* Common age between 10-20 years old
* Common age between 10-20 years old
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
|Weight loss/ fatigue
|Weight loss/ fatigue
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+</nowiki>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Fever
* Fever
* Pathologic fractures
* Pathologic fractures
* Petachia/ purpura
* Petachia/ purpura
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22
* Reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22
|Plain radiographic of region:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Plain radiographic of region:
* Poorly marginated destructive lesion  
* Poorly marginated destructive lesion  
* Permeative or "moth-eaten" appearance
* Permeative or "moth-eaten" appearance
Line 155: Line 151:
* Considered as a preferred diagnostic study
* Considered as a preferred diagnostic study
* Better shows tumor size/ intraosseous/extraosseous extent
* Better shows tumor size/ intraosseous/extraosseous extent
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Small/ round/ blue cell tumors
* Small/ round/ blue cell tumors
* May be undifferentiated or differentiated,
* May be undifferentiated or differentiated,
* Regular sized primitive appearing cells
* Regular sized primitive appearing cells
|-
|-
|Pediatric neuroblastoma <ref name="pmid12110723">{{cite journal| author=Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL| title=Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 911-34 | pmid=12110723 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl15911 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12110723  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12580370">{{cite journal| author=Golden CB, Feusner JH| title=Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis. | journal=Pediatr Clin North Am | year= 2002 | volume= 49 | issue= 6 | pages= 1369-92, viii | pmid=12580370 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12580370  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2403727">{{cite journal| author=Angstman KB, Miser JS, Franz WB| title=Neuroblastoma. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1990 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 238-44 | pmid=2403727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2403727  }}</ref><ref name="pmid6493702">{{cite journal| author=Musarella MA, Chan HS, DeBoer G, Gallie BL| title=Ocular involvement in neuroblastoma: prognostic implications. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1984 | volume= 91 | issue= 8 | pages= 936-40 | pmid=6493702 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6493702  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pediatric neuroblastoma <ref name="pmid12110723">{{cite journal| author=Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL| title=Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2002 | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 911-34 | pmid=12110723 | doi=10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl15911 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12110723  }}</ref><ref name="pmid12580370">{{cite journal| author=Golden CB, Feusner JH| title=Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis. | journal=Pediatr Clin North Am | year= 2002 | volume= 49 | issue= 6 | pages= 1369-92, viii | pmid=12580370 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12580370  }}</ref><ref name="pmid2403727">{{cite journal| author=Angstman KB, Miser JS, Franz WB| title=Neuroblastoma. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 1990 | volume= 41 | issue= 1 | pages= 238-44 | pmid=2403727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2403727  }}</ref><ref name="pmid6493702">{{cite journal| author=Musarella MA, Chan HS, DeBoer G, Gallie BL| title=Ocular involvement in neuroblastoma: prognostic implications. | journal=Ophthalmology | year= 1984 | volume= 91 | issue= 8 | pages= 936-40 | pmid=6493702 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6493702  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy
* Most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy
* Arising from  pluripotent sympathetic cells
* Arising from  pluripotent sympathetic cells
Line 168: Line 164:
* 1-2 years old (35%)
* 1-2 years old (35%)
* > 2 years old (25%)
* > 2 years old (25%)
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+ (Abdominal)
+ (Abdominal)
| +
|  align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |+
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Constipation
* Constipation
* Weakness
* Weakness
* Diarrhea
* Diarrhea
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+
+(Abdominal)
 
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
(Abdominal)
|
* Proptosis
* Proptosis
* Periorbital ecchymosis
* Periorbital ecchymosis
* Horner syndrome
* Horner syndrome
* Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
* Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Chromosome1p deletion  
* Chromosome1p deletion  
* N-myc amplification
* N-myc amplification
|CT scan:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |CT scan:
* Heterogeneous mass
* Heterogeneous mass
* Calcifications  
* Calcifications  
* Necrotic areas
* Necrotic areas
MRI:
MRI:
 
*T1:
T1:
** heterogeneous mass
* heterogeneous mass
*T2:
T2:
** heterogeneous/ hyperintense
* heterogeneous/ hyperintense
** cystic/necrotic areas  
* cystic/necrotic areas  
*C+ (Gd):
C+ (Gd):
** Heterogeneous mass
* Heterogeneous mass
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|
* Well defined/ infiltrative mass
* Well defined/ infiltrative mass
* Homer wright rosettes  
* Homer wright rosettes  
* Secretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA)
* Secretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA)
|-
|-
|Pediatric pheochromocytoma<ref name="pmid23345359">{{cite journal| author=Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G| title=Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2013 | volume= 200 | issue= 2 | pages= 370-8 | pmid=23345359 | doi=10.2214/AJR.12.9126 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23345359  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1988766">{{cite journal| author=Stein PP, Black HR| title=A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma. A review of the literature and report of one institution's experience. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1991 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 46-66 | pmid=1988766 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1988766  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17876523">{{cite journal| author=Bravo EL| title=Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 544-56 | pmid=1787652 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1787652  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1787652">{{cite journal| author=Bravo EL| title=Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 544-56 | pmid=1787652 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1787652  }} </ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pediatric pheochromocytoma<ref name="pmid23345359">{{cite journal| author=Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G| title=Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging. | journal=AJR Am J Roentgenol | year= 2013 | volume= 200 | issue= 2 | pages= 370-8 | pmid=23345359 | doi=10.2214/AJR.12.9126 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23345359  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1988766">{{cite journal| author=Stein PP, Black HR| title=A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma. A review of the literature and report of one institution's experience. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1991 | volume= 70 | issue= 1 | pages= 46-66 | pmid=1988766 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1988766  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17876523">{{cite journal| author=Bravo EL| title=Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 544-56 | pmid=1787652 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1787652  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1787652">{{cite journal| author=Bravo EL| title=Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends. | journal=Kidney Int | year= 1991 | volume= 40 | issue= 3 | pages= 544-56 | pmid=1787652 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1787652  }} </ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Rare catecholamine-secreting tumor
* Rare catecholamine-secreting tumor
* Occur in both children and adults
* Occur in both children and adults
* Average age of 11 years old
* Average age of 11 years old
* Associated with  neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes
* Associated with  neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Headache
* Headache
* sweating
* sweating
* Weakness
* Weakness
* Convulsion
* Convulsion
|<nowiki>-</nowiki>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>-</nowiki>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Hypertension  
* Hypertension  
* Tachycardia
* Tachycardia
Line 240: Line 233:
* HIF2A
* HIF2A
* FH
* FH
|Ultrasound:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Ultrasound:
* Different appearance from solid to mixed cystic or solid to cystic
* Different appearance from solid to mixed cystic or solid to cystic
CT scan:
CT scan:
Line 248: Line 241:
* Cystic changes
* Cystic changes
MRI (in extra adrenal tumors):
MRI (in extra adrenal tumors):
 
