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==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
It is thought that bronchogenic [[cyst]] is the result of abnormal budding of the ventral <ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref> portion of the primitive [[foregut]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref>destined to become the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]]<ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> between days 26 - 40 of  [[gestation]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> At such, it is always found in relation to the trachea or esophagus.<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref> On rare occasions, they may be found in the [[Skull|cranial]], [[Neck|cervical]], [[abdomen|abdominal]] and [[retroperitoneum|retroperitoneal]] regions. If  the cell mass maintains its connection with the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]], the [[cyst]] becomes intrapulmonary or in close association with the lungs. If separated, there is no contiunity with the bronchia lumen. Such [[cyst]] increases in size gradually due to secretions produced within the cavity, leading to compressive symptoms.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26002606">{{cite journal| author=Suda K, Sueyoshi R, Okawada M, Koga H, Lane GJ, Yamataka A | display-authors=etal| title=Completely intramural bronchogenic cyst of the cervical esophagus in a neonate. | journal=Pediatr Surg Int | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 683-7 | pmid=26002606 | doi=10.1007/s00383-015-3720-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26002606  }} </ref>
It is thought that bronchogenic [[cyst]] is the result of abnormal budding of the ventral <ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref> portion of the primitive [[foregut]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref>destined to become the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]]<ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> between days 26 - 40 of  [[gestation]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> At such, it is often found in relation to the trachea or esophagus.<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref> On rare occasions, they may be found in the [[Skull|cranial]], [[Neck|cervical]], [[abdomen|abdominal]] and [[retroperitoneum|retroperitoneal]] regions. If  the cell mass maintains its connection with the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]], the [[cyst]] becomes intrapulmonary or in close association with the lungs. If separated, there is no contiunity with the bronchia lumen. Such [[cyst]] increases in size gradually due to secretions produced within the cavity, leading to compressive symptoms.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26002606">{{cite journal| author=Suda K, Sueyoshi R, Okawada M, Koga H, Lane GJ, Yamataka A | display-authors=etal| title=Completely intramural bronchogenic cyst of the cervical esophagus in a neonate. | journal=Pediatr Surg Int | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 683-7 | pmid=26002606 | doi=10.1007/s00383-015-3720-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26002606  }} </ref>


==Gross pathology==
==Gross pathology==

Revision as of 16:35, 12 July 2020

Bronchogenic cyst
DiseasesDB 1707
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor: Joanna Ekabua, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Bronchial cyst

Overview

Bronchogenic cyst is a rare benign congenital malformation of the tracheobronchial tree derived from the ventral aspect of the foregut. It most frequently occurs in the middle mediastinum, in the early stages of gestation or in the lungs, at the later stages of gestation. Atypical locations may be explained by its embryologic origin. Patients with bronchogenic cyst may be asymptomatic or present with respiratory distress, increasing stridor, feeding difficulties, chest pain, cough, progressive dysphagia, odynophagia, purulent sputum, dyspnea, anorexia and/orweight loss. Radiologic findings are useful to differentiate bronchogenic cysts from other cysts but may they not always confirm the diagnosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by surgical excision, which is curative, and histological findings of ciliated columnar epithelial lining of the cyst.

Historical Perspective

There is limited information about the historical perspective of bronchogenic cyst.

Classification

Bronchogenic cyst can be classified based on location as follows[1][2]


1. Pulmonary


A. Plural[3]

i. Visceral

ii. Parietal


B. Tracheobronchial tree[1]

i. Paratracheal

ii. Carinal

iii. Hilar


2. Extra-pulmonary


A. Cranial[4][5]


B. Cervical[2][6][7]


C. Mediastinal[8]

i. Esophageal[9][10][11]

ii. Cardiac[1][12][13][14]


D. Abdominal[2][15]

i. Intraperitoneal

ii. Retroperitoneal


E. Perianal[29]


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bronchogenic cyst
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Pulmonary
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Extra-pulmonary
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Plural
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tracheobronchial tree
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cranial
 
Cervical
 
Mediastinal
 
 
Abdominal
 
Perianal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Visceral
 
Parietal
 
Paratracheal
 
Carinal
 
Hilar
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
esophageal
 
Cardiac
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Intraperitoneal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Retroperitoneal
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Diphragmatic
 
 
 
