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Table below provides a [[differential diagnosis]] of [[disorders]] affecting the [[joints]]:<ref name="SridharanMohd Zaki2012">{{cite journal|last1=Sridharan|first1=Radhika|last2=Mohd Zaki|first2=Faizah|last3=Sook Pei|first3=Tan|last4=Swee Ping|first4=Tang|last5=Ibrahim|first5=Sharaf|title=NOMID: The radiographic and MRI features and review of literature|journal=Journal of Radiology Case Reports|volume=6|issue=3|year=2012|issn=1943-0922|doi=10.3941/jrcr.v6i3.745}}</ref>
*[[Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis]] ([[Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis|JRA]])
*Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)
*[[Rickets]]
{| border="3"
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Disease name}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Age of onset}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| Signs/Symptoms}} !! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFF| X-ray findings}} !! style="background: #4479BA; width: 150px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF| MRI findings}}
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |NOMID/CINCA<ref name="SridharanMohd Zaki2012">{{cite journal|last1=Sridharan|first1=Radhika|last2=Mohd Zaki|first2=Faizah|last3=Sook Pei|first3=Tan|last4=Swee Ping|first4=Tang|last5=Ibrahim|first5=Sharaf|title=NOMID: The radiographic and MRI features and review of literature|journal=Journal of Radiology Case Reports|volume=6|issue=3|year=2012|issn=1943-0922|doi=10.3941/jrcr.v6i3.745}}</ref><ref name="AhmadiBrewer2011">{{cite journal|last1=Ahmadi|first1=Neda|last2=Brewer|first2=Carmen C.|last3=Zalewski|first3=Christopher|last4=King|first4=Kelly A.|last5=Butman|first5=John A.|last6=Plass|first6=Nicole|last7=Henderson|first7=Cailin|last8=Goldbach-Mansky|first8=Raphaela|last9=Kim|first9=H. Jeffrey|title=Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes|journal=Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery|volume=145|issue=2|year=2011|pages=295–302|issn=0194-5998|doi=10.1177/0194599811402296}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Early infancy
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
*[[Parietal]] and [[frontal]] bossing
* [[Joint pain]]
* Knee [[valgus]] or [[varus]]
* Limb length differences
* Saddleback [[nose]]
* [[Contractures]]
*[[Urticaria|Urticaria-like]] [[rash]]
* [[Fever]]
* Chronic aseptic [[meningitis]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Physis is the epicenter
* Early [[radiograph]]: enlargement of the unossified physis, resulting in a [[mass]]-like lesion
* Late [[radiograph]]: stippled ossification/[[calcification]] causing deformed adjacent [[epiphysis]]
* Possible involvement of multiple [[joints]] simultaneously or at different times
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Enlarged, heterogenous  physis with hypointense [[Calcification|calcifications]] on T1 & T2 weighted images
* Heterogenous enhancement at the physis in post-gadolinium images
* Presence of [[popliteal]] [[lymph node]]
* Absence of bony erosion
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |[[Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis]] ([[Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis|JRA]])<ref name="YulishLieberman1987">{{cite journal|last1=Yulish|first1=B S|last2=Lieberman|first2=J M|last3=Newman|first3=A J|last4=Bryan|first4=P J|last5=Mulopulos|first5=G P|last6=Modic|first6=M T|title=Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: assessment with MR imaging.|journal=Radiology|volume=165|issue=1|year=1987|pages=149–152|issn=0033-8419|doi=10.1148/radiology.165.1.3628761}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Edward M. Behrens]], [[Timothy Beukelman]], [[Lisa Gallo]], [[Julie Spangler]], [[Margalit Rosenkranz]], [[Thaschawee Arkachaisri]], [[Rosanne Ayala]], [[Brandt Groh]], [[Terri H. Finkel]] & [[Randy Q. Cron]]
| title = Evaluation of the presentation of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Pennsylvania Systemic Onset Juvenile Arthritis Registry (PASOJAR)
| journal = [[The Journal of rheumatology]]
| volume = 35
| issue = 2
| pages = 343–348
| year = 2008
| month = February
| pmid = 18085728
}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Younger than 16 years old