*T1:
T1:
** Heterogenous enhancement
* Heterogenous enhancement
** Hypointense
* Hypointense
*T2:
T2:
** Hyperintense
* Hyperintense
*T1 C+ (Gd):
T1 C+ (Gd):
** Heterogenous enhancement
* Heterogenous enhancement
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|
* Zellballen pattern on microscopy  
* Zellballen pattern on microscopy  
* Well-defined clusters
* Well-defined clusters
Line 265: Line 257:
* S-100 protein for sustentacular cells  
* S-100 protein for sustentacular cells  
|-
|-
|Pediatric osteosarcoma<ref name="pmid8000997">{{cite journal| author=Dorfman HD, Czerniak B| title=Bone cancers. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 203-10 | pmid=8000997 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8000997  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21071381">{{cite journal| author=Yarmish G, Klein MJ, Landa J, Lefkowitz RA, Hwang S| title=Imaging characteristics of primary osteosarcoma: nonconventional subtypes. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2010 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 1653-72 | pmid=21071381 | doi=10.1148/rg.306105524 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21071381  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1884549">{{cite journal| author=Araki N, Uchida A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa H, Aoki Y, Ueda T et al.| title=Involvement of the retinoblastoma gene in primary osteosarcomas and other bone and soft-tissue tumors. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1991 | volume=  | issue= 270 | pages= 271-7 | pmid=1884549 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1884549  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pediatric osteosarcoma<ref name="pmid8000997">{{cite journal| author=Dorfman HD, Czerniak B| title=Bone cancers. | journal=Cancer | year= 1995 | volume= 75 | issue= 1 Suppl | pages= 203-10 | pmid=8000997 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8000997  }}</ref><ref name="pmid21071381">{{cite journal| author=Yarmish G, Klein MJ, Landa J, Lefkowitz RA, Hwang S| title=Imaging characteristics of primary osteosarcoma: nonconventional subtypes. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2010 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 1653-72 | pmid=21071381 | doi=10.1148/rg.306105524 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21071381  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1884549">{{cite journal| author=Araki N, Uchida A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa H, Aoki Y, Ueda T et al.| title=Involvement of the retinoblastoma gene in primary osteosarcomas and other bone and soft-tissue tumors. | journal=Clin Orthop Relat Res | year= 1991 | volume=  | issue= 270 | pages= 271-7 | pmid=1884549 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1884549  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* The second most common primary bone tumor  
* The second most common primary bone tumor  
* The third most common tumor among adolescents
* The third most common tumor among adolescents
Line 273: Line 265:
* Secondary osteosarcoma occurs in older patients and is secondary to paget disease and bone infarcts
* Secondary osteosarcoma occurs in older patients and is secondary to paget disease and bone infarcts
* Accompanied with positive history of trauma
* Accompanied with positive history of trauma
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Soft tissue swelling
* Soft tissue swelling
* Fracture
* Fracture
* Night sweating
* Night sweating
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Mass swelling
* Mass swelling
* Fever
* Fever
Line 286: Line 278:
* Decreased joint range of motion
* Decreased joint range of motion
* Lymphadenopathy
* Lymphadenopathy
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Alteration in retinoblastoma gene (Rb)
* Alteration in retinoblastoma gene (Rb)
|Plain radiography:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Plain radiography:
* Osteolytic/ osteoblastic feature
* Osteolytic/ osteoblastic feature
* Periosteum reaction
* Periosteum reaction
Line 298: Line 290:
* Exact assessment of tumor extension  
* Exact assessment of tumor extension  
* Involving joint to joint findings
* Involving joint to joint findings
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Contain various cellular pleomorphism and mitoses
* Contain various cellular pleomorphism and mitoses
* Poorly trabecular bone formation
* Poorly trabecular bone formation
* Fibrocystic and chondroblastic features
* Fibrocystic and chondroblastic features
|-
|-
|Pediatric liposarcoma<ref name="pmid6861094">{{cite journal| author=Shmookler BM, Enzinger FM| title=Liposarcoma occurring in children. An analysis of 17 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Cancer | year= 1983 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 567-74 | pmid=6861094 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6861094  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9386667">{{cite journal| author=Marcus KC, Grier HE, Shamberger RC, Gebhardt MC, Perez-Atayde A, Silver B et al.| title=Childhood soft tissue sarcoma: a 20-year experience. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1997 | volume= 131 | issue= 4 | pages= 603-7 | pmid=9386667 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9386667  }}</ref><ref name="pmid16160117">{{cite journal| author=Murphey MD, Arcara LK, Fanburg-Smith J| title=From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of musculoskeletal liposarcoma with radiologic-pathologic correlation. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2005 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 1371-95 | pmid=16160117 | doi=10.1148/rg.255055106 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160117  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17372913">{{cite journal| author=Italiano A, Cardot N, Dupré F, Monticelli I, Keslair F, Piche M et al.| title=Gains and complex rearrangements of the 12q13-15 chromosomal region in ordinary lipomas: the "missing link" between lipomas and liposarcomas? | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2007 | volume= 121 | issue= 2 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=17372913 | doi=10.1002/ijc.22685 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17372913  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pediatric liposarcoma<ref name="pmid6861094">{{cite journal| author=Shmookler BM, Enzinger FM| title=Liposarcoma occurring in children. An analysis of 17 cases and review of the literature. | journal=Cancer | year= 1983 | volume= 52 | issue= 3 | pages= 567-74 | pmid=6861094 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6861094  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9386667">{{cite journal| author=Marcus KC, Grier HE, Shamberger RC, Gebhardt MC, Perez-Atayde A, Silver B et al.| title=Childhood soft tissue sarcoma: a 20-year experience. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1997 | volume= 131 | issue= 4 | pages= 603-7 | pmid=9386667 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9386667  }}</ref><ref name="pmid16160117">{{cite journal| author=Murphey MD, Arcara LK, Fanburg-Smith J| title=From the archives of the AFIP: imaging of musculoskeletal liposarcoma with radiologic-pathologic correlation. | journal=Radiographics | year= 2005 | volume= 25 | issue= 5 | pages= 1371-95 | pmid=16160117 | doi=10.1148/rg.255055106 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16160117  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17372913">{{cite journal| author=Italiano A, Cardot N, Dupré F, Monticelli I, Keslair F, Piche M et al.| title=Gains and complex rearrangements of the 12q13-15 chromosomal region in ordinary lipomas: the "missing link" between lipomas and liposarcomas? | journal=Int J Cancer | year= 2007 | volume= 121 | issue= 2 | pages= 308-15 | pmid=17372913 | doi=10.1002/ijc.22685 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17372913  }}</ref>
|Considered as a nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas
|Considered as a nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas
One of the least frequent tumors during  childhood
One of the least frequent tumors during  childhood
Line 312: Line 304:


Occur mostly in lower extremities,  retroperitoneal region, and shoulder  
Occur mostly in lower extremities,  retroperitoneal region, and shoulder  
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| +/-
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/-
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Weight loss
* Weight loss
* Fatigue
* Fatigue
| -
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* N/A
* N/A
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Amplification of 12q13–15 region in  MDM2 and CDK4 genes
* Amplification of 12q13–15 region in  MDM2 and CDK4 genes
* Translocation of  t(12;16)(q13;p11.2) in myxoid liposarcoma
* Translocation of  t(12;16)(q13;p11.2) in myxoid liposarcoma
|CT scan:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |CT scan:
* Inhomogenous fatty structure
* Inhomogenous fatty structure
* Tumor mineralization
* Tumor mineralization
Line 334: Line 326:
* Hemorrhage
* Hemorrhage
* Necrosis areas
* Necrosis areas
|Divided into following subtypes:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Divided into following subtypes:
* Well-differentiated
* Well-differentiated
* Dedifferentiated, Myxoid/roundcell
* Dedifferentiated, Myxoid/roundcell
Line 343: Line 335:
* Chromatin spikes
* Chromatin spikes
|-
|-
|Pediatric acute myelocystic leukemia<ref name="pmid18064533">{{cite journal| author=Yamamoto JF, Goodman MT| title=Patterns of leukemia incidence in the United States by subtype and demographic characteristics, 1997-2002. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 379-90 | pmid=18064533 | doi=10.1007/s10552-007-9097-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18064533  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23634996">{{cite journal| author=Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Ley TJ, Miller C, Ding L, Raphael BJ, Mungall AJ et al.| title=Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 368 | issue= 22 | pages= 2059-74 | pmid=23634996 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1301689 | pmc=3767041 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634996  }}</ref><ref name="pmid3864727">{{cite journal| author=Islam A, Catovsky D, Goldman JM, Galton DA| title=Bone marrow biopsy changes in acute myeloid leukaemia. I: Observations before chemotherapy. | journal=Histopathology | year= 1985 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= 939-57 | pmid=3864727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3864727  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17587881">{{cite journal| author=Orazi A| title=Histopathology in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases. | journal=Pathobiology | year= 2007 | volume= 74 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-114 | pmid=17587881 | doi=10.1159/000101709 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17587881  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pediatric acute myelocystic leukemia<ref name="pmid18064533">{{cite journal| author=Yamamoto JF, Goodman MT| title=Patterns of leukemia incidence in the United States by subtype and demographic characteristics, 1997-2002. | journal=Cancer Causes Control | year= 2008 | volume= 19 | issue= 4 | pages= 379-90 | pmid=18064533 | doi=10.1007/s10552-007-9097-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18064533  }}</ref><ref name="pmid23634996">{{cite journal| author=Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. Ley TJ, Miller C, Ding L, Raphael BJ, Mungall AJ et al.| title=Genomic and epigenomic landscapes of adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 368 | issue= 22 | pages= 2059-74 | pmid=23634996 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1301689 | pmc=3767041 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634996  }}</ref><ref name="pmid3864727">{{cite journal| author=Islam A, Catovsky D, Goldman JM, Galton DA| title=Bone marrow biopsy changes in acute myeloid leukaemia. I: Observations before chemotherapy. | journal=Histopathology | year= 1985 | volume= 9 | issue= 9 | pages= 939-57 | pmid=3864727 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3864727  }}</ref><ref name="pmid17587881">{{cite journal| author=Orazi A| title=Histopathology in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases. | journal=Pathobiology | year= 2007 | volume= 74 | issue= 2 | pages= 97-114 | pmid=17587881 | doi=10.1159/000101709 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17587881  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Replacement of normal bone marrow cells with abnormal cells
* Replacement of normal bone marrow cells with abnormal cells
* Myeloblast is malignant cell
* Myeloblast is malignant cell
Line 350: Line 342:
* Survival rate of 60%
* Survival rate of 60%
* Common in down syndrome
* Common in down syndrome
|<nowiki>+/- ( Abdominal mass, mediastinal mass)</nowiki>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>+/- ( Abdominal mass, mediastinal mass)</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+ (bone pain, joint pain)</nowiki>
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |<nowiki>+ (bone pain, joint pain)</nowiki>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Bleeding  
* Bleeding  
* Infectious
* Infectious
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|<nowiki>+/-</nowiki>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Lymphadenopathy
* Lymphadenopathy
* Hepatosplenomegaly
* Hepatosplenomegaly
Line 364: Line 356:
* Anemia
* Anemia
* Fever
* Fever
 