Gastric
 
 
 
SpinalAdrenal
 
Pancreatic
 
 

Pathophysiology

It is thought that bronchogenic cyst is the result of abnormal budding of the ventral [30] portion of the primitive foregut[1][2][6]destined to become the tracheobronchial tree[31] between days 26 - 40 of gestation. [31] At such, it is often found in relation to the trachea or esophagus.[32] On rare occasions, they may be found in the cranial, cervical, abdominal and retroperitoneal regions. If the cell mass maintains its connection with the tracheobronchial tree, the cyst becomes intrapulmonary or in close association with the lungs. If separated, there is no contiunity with the bronchia lumen. Such cyst increases in size gradually due to secretions produced within the cavity, leading to compressive symptoms.[1][33]

Gross pathology

Bronchogenic cyst appear as single or multiple smooth spherical pink masses which may be unlobulated or lobulated. [31][1] The lobules could be of various sizes, communicating or noncommunicating. The wall is relatively thin and frequently trabeculated,[1] even though there may be thicker portions. Cyst often appear to have check valves,[34] leading to their enlargement from secretions by its clilated columnar epithelium. Secretions may be a thick, white mucoid material if uninfected, and a dirty brown mucoid to purulent material if infected.[1] Occassionally, secretions could be hemorrhagic or pneumatic.[2]

Bronchogenic cyst. (Picture courtesy: Doctorlib)


Interior surface of a bronchogenic cyst showing some thick, white mucoid material at the top right corner (Yellow arrowhead). Case courtesy of Dr Yale Rosen (Picture courtesy: Wikimedia)


Histopathology

Bronchogenic cysts are usually lined by ciliated columnar epithelium of respiratory type, leading to distention as a result of secretions produced within the cavity. Cyst wall may be composed of cartilage, smooth muscle, fibrous tissue, chronic inflammatory infiltrates, necrotic tissue, focal areas of squamous metaplasia, vascular proliferation, bronchial gland, and mucous glands.[31] [1] [35] [6][36]

High magnification micrograph of a medisatinal bronchogenic cyst using H&E stain. Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard (picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)


High magnification micrograph of a medisatinal bronchogenic cyst using H&E stain showing cilia. Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard (picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)


Causes

The cause of bronchogenic cysts is undetermined.

Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases

Bronchogenic cyst must be differentiated from lung abcess, thymic cyst, and esophageal duplication cysts

Diseases Clinical manifestations Para-clinical findings Gold standard
Symptoms Physical examination
Lab Findings Imaging Histopathology
Symptom 1 Symptom 2 Symptom 3 Physical exam 1 Physical exam 2 Physical exam 3 Lab 1 Lab 2 Lab 3 Imaging 1 Imaging 2 Imaging 3
Lung abcess[37] Fever Chest pain night sweats Dullness to percussion coarse inspiratory crackles Decreased breath sounds Leukocytosis Increased inflamatory markers (ESR, CRP) Anemia of chronic disease
Frontal view of CXR showing lung abscess with air-fluid level. Case courtesy of Dr Abu-Rahmeh Zuhair (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
Lateral view 0f CXR showing lung abscess with air-fluid level. Case courtesy of Dr Abu-Rahmeh Zuhair (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
Non-contrast CT showing lung abscess with air-fluid levels. Case courtesy of Dr Elsayed Mohamed Elsayed (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
H&E stain showing lung abscess. Arrowhead – pink necrotic tissue with necrotic granulocytes and bacteria. Arrow – chronic inflammatory cells and dilated blood vessels (Picture courtesy: Webpath)
 CT with intravenous contrast
Thymic cyst[38] Cough Chest pain Dyspnea Some patients may present with a soft compressible neck mass - - - - -
x-ray scan showing a thymic mass (yellow arrowhead). Case courtesy of Dr. Stefan Ludwig (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
CT scan showing a thymic mass corresponds to a cystic lesion (yellowarrow head). Case courtesy of Dr. Stefan Ludwig (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
CT scan showing a calcified thymic mass corresponds to a cystic lesion (yellow arrowhead). Case courtesy of Dr Bruno Di Muzio (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
H&E stain of thymic cyst showing bland squamous epithelium and some thymic tissue in its wall. Case courtesy of Dr Hanni Gulwani (Picture courtesy: Pathologyoutlines)
 Biopsy withhistopathology and cytology
Esophageal duplication cysts[38][39][38] Retrosternal and thoracic back pain Epigastric discomfort Dysphagia - - - - - -
endoscopic view of an esophageal duplication cyst (Picture courtesy: Endoscopic ultrasound)
X-ray post barium swallow showing an oval mass compressing the esophagus. Case courtesy of Dr Michael P Hartung (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
CT showing an esophageal duplication cyst. Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Craig Hacking (Picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)
Histologic image of an esophageal duplication cyst showing two-layered muscle coat like the GIT, and epithelium lining of pseudo-ciliated columnar cells. (Picture courtesy: National Center for Biotechnology Information)
 Endoscopic ultrasound
  • Anechoic or hypoechoic, homogenous lesions
  • Regular margins originating from the submucosal layer or outside of the gut wall(adventitia)