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* [[Fever]]
* [[Arthritis]]
* [[Rash]]
* [[Lymphadenopathy]]
* [[Hepatosplenomegaly]]
<br />
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Involvement of the articular surface of the [[joints]]
* Initially, [[soft tissue]] [[swelling]] and enlarged epiphyseal enlargement due to hyperemia
* As the [[disease]] progresses, [[joint]] space narrowing and bony erosion are the dominant features
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* First, [[joint]] effusion, [[cartilage]] thinning and loss
* Later, [[joint]] [[erosion]] and evidence of secondary [[osteoarthritis]]
* Potential [[complications]] such as [[avascular necrosis]]
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)<ref name="AygunBarut2015">{{cite journal|last1=Aygun|first1=Deniz|last2=Barut|first2=Kenan|last3=Camcioglu|first3=Yildiz|last4=Kasapcopur|first4=Ozgur|title=Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a rare skeletal disorder|journal=BMJ Case Reports|year=2015|pages=bcr2015210061|issn=1757-790X|doi=10.1136/bcr-2015-210061}}</ref><ref name="FergusonSandu2012">{{cite journal|last1=Ferguson|first1=Polly J.|last2=Sandu|first2=Monica|title=Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis and Management of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis|journal=Current Rheumatology Reports|volume=14|issue=2|year=2012|pages=130–141|issn=1523-3774|doi=10.1007/s11926-012-0239-5}}</ref><ref name="KhannaSato2009">{{cite journal|last1=Khanna|first1=Geetika|last2=Sato|first2=Takashi S. P.|last3=Ferguson|first3=Polly|title=Imaging of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis|journal=RadioGraphics|volume=29|issue=4|year=2009|pages=1159–1177|issn=0271-5333|doi=10.1148/rg.294085244}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Childhood and adolescence
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Episodes of [[pain]] and [[joint]] [[swelling]]
* [[Fever]] may be present or not
* may occur as part of a [[syndrome]] or alone
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Multiple symmetrical [[metaphyseal]] [[lesions]]
* [[Lesions]] ranges between purely osteolytic, osteolytic with a sclerotic rim, mixed [[lytic]] and sclerotic, and purely sclerotic
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Early phases: marrow [[edema]] with hypointense appearance on T1-weighted images
* Hyperintense on T2-weighted images
*[[Synovial]] thickening
*[[Joint]] effusion
* Destruction of joint [[cartilage]]
* Subchondral [[bone]]
|-
! style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; " align="left" |[[Rickets]]<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Madhusmita Misra]], [[Daniele Pacaud]], [[Anna Petryk]], [[Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg]] & [[Michael Kappy]]
| title = Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations
| journal = [[Pediatrics]]
| volume = 122
| issue = 2
| pages = 398–417
| year = 2008
| month = August
| doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-1894
| pmid = 18676559
}}</ref><ref name="EcklundDoria1999">{{cite journal|last1=Ecklund|first1=K.|last2=Doria|first2=Andrea S.|last3=Jaramillo|first3=Diego|title=Rickets on MR images|journal=Pediatric Radiology|volume=29|issue=9|year=1999|pages=673–675|issn=0301-0449|doi=10.1007/s002470050673}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Childhood (depends on the severity of [[deficiency]])
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Delay in [[fontanel]] closure
* [[Parietal]] and [[frontal]] bossing
*[[Rachitic rosary]]
* Harrison sulcus (or groove)
* Widening of the [[wrist]]
* Bowing of the distal [[radius]] and [[ulna]]
* Progressive lateral bowing of [[long bones]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* Widening, cupping and fraying of the [[metaphysis]]
* Irregular and widened [[epiphyseal plate]]
* [[Periosteal reaction]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" align="left" |
* High signal intensity of unossified [[cartilage]] in the physis of the primary and secondary [[ossification]] centers
* No [[mass]] [[lesion]] or [[ossification]] in the [[physis]]
|}
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 23:04, 21 February 2020