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Genetic translocations include:
|Genetic translocations include:
*t(8;21)
*t(8;21)
*t(3;21)
*t(3;21)
*t(15;17)
*t(15;17)
|Radiography:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Radiography:
 
*Chest radiography:
Chest radiography:
** Diagnosis of mediastinal mass
* Diagnosis of mediastinal mass
*Extremities radiography:
Extremities radiography:
** Metaphyseal bands   
* Metaphyseal bands   
** Lytic lesions
* Lytic lesions
** New periosteal bone formation  
* New periosteal bone formation  
** Pathologic fractures
* Pathologic fractures
CT scan/ MRI:
CT scan/ MRI:
* Thickening/ edema of the bowel wall in presence of abdominal pain or bowl infection
* Thickening/ edema of the bowel wall in presence of abdominal pain or bowl infection
Line 384: Line 374:
Radionuclide imaging:
Radionuclide imaging:
* Detection of occult infection
* Detection of occult infection
 
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
|
* Hyperplastic bone marrow with leukemia cells replacement
* Hyperplastic bone marrow with leukemia cells replacement
* Megaloblastic feature
* Megaloblastic feature
* decrease in normal hematopoietic cell
* decrease in normal hematopoietic cell
|-
|-
|Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia<ref name="pmid25184049">{{cite journal| author=Zuckerman T, Rowe JM| title=Pathogenesis and prognostication in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=F1000Prime Rep | year= 2014 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 59 | pmid=25184049 | doi=10.12703/P6-59 | pmc=4108947 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25184049  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18358930">{{cite journal| author=Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT| title=Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 2008 | volume= 371 | issue= 9617 | pages= 1030-43 | pmid=18358930 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60457-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18358930  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia<ref name="pmid25184049">{{cite journal| author=Zuckerman T, Rowe JM| title=Pathogenesis and prognostication in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. | journal=F1000Prime Rep | year= 2014 | volume= 6 | issue=  | pages= 59 | pmid=25184049 | doi=10.12703/P6-59 | pmc=4108947 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25184049  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18358930">{{cite journal| author=Pui CH, Robison LL, Look AT| title=Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. | journal=Lancet | year= 2008 | volume= 371 | issue= 9617 | pages= 1030-43 | pmid=18358930 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60457-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18358930  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* The most common malignancy among children
* The most common malignancy among children
* Few cases may associated with down syndrome, wiskott-aldrich syndrome, andataxia-telangiectasia
* Few cases may associated with down syndrome, wiskott-aldrich syndrome, andataxia-telangiectasia
Line 397: Line 386:
* Previous history of cancer/ drug exposure
* Previous history of cancer/ drug exposure
* Bone marrow replaced with malognant lymphoblasts
* Bone marrow replaced with malognant lymphoblasts
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
+/-( Extramedullary masses in  abdomen/ head/neck)
+/-( Extramedullary masses in  abdomen/ head/neck)
| +/- (Musculoskeletal pain)
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +/- (Musculoskeletal pain)
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Weakness
* Weakness
* Fatigue
* Fatigue
* Weight loss
* Weight loss
* Bleesing
* Bleesing
| -
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Fever
* Fever
* Lymphadenopathy
* Lymphadenopathy
* Hepatosplenomegaly
* Hepatosplenomegaly
* [[Pallor]]
* [[Pallor]]
* [[Papilledema]]
* [[Papilledema]]
Line 416: Line 404:
* [[Cranial nerve palsy]]
* [[Cranial nerve palsy]]
* [[Dyspnea]]
* [[Dyspnea]]
|Chromosomal translocations:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Chromosomal translocations:
* t(9;22)  
* t(9;22)  
* t(12;21)
* t(12;21)
* t(5;14)
* t(5;14)
* t(1;19)
* t(1;19)
|Radiography:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Radiography:
Chest x ray:
Chest x ray:
* Nodular masses
* Nodular masses
Line 434: Line 422:
* Glial cell hyperplasia
* Glial cell hyperplasia
* Meningitis
* Meningitis
|Divided into 3 subgroups:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Divided into 3 subgroups:
L1:
L1:
* Small lymphoblast cells
* Small lymphoblast cells
Line 448: Line 436:
* Similar to Burkitt lymphoma  
* Similar to Burkitt lymphoma  
|-
|-
|Pediatric non-hodgkin lymphoma<ref name="pmid23297126">{{cite journal| author=Green MR, Gentles AJ, Nair RV, Irish JM, Kihira S, Liu CL et al.| title=Hierarchy in somatic mutations arising during genomic evolution and progression of follicular lymphoma. | journal=Blood | year= 2013 | volume= 121 | issue= 9 | pages= 1604-11 | pmid=23297126 | doi=10.1182/blood-2012-09-457283 | pmc=3587323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23297126  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26174528">{{cite journal| author=Sandlund JT| title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-43 | pmid=26174528 | doi=10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26174528  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25655608">{{cite journal| author=El-Galaly TC, Hutchings M| title=Imaging of non-Hodgkin lymphomas: diagnosis and response-adapted strategies. | journal=Cancer Treat Res | year= 2015 | volume= 165 | issue=  | pages= 125-46 | pmid=25655608 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4_5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25655608  }}</ref>
! align="center" style="background:#DCDCDC;" |Pediatric non-hodgkin lymphoma<ref name="pmid23297126">{{cite journal| author=Green MR, Gentles AJ, Nair RV, Irish JM, Kihira S, Liu CL et al.| title=Hierarchy in somatic mutations arising during genomic evolution and progression of follicular lymphoma. | journal=Blood | year= 2013 | volume= 121 | issue= 9 | pages= 1604-11 | pmid=23297126 | doi=10.1182/blood-2012-09-457283 | pmc=3587323 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23297126  }}</ref><ref name="pmid26174528">{{cite journal| author=Sandlund JT| title=Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children. | journal=Curr Hematol Malig Rep | year= 2015 | volume= 10 | issue= 3 | pages= 237-43 | pmid=26174528 | doi=10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26174528  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25655608">{{cite journal| author=El-Galaly TC, Hutchings M| title=Imaging of non-Hodgkin lymphomas: diagnosis and response-adapted strategies. | journal=Cancer Treat Res | year= 2015 | volume= 165 | issue=  | pages= 125-46 | pmid=25655608 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4_5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25655608  }}</ref>
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* Cancer derives from lymphocytes
* Cancer derives from lymphocytes
* diverse age of incidence
* diverse age of incidence
* Associated with autoimmune disorders, previous cancer therapy, and infection
* Associated with autoimmune disorders, previous cancer therapy, and infection
| +
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | +
| -
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | -
|Lymph node swelling
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
Weight loss
* Lymph node swelling
 
* Weight loss
Anorexia
* Anorexia
 
* Abdominal pain
Abdominal pain
 
Nausea/ vomitting
Nausea/ vomitting
| + (Chest tenderness)
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" | + (Chest tenderness)
|Fever
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Fever
Hepatosplenomegaly
Hepatosplenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Lymphadenopathy
Seizure
Seizure
Petechiae
Petechiae
|
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |
* [[MLL2]]
* [[MLL2]]
* [[MEF2B]]
* [[MEF2B]]
Line 479: Line 462:
* [[KMT2D]]
* [[KMT2D]]
* [[CDKN2A]]
* [[CDKN2A]]
|Radiography:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Radiography:
Chest x ray:
*Chest x ray:
* Central lymphadenopathy
** Central lymphadenopathy
* Pleural effusion
** Pleural effusion
* Pericardial effusion
** Pericardial effusion
CT scan:
CT scan:
* Presence of enlarged lymph node in chest, abdomen, and pelvis
* Presence of enlarged lymph node in chest, abdomen, and pelvis
Ultrasound:
Ultrasound:
* Hepatosplenomegaly
* Hepatosplenomegaly
|Histology findings of non-hodgkin lymphoma depend on:
| align="left" style="background:#F5F5F5;" |Histology findings of non-hodgkin lymphoma depend on:
* Cell differentiation
* Cell differentiation
* Cell lineage
* Cell lineage

Revision as of 15:02, 4 March 2019

Rhabdomyosarcoma Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shadan Mehraban, M.D.[2]

Overview

Rhabdomyosarcoma must be differentiated from Ewing sarcoma, Lymphadenopathy, Neuroblastoma, Liposarcoma Osteosarcoma, Lymphoprofilerative disorders. Rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit must be differentiated from other causes of orbital masses such as orbital pseudotumor, orbital tumors, orbital abscess, and vascular lesions.