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

Prevalences

  • The prevalence of bronchogenic cyst is estimated at 1 per 42,000 and 1 per 68,000 admissions in two hospital series.[41]

Case fatality rate/mortality rate

Age

  • Bronchogenic cyst can be found in people of all age groups.[34]

Race

  • There is no racial predilection to bronchogenic cyst.

Gender

  • Bronchogenic cyst is slightly more prevalent in men and often remain undetected till the third or fourth decade of life.[43][36]

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for bronchogenic cyst.

Screening

There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for bronchogenic cyst as it is usually an incidental finding.

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Natural History

The symptoms of bronchogenic cyst usually develop in the third to fourth decade of life and start with symptoms such as

Complication

Common complications of bronchogenic cyst include

Prognosis

Prognosis is generally good,[6] a Morbidity & Mortality rate of 20% has been recorded in older patients treated for bronchogenic cyst.[42]

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

The majority of patients with bronchogenic cyst are asymptomatic and are diagnosed during investigations for other pathologies.[1][11][51]

When symptomatic, clinical presentation of bronchogenic cyst depends on the age of the patient, size and the location of the cyst.[1][52]

In infants bronchogenic cyst presents with [6][34][53][52][54][55][56]

In children and adults, bronchogenic cyst presents with

Physical Examination

Physical examination of patients with bronchogenic cyst is usually normal. On rare occasions, the following signs can be seen

Laboratory Findings

  • Some patients with bronchogenic cyst may have elevated serum tumor makers CA125 and CA19-9, which is usually suggestive of progression/complication.[30][60]

Despite enhanced imaging modalities, a definitive diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst is challenging preoperatively.[30]

Chest X Ray

An x-ray with esophagography may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of bronchogenic cyst include:[34][2]

  • Homogeneous non-calcified soft tissue density mass.
  • Round to oval opacity
  • Secondary excavation
  • Cavity with or without levels
  • Atelectasis
  • Hydropneumothorax
Frontal Chest X-ray showing left bronchogenic cyst. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: Radiopedia)


Lateral Chest X-ray showing left bronchogenic cyst. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: Radiopedia)


CT

CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. The density of bronchogenic cysts is variable from water density to high density due to blood, anthracotic pigment, increased calcium content, or increased protein content of the fluid.[40][61] Findings on CT scan suggestive of bronchogenic cyst is an

Non-contrast enhanced axial CT of mediastinal bronchogenic cyst showing a well-defined anterior mediastinal mass with incomplete peripheral thin linear calcification.. Case courtesy of Dr Mostafa El-Feky (picture courtesy: Radiopaedia)


Non-contrast enhanced coronal CT of bronchogenic cyst showing air-fluid levels. Case courtest of Dr Muhammad Shoyab (picture courtesy:https://radiopaedia.org/cases/mediastinal-bronchogenic-cyst-1?lang=gb Radipaedia])


MRI

MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. After contrast injection, enhancement of the cyst is frequently absent.[14][30][40][61] Findings on MRI suggestive of bronchogenic cyst include

  • T1-weighted images show ipointense signal
  • T2-weighted images show hyperintense signal.
MRI of the chest at the level of T1 demonstrating a broncogenic cyst. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: Radiopedia)


MRI of the chest at the level of T1 demonstrating a broncogenic cyst. Case courtesy of Dr Kamel Mahmoud Alkhateeb (Picture courtesy: Radiopedia)