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Overview

Differentiating Juvenile idiopathic arthritis from other Diseases

Abbreviations: ABG= Arterial blood gas, ANA= Antinuclear antibody, ANP= Atrial natriuretic peptide, ASO= Antistreptolysin O antibody, BNP= Brain natriuretic peptide, CBC= Complete blood count, COPD= Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CRP= C-reactive protein, CT= Computed tomography, CXR= Chest X-ray, DVT= Deep vein thrombosis, ESR= Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, HRCT= High Resolution CT, IgE= Immunoglobulin E, LDH= Lactate dehydrogenase, PCWP= Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PCR= Polymerase chain reaction, PFT= Pulmonary function test.

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard Additional findings
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Headache Fever Weight loss Arthralgia Claudication Bruit HTN Focal neurological disorder Biomarker CBC ESR Other CT scan Angiography Ultrasound/ Echocardiography Other
Kawasaki disease[1] - + +/- + + - +/- - NT-proBNP, Meprin A, Filamin C Normochromic anemia, ↑WBC with a left shift, Thrombocytosis  ↑ Acute-phase reactants, ↓Cholesterol, ↓HDL, ↓ApolipoA Coronary artery calcifications Coronary artery aneurysms, stenosis or occlusion Coronary artery anomaly in echocardiography Electron beam CT (EBCT) Acute destruction of the media by neutrophils, with loss of elastic fibers History and physical examination Diarrhea, Vomiting
Polyarteritis nodosa[2] + + + + + + +/- +/- LAMP-2 protein autoantibodies Leukocytosis, Normochromic anemia, Thrombocytosis ↑ ↑ Cr or BUN,

↑ ALT or AST, Proteinuria

Focal regions of infarction or hemorrhage Multiple microaneurysms, Hemorrhage due to focal rupture, Occlusion Aneurysms and renal arteriovenous fistula in color Doppler sonography - Necrotizing inflammatory lesions Angiography Sudden weight loss, Abdominal pain
Hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa[3] +/- +/- + + +/- +/- + - HBsAg Leukocytosis, Normochromic anemia, Thrombocytosis ↑ ↑ ALT or AST Focal regions of infarction or hemorrhage Microaneurysms in mesenteric artery Aneurysms and renal arteriovenous fistula in color Doppler sonography - Necrotizing inflammatory lesions Angiography Peripheral neuropathy, Livedo reticularis
Infectious disease Parvovirus B19 infection[4] + + + + - - - +/- B19 DNA, ↓Reticulocyte count Anemia ↑ anti–parvovirus B19 IgM - - Hydrops in fetal ultrasonography - - B19 DNA Purpuric rash, Erythema multiforme
Scarlet fever[5] + + +/- + - - - - Antistreptolysin-O (ASO) titers Leukocytosis ↑ ↑CRP Thickened pulmonary markings if pneumonia - - - Sparse neutrophilic perivascular infiltrate History and physical examination Sand-paper rashes, Sore throat
Toxic shock syndrome[6] + + + + - - - +/- Procalcitonin Leukocytosis with left shift ↑ Myoglobinuria, Sterile pyuria Acute respiratory distress syndrome - - - Necrolysis of keratinocytes in epidermis, Perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate Clinical criteria Peeling or rashes, Organ dysfunction
Mononucleosis[7] + + + + - - - - EBV DNA Atypical lymphocyte ↑ Heterophile antibodies CNS involvement - Splenomegaly Encephalitis in MRI Lymphoproliferative response in oropharynx, Lymphocytic infiltration in spleen Heterophile antibody test Splenomegaly, Palatal petechiae
Leptospirosis[8] + + + + +/- - - - IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 Anemia - ↑Cr or BUN,

↑ALT or AST, Proteinuria

 Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage - - - Toxin-mediated break down of endothelial cell membranes of capillaries Culture and the microscopic agglutination test Red eyes, Skin rash
Lyme Disease[9] +/- + +/- + +/- - - - CXCL9 (MIG), CXCL10 (IP-10) and CCL19 (MIP3B) Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia - Microscopic hematuria, Proteinuria, ↑ALT or AST Punctate lesions in periventricular white matter in brain SPECT - - - Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans Serologic tests Erythema migrans
Measles[10] +/- + +/- + - - - - Measles IgM Leukopenia, Lymphocytosis, Thrombocytopenia - ↑ALT or AST Pneumonia - - CXR Spongiosis and vesiculation in the epidermis with scattered dyskeratotic keratinocytes PCR Generalized rash, Cough, Coryza, or Conjunctivitis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever[11] + + + + - - - - R rickettsii serology Thrombocytopenia, Anemia  - ↑ALT or AST, Hyponatremia Infarction, edema, and meningeal enhancement - Myocardial or conduction abnormalities in echocardiography - Immunofluorescent or immunoperoxidase staining of R rickettsii Clinical criteria and tick exposure Rash on the palms and soles
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome[12] + + + + - - +/- +/- Anti exfoliatin and anti alpha-toxin antibodies Leukocytosis with left shift ↑ Blood culture Pneumonia - - - Intraepidermal blister, dense superficial perivascular lymphohistiocytic infiltrate  Blood culture and clinical findings Widespread skin erythema, fluid-filled blisters
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis[13] - + + - - - - +/- MicroRNA-124 Normochromic normocytic anemia, Eosinophilia ↑ Fluid loss and electrolyte abnormalities Tracheobronchial inflammation - - - Necrotic keratinocytes with full-thickness epithelial necrosis Histopathology and clinical findings Erythematous macular rash with purpuric centers
Systemic disease Antiphospholipid Syndrome[14] + + - - - - - +/- Antiphospholipid antibodies Thrombocytopenia, Hemolytic anemia - Lupus anticoagulant (LA) Stroke,