Differential Diagnosis

  • Rhabdomyosarcoma must be differentiated from following diseases:
Disease History/demography Symptoms Physical examination Diagnosis
Palpable mass Pain Others Mass tenderness Others Genetics Imaging Histology
Rhabdomyosarcoma[1][2][3][4]
  • Most common soft tissue cancer among children and adolescents
  • The third most common extracranial solid tumors
  • Two-third of all cases happen under 6 years old
 + +
  • Skin changes
  • Respiratory difficulties
  • Vomitting
  • Hematuria
 +/-
  • Fever
  • Erythmatous skin
  • Proptosis
  • Ophtalmoplasia
  • Dysconjugate gaze

Mutations in:

CT scan:
  • Soft tissue density
  • Enhancement with contrast
  • Bone destruction

Ultrasound:

  • Well-defined and irregular mass
  • Low to medium echogenicity

MRI:

  • T1:
    • Low to intermediate intensity
    • Hemorrhage areas are poresent in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma
  • T2:
    • Hyperintense
    • Prominent flow voids are present in extremity lesions of rhabdomyosarcoma
  • T1 C+ (Gd):
    • Considerable enhancement
  • An appearance of round blue cell tumors
  • Myogenesis pathway has various types of differentiation
  • Positive immunohistochemical results for:
    • myoglobin
    • actin
    • desmin
    • Myogenin
Wilms tumor[5][6][7][8][9]
  • Also called nephroblastoma
  • The most common childhood abdominal malignancy
  • Average age of 3.5 years old
 + +
  • Hematuria
  • Respiratory symptoms ( due to lung metastases)
 +/-
  • Fever
  • Hypertension/ hypotension
 Present mutations of:
  • WT1
  • P53
  • FWT1
  • FWT2 11p15.5 loci
 Ultrasound:

CT scan:

Ewing sarcoma[10][11][12][13]
  • Include ewing sarcoma, askin tumor, and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors
  • The second most common childhood malignant primary bone tumors
  • Usually arises in the long bones of the extremities
  • Common age between 10-20 years old
 + + Weight loss/ fatigue +
  • Fever
  • Pathologic fractures
  • Petachia/ purpura
  • Reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 11 and 22
 Plain radiographic of region:
  • Poorly marginated destructive lesion
  • Permeative or "moth-eaten" appearance

CT scan:

  • Cortical destruction
  • Demonstrate soft tissue disease

MRI:

  • Considered as a preferred diagnostic study
  • Better shows tumor size/ intraosseous/extraosseous extent
  • Small/ round/ blue cell tumors
  • May be undifferentiated or differentiated,
  • Regular sized primitive appearing cells
Pediatric neuroblastoma [14][15][16][17]
  • Most common extracranial solid tumor of infancy
  • Arising from pluripotent sympathetic cells

Age distribution:

  • < 1 years old ( 40%)
  • 1-2 years old (35%)
  • > 2 years old (25%)

+ (Abdominal)

+
  • Constipation
  • Weakness
  • Diarrhea

+(Abdominal)

  • Proptosis
  • Periorbital ecchymosis
  • Horner syndrome
  • Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome
  • Chromosome1p deletion
  • N-myc amplification
 CT scan:
  • Heterogeneous mass
  • Calcifications
  • Necrotic areas

MRI:

  • T1:
    • heterogeneous mass
  • T2:
    • heterogeneous/ hyperintense
    • cystic/necrotic areas
  • C+ (Gd):
    • Heterogeneous mass
  • Well defined/ infiltrative mass
  • Homer wright rosettes
  • Secretion of vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and homovanillic acid (HVA)
Pediatric pheochromocytoma[18][19][20][21]
  • Rare catecholamine-secreting tumor
  • Occur in both children and adults
  • Average age of 11 years old
  • Associated with neurofibromatosis, von Hippel-Lindau disease, tuberous sclerosis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, and multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes
 - +/-
  • Headache
  • sweating
  • Weakness
  • Convulsion
 -
  • Hypertension
  • Tachycardia
  • Pallor face
 Genetic mutation in:
  • NF1
  • RET
  • VHL
  • SDHD
  • SDHC
  • EGLN1
  • EGLN2
  • KIF1B
  • SDHAF2
  • TMEM127
  • SDHA
  • IDH1
  • SDHB
  • MAX
  • HIF2A
  • FH
 Ultrasound:
  • Different appearance from solid to mixed cystic or solid to cystic

CT scan:

  • Large and heterogenous
  • Calcification
  • Necrosis
  • Cystic changes

MRI (in extra adrenal tumors):

  • T1:
    • Heterogenous enhancement
    • Hypointense
  • T2:
    • Hyperintense
  • T1 C+ (Gd):
    • Heterogenous enhancement
  • Zellballen pattern on microscopy
  • Well-defined clusters
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm

Positive stains for:

  • Chromogranin for zellballlen cells
  • Neurospecific enolase markers for neuronal cells
  • S-100 protein for sustentacular cells
Pediatric osteosarcoma[22][23][24]
  • The second most common primary bone tumor
  • The third most common tumor among adolescents
  • Can be primary or secondary
  • Primary osteosarcoma occurs in age of 10-20 years old
  • Secondary osteosarcoma occurs in older patients and is secondary to paget disease and bone infarcts
  • Accompanied with positive history of trauma
 + +
  • Soft tissue swelling
  • Fracture
  • Night sweating
 +
  • Mass swelling
  • Fever
  • Arthritis
  • Decreased joint range of motion
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Alteration in retinoblastoma gene (Rb)
 Plain radiography:
  • Osteolytic/ osteoblastic feature
  • Periosteum reaction
  • Calcification or ossification

CT scan:

  • Primary lesion and chest CT are required
  • Demonstrate tumor location and extension

MRI:

  • Exact assessment of tumor extension
  • Involving joint to joint findings
  • Contain various cellular pleomorphism and mitoses
  • Poorly trabecular bone formation
  • Fibrocystic and chondroblastic features
Pediatric liposarcoma[25][26][27][28] Considered as a nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas

One of the least frequent tumors during childhood

Rarely seen in adolescents and age of < 8 years old

Average age is 50 years among adults

Occur mostly in lower extremities, retroperitoneal region, and shoulder

+ +/-
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
 -
  • N/A
  • Amplification of 12q13–15 region in MDM2 and CDK4 genes
  • Translocation of t(12;16)(q13;p11.2) in myxoid liposarcoma
 CT scan:
  • Inhomogenous fatty structure
  • Tumor mineralization
  • Cortical bone erosion
  • Calcification
  • Infiltration to medistinum

MRI:

  • Adipose content mass
  • Thin irregular septa
  • Hemorrhage
  • Necrosis areas
 Divided into following subtypes:
  • Well-differentiated
  • Dedifferentiated, Myxoid/roundcell
  • Pleomorphic

Common findings:

  • Lipoblasts presence
  • Cytoplasmic lipid vacuoles
  • Chromatin spikes
Pediatric acute myelocystic leukemia[29][30][31][32]
  • Replacement of normal bone marrow cells with abnormal cells
  • Myeloblast is malignant cell
  • Wide distribution among childhood to adults
  • Survival rate of 60%
  • Common in down syndrome
 +/- ( Abdominal mass, mediastinal mass) + (bone pain, joint pain)
  • Bleeding
  • Infectious
 +/-
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Bruising
  • Petechiae
  • Pallor face
  • Anemia
  • Fever
 Genetic translocations include:
  • t(8;21)
  • t(3;21)
  • t(15;17)
 Radiography:
  • Chest radiography:
    • Diagnosis of mediastinal mass
  • Extremities radiography:
    • Metaphyseal bands
    • Lytic lesions
    • New periosteal bone formation
    • Pathologic fractures

CT scan/ MRI:

  • Thickening/ edema of the bowel wall in presence of abdominal pain or bowl infection
  • Detection of early sinusitis
  • Intracranial hemorrhage in presence of neurological symptoms

Radionuclide imaging:

  • Detection of occult infection
  • Hyperplastic bone marrow with leukemia cells replacement
  • Megaloblastic feature
  • decrease in normal hematopoietic cell
Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia[33][34]
  • The most common malignancy among children
  • Few cases may associated with down syndrome, wiskott-aldrich syndrome, andataxia-telangiectasia
  • Peak age of 2-5 years old
  • Previous history of cancer/ drug exposure
  • Bone marrow replaced with malognant lymphoblasts

+/-( Extramedullary masses in abdomen/ head/neck)

+/- (Musculoskeletal pain)
  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
  • Bleesing
 - Chromosomal translocations:
  • t(9;22)
  • t(12;21)
  • t(5;14)
  • t(1;19)
 Radiography:

Chest x ray:

  • Nodular masses
  • Central lymphadenopathy

Bone x ray:

  • Radiolucent metaphyseal bands
  • Coarse trabeculation
  • Periosteal reactions
  • Osteopenia

Brain MRI:

  • Leukoencephalopathy
  • Glial cell hyperplasia
  • Meningitis
 Divided into 3 subgroups:

L1:

  • Small lymphoblast cells
  • Scant cytoplasm
  • Invisible nucleoli

L2:

  • Larger lymphoblast cells
  • Abundant cytoplasm
  • Prominent nucleoli

L3:

  • Large lymphoblast cells
  • Deep cytoplasmic basophilia
  • Similar to Burkitt lymphoma
Pediatric non-hodgkin lymphoma[35][36][37]
  • Cancer derives from lymphocytes
  • diverse age of incidence
  • Associated with autoimmune disorders, previous cancer therapy, and infection
 + -
  • Lymph node swelling
  • Weight loss
  • Anorexia
  • Abdominal pain

Nausea/ vomitting

+ (Chest tenderness) Fever

Hepatosplenomegaly Lymphadenopathy Seizure Petechiae

Radiography:
  • Chest x ray:
    • Central lymphadenopathy
    • Pleural effusion
    • Pericardial effusion

CT scan:

  • Presence of enlarged lymph node in chest, abdomen, and pelvis

Ultrasound:

  • Hepatosplenomegaly
 Histology findings of non-hodgkin lymphoma depend on:
  • Cell differentiation
  • Cell lineage
  • Location of cell origin