Ultrasound

ultrasound may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic cyst. Finding on an ultrasound suggestive of bronchogenic cyst include

Fetal Ultrasound (Picture courtesy: Fetalultrasound)


Fetal Ultrasound (Picture courtesy: Fetalultrasound)



Other Diagnostic Studies

Other diagnostic studies for bronchogenic cyst include:

Treatment

Surgery

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for bronchogenic cyst even when the patients are asymptomatic,[11]conservative approach is not approved.[36] Surgery is imperative with symptoms such as [2]

Most commonly used approaches for complete excision of bronchogenic cysts are[2][30][11][57]

Other procedures include

Complete surgical resection is curative.[6][51] Risk during surgery is usually low, complications include but are not limited to persistent air leak,[2] pulmonary and vascular compressions, vascular, pleural, tracheobronchial, pulmonary, mediastinal and diaphragmatic adhesions,[36] inflammatory stenosis,[55] and thrid degree heart block.[14]

Case Studies

Case#1


Template:WikiDoc Sources CME Category::Cardiology

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Maier HC (1948). "Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum". Ann Surg. 127 (3): 476–502. doi:10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010. PMC 1513836. PMID 17859095.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E (2003). "Bronchogenic cyst". Tex Heart Inst J. 30 (2): 105–8. PMC 161894. PMID 12809250.
  3. ↑ Nakagawa M, Hara M, Oshima H, Shibamoto Y, Sato Y, Kondo S; et al. (2008). "Pleural bronchogenic cysts: imaging findings". J Thorac Imaging. 23 (4): 284–8. doi:10.1097/RTI.0b013e318176b935. PMID 19204476.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B (2019). "A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 98 (30): e16650. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000016650. PMC 6709100 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31348319.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Xu Q, Feng Y, Ye K, Zhou Y, Zhan R (2015). "Bronchogenic cyst in left anterior cranial fossa". Neurology. 84 (11): 1181–2. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000001368. PMID 25780019.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T (2008). "Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations". Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 134 (11): 1165–9. doi:10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165. PMID 19015445.
  7. ↑ Kün-Darbois JD, Breheret R, Bizon A, Paré A, Laccourreye L (2015). "Bronchogenic cyst of the tip of the tongue: report of two cases". Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 132 (1): 49–51. doi:10.1016/j.anorl.2013.11.007. PMID 24993780.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Mega S (2015). "[Anterior Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst Associated with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ; Report of a Case]". Kyobu Geka. 68 (10): 871–3. PMID 26329634.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Wang W, Ni Y, Zhang L, Li X, Ke C, Lu Q; et al. (2012). "A case report of para-esophageal bronchogenic cyst with esophageal communication". J Cardiothorac Surg. 7: 94. doi:10.1186/1749-8090-7-94. PMC 3599576. PMID 23013612.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H; et al. (2007). "Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity". Z Gastroenterol. 45 (9): 958–60. doi:10.1055/s-2007-963069. PMID 17874358.
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M (2019). "Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation". BMC Gastroenterol. 19 (1): 155. doi:10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3. PMC 6714396 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31462259.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Miwa E, Tani T, Okada Y, Furukawa Y (2017). "A rare cardiac tumor: Bronchogenic cyst of interatrial septum". Echocardiography. 34 (3): 474–475. doi:10.1111/echo.13445. PMID 28139004.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Mesland JB, Gérard L, Van Caenegem O, Castanares-Zapatero D (2018). "Bronchogenic cyst infection presenting as pleuropericarditis". BMJ Case Rep. 2018. doi:10.1136/bcr-2018-225081. PMC 6011476. PMID 29895549.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Olsen M, Mitchell TA, Percival TJ, Helsel BS (2015). "Interatrial Bronchogenic Cyst Resection". Ann Thorac Surg. 100 (2): 709–11. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.10.025. PMID 26234845.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Gou Y, Wang Y, Fang H, Xu X, Yu W, Zhang K; et al. (2015). "Bronchogenic cyst in the hepatogastric ligament masquerading as an esophageal mesenchymal tumor: a case report". Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8 (11): 15307–11. PMC 4713671. PMID 26823885.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Legras A, Mordant P, Gibault L, Hernigou A, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M (2014). "[Diaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst: an exceptional location]". Rev Pneumol Clin. 70 (6): 357–61. doi:10.1016/j.pneumo.2014.05.002. PMID 25131363.