Pulmonary embolism, Budd-Chiari syndrome

Thrombus in major vessels Valve thickening, vegetations, or insufficiency in echocardiography - Noninflammatory bland thrombosis without perivascular inflammation Hx of thrombosis and antiphospholipid antibodies Miscarriage, Pulmonary hypertension
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis[15] - - - + +/- - - - Rheumatoid factor (RF), S100A12 Lymphocytosis, Thrombocytopenia ↑ Myeloid-related proteins 8/14 (MRP8/14) Synovial hypertrophy, Joint effusions Cerebral vasculitis Inflamed synovium Bone scanning Vascular congestion, RBC extravasation, Venular lumen occlusion Conventional radiography Evanescent rash, Dactylitis 

Table below provides a differential diagnosis of disorders affecting the joints:[16]

Disease name Age of onset Signs/Symptoms X-ray findings MRI findings
NOMID/CINCA[16][17]
  • Early infancy
  • Physis is the epicenter
  • Early radiograph: enlargement of the unossified physis, resulting in a mass-like lesion
  • Late radiograph: stippled ossification/calcification causing deformed adjacent epiphysis
  • Possible involvement of multiple joints simultaneously or at different times
  • Enlarged, heterogenous physis with hypointense calcifications on T1 & T2 weighted images
  • Heterogenous enhancement at the physis in post-gadolinium images
  • Presence of popliteal lymph node
  • Absence of bony erosion
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA)[18][19]
  • Younger than 16 years old


  • Involvement of the articular surface of the joints
  • Initially, soft tissue swelling and enlarged epiphyseal enlargement due to hyperemia
  • As the disease progresses, joint space narrowing and bony erosion are the dominant features
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)[20][21][22]
  • Childhood and adolescence
  • Multiple symmetrical metaphyseal lesions
  • Lesions ranges between purely osteolytic, osteolytic with a sclerotic rim, mixed lytic and sclerotic, and purely sclerotic
  • Early phases: marrow edema with hypointense appearance on T1-weighted images
  • Hyperintense on T2-weighted images
  • Synovial thickening
  • Joint effusion
  • Destruction of joint cartilage
  • Subchondral bone
Rickets[23][24]