References

  1. ↑ Egas-Bejar D, Huh WW (2014). "Rhabdomyosarcoma in adolescent and young adult patients: current perspectives". Adolesc Health Med Ther. 5: 115–25. doi:10.2147/AHMT.S44582. PMC 4069040. PMID 24966711.
  2. ↑ Dasgupta R, Fuchs J, Rodeberg D (2016). "Rhabdomyosarcoma". Semin Pediatr Surg. 25 (5): 276–283. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2016.09.011. PMID 27955730.
  3. ↑ Park K, van Rijn R, McHugh K (2008). "The role of radiology in paediatric soft tissue sarcomas". Cancer Imaging. 8: 102–15. doi:10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0014. PMC 2365455. PMID 18442956.
  4. ↑ Shern JF, Yohe ME, Khan J (2015). "Pediatric Rhabdomyosarcoma". Crit Rev Oncog. 20 (3–4): 227–43. PMC 5486973. PMID 26349418.
  5. ↑ Hartman DS, Sanders RC (April 1982). "Wilms' tumor versus neuroblastoma: usefulness of ultrasound in differentiation". J Ultrasound Med. 1 (3): 117–22. PMID 6152936.
  6. ↑ De Campo JF (1986). "Ultrasound of Wilms' tumor". Pediatr Radiol. 16 (1): 21–4. PMID 3003660.
  7. ↑ Cahan LD (1985). "Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease". Pediatr Neurosci. 12 (1): 58–62. PMID 4080660.
  8. ↑ Coppes MJ, Pritchard-Jones K (2000). "Principles of Wilms' tumor biology". Urol Clin North Am. 27 (3): 423–33, viii. PMID 10985142.
  9. ↑ Davidoff AM (2012). "Wilms tumor". Adv Pediatr. 59 (1): 247–67. doi:10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.001. PMC 3589819. PMID 22789581.
  10. ↑ Burchill SA (2003). "Ewing's sarcoma: diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications of molecular abnormalities". J Clin Pathol. 56 (2): 96–102. PMC 1769883. PMID 12560386.
  11. ↑ Maygarden SJ, Askin FB, Siegal GP, Gilula LA, Schoppe J, Foulkes M; et al. (1993). "Ewing sarcoma of bone in infants and toddlers. A clinicopathologic report from the Intergroup Ewing's Study". Cancer. 71 (6): 2109–18. PMID 8443760.
  12. ↑ Panicek DM, Gatsonis C, Rosenthal DI, Seeger LL, Huvos AG, Moore SG; et al. (1997). "CT and MR imaging in the local staging of primary malignant musculoskeletal neoplasms: Report of the Radiology Diagnostic Oncology Group". Radiology. 202 (1): 237–46. doi:10.1148/radiology.202.1.8988217. PMID 8988217.
  13. ↑ Grünewald TGP, Cidre-Aranaz F, Surdez D, Tomazou EM, de Álava E, Kovar H; et al. (2018). "Ewing sarcoma". Nat Rev Dis Primers. 4 (1): 5. doi:10.1038/s41572-018-0003-x. PMID 29977059.
  14. ↑ Lonergan GJ, Schwab CM, Suarez ES, Carlson CL (2002). "Neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, and ganglioneuroma: radiologic-pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 22 (4): 911–34. doi:10.1148/radiographics.22.4.g02jl15911. PMID 12110723.
  15. ↑ Golden CB, Feusner JH (2002). "Malignant abdominal masses in children: quick guide to evaluation and diagnosis". Pediatr Clin North Am. 49 (6): 1369–92, viii. PMID 12580370.
  16. ↑ Angstman KB, Miser JS, Franz WB (1990). "Neuroblastoma". Am Fam Physician. 41 (1): 238–44. PMID 2403727.
  17. ↑ Musarella MA, Chan HS, DeBoer G, Gallie BL (1984). "Ocular involvement in neuroblastoma: prognostic implications". Ophthalmology. 91 (8): 936–40. PMID 6493702.
  18. ↑ Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G (2013). "Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and functional imaging". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 200 (2): 370–8. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.9126. PMID 23345359.
  19. ↑ Stein PP, Black HR (1991). "A simplified diagnostic approach to pheochromocytoma. A review of the literature and report of one institution's experience". Medicine (Baltimore). 70 (1): 46–66. PMID 1988766.
  20. ↑ Bravo EL (1991). "Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends". Kidney Int. 40 (3): 544–56. PMID 1787652.
  21. ↑ Bravo EL (1991). "Pheochromocytoma: new concepts and future trends". Kidney Int. 40 (3): 544–56. PMID 1787652.
  22. ↑ Dorfman HD, Czerniak B (1995). "Bone cancers". Cancer. 75 (1 Suppl): 203–10. PMID 8000997.
  23. ↑ Yarmish G, Klein MJ, Landa J, Lefkowitz RA, Hwang S (2010). "Imaging characteristics of primary osteosarcoma: nonconventional subtypes". Radiographics. 30 (6): 1653–72. doi:10.1148/rg.306105524. PMID 21071381.
  24. ↑ Araki N, Uchida A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa H, Aoki Y, Ueda T; et al. (1991). "Involvement of the retinoblastoma gene in primary osteosarcomas and other bone and soft-tissue tumors". Clin Orthop Relat Res (270): 271–7. PMID 1884549.
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  28. ↑ Italiano A, Cardot N, Dupré F, Monticelli I, Keslair F, Piche M; et al. (2007). "Gains and complex rearrangements of the 12q13-15 chromosomal region in ordinary lipomas: the "missing link" between lipomas and liposarcomas?". Int J Cancer. 121 (2): 308–15. doi:10.1002/ijc.22685. PMID 17372913.
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  32. ↑ Orazi A (2007). "Histopathology in the diagnosis and classification of acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases". Pathobiology. 74 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1159/000101709. PMID 17587881.
  33. ↑ Zuckerman T, Rowe JM (2014). "Pathogenesis and prognostication in acute lymphoblastic leukemia". F1000Prime Rep. 6: 59. doi:10.12703/P6-59. PMC 4108947. PMID 25184049.
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  35. ↑ Green MR, Gentles AJ, Nair RV, Irish JM, Kihira S, Liu CL; et al. (2013). "Hierarchy in somatic mutations arising during genomic evolution and progression of follicular lymphoma". Blood. 121 (9): 1604–11. doi:10.1182/blood-2012-09-457283. PMC 3587323. PMID 23297126.
  36. ↑ Sandlund JT (2015). "Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children". Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 10 (3): 237–43. doi:10.1007/s11899-015-0277-y. PMID 26174528.
  37. ↑ El-Galaly TC, Hutchings M (2015). "Imaging of non-Hodgkin lymphomas: diagnosis and response-adapted strategies". Cancer Treat Res. 165: 125–46. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13150-4_5. PMID 25655608.

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