  17. ↑ Ikeda T, Nakano J, Sano T (2019). "[Intraphrenic Bronchogenic Cyst;Report of a Case]". Kyobu Geka. 72 (6): 477–479. PMID 31268025.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Chumakova M, Morris-Stiff G, Khachaturov V, Ibrahim S (2016). "Bronchogenic cyst arising from the crus of the left hemidiaphragm". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2015-213658. PMC 4840741. PMID 27068723.
  19. ↑ Han WG, Xue HD, Pan WD (2019). "[Bronchogenic Cyst of Stomach:Report of One Case]". Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 41 (4): 572–574. doi:10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.10798. PMID 31484624.
  20. ↑ Ruiz Molina I, Landauro Comesaña C, Solís García E, Cívico Amat V, Sánchez Quintana F (2019). "[Gastric bronchogenic cysts. An unusual location]". Rev Esp Patol. 52 (2): 117–119. doi:10.1016/j.patol.2017.12.003. PMID 30902375.
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 Zou MX, Hu JR, Kang YJ, Li J, Lv GH, She XL (2015). "Bronchogenic cyst of the conus medullaris with spinal cord tethering: a case report and review of the literature". Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8 (4): 3937–42. PMC 4466965. PMID 26097578.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 Lee HD, Han SH, Park SB, Ko Y, Lee KH (2017). "An intradural extramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the thoracolumbar spine: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (50): e9263. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000009263. PMC 5815783. PMID 29390371.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Candy N, Young A, Devadass A, Dean A, McMillen J, Trivedi R (2017). "Dual lumbar bronchogenic and arachnoid cyst presenting with sciatica and left foot drop". Acta Neurochir (Wien). 159 (10): 2029–2032. doi:10.1007/s00701-017-3284-z. PMID 28762109.
  24. ↑ Haddadin WJ, Reid R, Jindal RM (2001). "A retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: a rare cause of a mass in the adrenal region". J Clin Pathol. 54 (10): 801–2. doi:10.1136/jcp.54.10.801. PMC 1731290. PMID 11577133.
  25. ↑ Bulut G, Bulut MD, Bahadır I, Kotan Ç (2015). "Bronchogenic cyst mimicking an adrenal mass in the retroperitoneal region: report of a rare case". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 58 (1): 96–8. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.151200. PMID 25673605.
  26. ↑ Cao DH, Zheng S, Lv X, Yin R, Liu LR, Yang L; et al. (2014). "Multilocular bronchogenic cyst of the bilateral adrenal: report of a rare case and review of literature". Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 7 (6): 3418–22. PMC 4097272. PMID 25031770.
  27. ↑ Shin SS, Choi YD, Jun CH (2017). "An Incidental Pancreatic Mass in a Young Woman". Gastroenterology. 153 (1): e16–e17. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.044. PMID 28602758.
  28. ↑ Maly T, Mihal V, Michalkova K, Tichy T, Neoral C, Zonca P (2014). "Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: prenatal diagnosis of cystoid formation, its progression and surgery". Bratisl Lek Listy. 115 (2): 98–100. doi:10.4149/bll_2014_021. PMID 24601704.
  29. ↑ Liu L, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Si L (2013). "Perianal bronchogenic cyst: a report of two cases". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 56 (4): 411–2. doi:10.4103/0377-4929.125355. PMID 24441234.
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 30.12 30.13 30.14 30.15 30.16 30.17 30.18 30.19 Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J; et al. (2016). "A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance". Medicine (Baltimore). 95 (11): e3111. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003111. PMC 4839937. PMID 26986156.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 "StatPearls". 2020. PMID 30725658.
  32. ↑ Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G (1975). "Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes". Biochem Pharmacol. 24 (17): 1639–41. PMID https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 Check |pmid= value (help).
  33. ↑ Suda K, Sueyoshi R, Okawada M, Koga H, Lane GJ, Yamataka A; et al. (2015). "Completely intramural bronchogenic cyst of the cervical esophagus in a neonate". Pediatr Surg Int. 31 (7): 683–7. doi:10.1007/s00383-015-3720-1. PMID 26002606.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH (1996). "Bronchogenic cysts of the lung". Ann Thorac Surg. 61 (6): 1636–40. doi:10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5. PMID 8651761.