References

  1. ↑ Takahashi K, Oharaseki T, Yokouchi Y (2011). "Pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease". Clin Exp Immunol. 164 Suppl 1: 20–2. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04361.x. PMC 3095860. PMID 21447126.
  2. ↑ Howard T, Ahmad K, Swanson JA, Misra S (2014). "Polyarteritis nodosa". Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 17 (4): 247–51. doi:10.1053/j.tvir.2014.11.005. PMC 4363102. PMID 25770638.
  3. ↑ Sharma A, Sharma K (September 2013). "Hepatotropic viral infection associated systemic vasculitides-hepatitis B virus associated polyarteritis nodosa and hepatitis C virus associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis". J Clin Exp Hepatol. 3 (3): 204–12. doi:10.1016/j.jceh.2013.06.001. PMC 4216827. PMID 25755502.
  4. ↑ Heegaard ED, Brown KE (2002). "Human parvovirus B19". Clin Microbiol Rev. 15 (3): 485–505. PMC 118081. PMID 12097253.
  5. ↑ Basetti S, Hodgson J, Rawson TM, Majeed A (2017). "Scarlet fever: a guide for general practitioners". London J Prim Care (Abingdon). 9 (5): 77–79. doi:10.1080/17571472.2017.1365677. PMC 5649319. PMID 29081840.
  6. ↑ Vostral SL (2011). "Rely and Toxic Shock Syndrome: a technological health crisis". Yale J Biol Med. 84 (4): 447–59. PMC 3238331. PMID 22180682.
  7. ↑ Balfour HH, Dunmire SK, Hogquist KA (2015). "Infectious mononucleosis". Clin Transl Immunology. 4 (2): e33. doi:10.1038/cti.2015.1. PMC 4346501. PMID 25774295.
  8. ↑ Levett PN (April 2001). "Leptospirosis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14 (2): 296–326. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.2.296-326.2001. PMC 88975. PMID 11292640.
  9. ↑ Biesiada G, Czepiel J, Leśniak MR, Garlicki A, Mach T (2012). "Lyme disease: review". Arch Med Sci. 8 (6): 978–82. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.30948. PMC 3542482. PMID 23319969.
  10. ↑ White SJ, Boldt KL, Holditch SJ, Poland GA, Jacobson RM (2012). "Measles, mumps, and rubella". Clin Obstet Gynecol. 55 (2): 550–9. doi:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31824df256. PMC 3334858. PMID 22510638.
  11. ↑ Walker DH (1989). "Rocky Mountain spotted fever: a disease in need of microbiological concern". Clin Microbiol Rev. 2 (3): 227–40. PMC 358117. PMID 2504480.
  12. ↑ Mishra AK, Yadav P, Mishra A (2016). "A Systemic Review on Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS): A Rare and Critical Disease of Neonates". Open Microbiol J. 10: 150–9. doi:10.2174/1874285801610010150. PMC 5012080. PMID 27651848.
  13. ↑ Hoetzenecker W, Mehra T, Saulite I, Glatz M, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Guenova E; et al. (2016). "Toxic epidermal necrolysis". F1000Res. 5. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7574.1. PMC 4879934. PMID 27239294.
  14. ↑ Chaturvedi S, McCrae KR (2015). "The antiphospholipid syndrome: still an enigma". Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015: 53–60. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.53. PMC 4877624. PMID 26637701.
  15. ↑ Espinosa M, Gottlieb BS (July 2012). "Juvenile idiopathic arthritis". Pediatr Rev. 33 (7): 303–13. doi:10.1542/pir.33-7-303. PMID 22753788.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Sridharan, Radhika; Mohd Zaki, Faizah; Sook Pei, Tan; Swee Ping, Tang; Ibrahim, Sharaf (2012). "NOMID: The radiographic and MRI features and review of literature". Journal of Radiology Case Reports. 6 (3). doi:10.3941/jrcr.v6i3.745. ISSN 1943-0922.
  17. ↑ Ahmadi, Neda; Brewer, Carmen C.; Zalewski, Christopher; King, Kelly A.; Butman, John A.; Plass, Nicole; Henderson, Cailin; Goldbach-Mansky, Raphaela; Kim, H. Jeffrey (2011). "Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes". Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery. 145 (2): 295–302. doi:10.1177/0194599811402296. ISSN 0194-5998.
  18. ↑ Yulish, B S; Lieberman, J M; Newman, A J; Bryan, P J; Mulopulos, G P; Modic, M T (1987). "Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: assessment with MR imaging". Radiology. 165 (1): 149–152. doi:10.1148/radiology.165.1.3628761. ISSN 0033-8419.
  19. ↑ Edward M. Behrens, Timothy Beukelman, Lisa Gallo, Julie Spangler, Margalit Rosenkranz, Thaschawee Arkachaisri, Rosanne Ayala, Brandt Groh, Terri H. Finkel & Randy Q. Cron (2008). "Evaluation of the presentation of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: data from the Pennsylvania Systemic Onset Juvenile Arthritis Registry (PASOJAR)". The Journal of rheumatology. 35 (2): 343–348. PMID 18085728. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Aygun, Deniz; Barut, Kenan; Camcioglu, Yildiz; Kasapcopur, Ozgur (2015). "Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a rare skeletal disorder". BMJ Case Reports: bcr2015210061. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-210061. ISSN 1757-790X.
  21. ↑ Ferguson, Polly J.; Sandu, Monica (2012). "Current Understanding of the Pathogenesis and Management of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis". Current Rheumatology Reports. 14 (2): 130–141. doi:10.1007/s11926-012-0239-5. ISSN 1523-3774.
  22. ↑ Khanna, Geetika; Sato, Takashi S. P.; Ferguson, Polly (2009). "Imaging of Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis". RadioGraphics. 29 (4): 1159–1177. doi:10.1148/rg.294085244. ISSN 0271-5333.
  23. ↑ Madhusmita Misra, Daniele Pacaud, Anna Petryk, Paulo Ferrez Collett-Solberg & Michael Kappy (2008). "Vitamin D deficiency in children and its management: review of current knowledge and recommendations". Pediatrics. 122 (2): 398–417. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-1894. PMID 18676559. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Ecklund, K.; Doria, Andrea S.; Jaramillo, Diego (1999). "Rickets on MR images". Pediatric Radiology. 29 (9): 673–675. doi:10.1007/s002470050673. ISSN 0301-0449.

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