  35. ↑ Mehta RP, Faquin WC, Cunningham MJ (2004). "Cervical bronchogenic cysts: a consideration in the differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical cystic masses". Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 68 (5): 563–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.12.015. PMID 15081229.
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T (1996). "Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment". Eur Respir J. 9 (10): 2017–21. doi:10.1183/09031936.96.09102017. PMID 8902460.
  37. ↑ Kuhajda I, Zarogoulidis K, Tsirgogianni K, Tsavlis D, Kioumis I, Kosmidis C; et al. (2015). "Lung abscess-etiology, diagnostic and treatment options". Ann Transl Med. 3 (13): 183. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.07.08. PMC 4543327. PMID 26366400.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Juanpere S, Cañete N, Ortuño P, Martínez S, Sanchez G, Bernado L (2013). "A diagnostic approach to the mediastinal masses". Insights Imaging. 4 (1): 29–52. doi:10.1007/s13244-012-0201-0. PMC 3579993. PMID 23225215.
  39. ↑ Liu R, Adler DG (2014). "Duplication cysts: Diagnosis, management, and the role of endoscopic ultrasound". Endosc Ultrasound. 3 (3): 152–60. doi:10.4103/2303-9027.138783. PMC 4145475. PMID 25184121.
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S (2000). "Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation". Radiology. 217 (2): 441–6. doi:10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv19441. PMID 11058643.
  41. ↑ Limaïem F, Ayadi-Kaddour A, Djilani H, Kilani T, El Mezni F (2008). "Pulmonary and mediastinal bronchogenic cysts: a clinicopathologic study of 33 cases". Lung. 186 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1007/s00408-007-9056-4. PMID 18064522.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Makhija Z, Moir CR, Allen MS, Cassivi SD, Deschamps C, Nichols FC; et al. (2011). "Surgical management of congenital cystic lung malformations in older patients". Ann Thorac Surg. 91 (5): 1568–73, discussion 1573. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.01.080. PMID 21420068.
  43. ↑ Lardinois D, Gugger M, Ris HB (1999). "Bronchogenic cyst of the left lower lobe associated with severe hemoptysis". Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 16 (3): 382–3. doi:10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00226-2. PMID 10554866.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 Yildiz H, Reichwein R, Poncelet A, Lacroix V, D'abadie P, Ghaye B; et al. (2019). "An unusual case of cardiac tamponade: Bronchogenic cyst infection due to Salmonella bredeney". J Infect Chemother. 25 (2): 151–153. doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2018.07.012. PMID 30098916.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 DiBardino DM, Brenner K (2017). "Bronchogenic Cyst Abscess". J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 24 (3): 31–32. doi:10.1097/LBR.0000000000000375. PMID 28696968.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Chen F, Marx S, Zhang C, Cao J, Yu Y, Chen D (2019). "Intramedullary bronchogenic cyst in the foramen magnum region accompanied with syringomyelia: A case report and literature review". Medicine (Baltimore). 98 (5): e14353. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000014353. PMC 6380722. PMID 30702626.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Khawar M, Elmahrouk A, Chaikhouni A (2016). "Air embolism during air flight in a passenger with bronchogenic cyst". J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 152 (1): e1–2. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.014. PMID 26969135.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Hayabuchi Y, Sakata M, Kagami S (2015). "Bronchogenic cyst compressing the pulmonary artery and the left atrium". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 16 (7): 746. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jev059. PMID 25750196.
  49. ↑ Parsons C, Zhao CB, Huang J (2019). "Gigantic Pericardial Bronchogenic Cyst Compressing Superior Vena Cava and Coronary Artery". Anesthesiology. 131 (3): 667. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000002739. PMID 31008767.
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Blesneac C, Horvath E, Muntean I, Benedek T, Toganel R (2018). "Intracardiac bronchogenic cyst associated with ventricular septal defect: an extremely rare feature in children". Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 19 (9): 1074. doi:10.1093/ehjci/jey078. PMID 29897508.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Ramenofsky ML, Leape LL, McCauley RG (1979). "Bronchogenic cyst". J Pediatr Surg. 14 (3): 219–24. doi:10.1016/s0022-3468(79)80474-1. PMID 480084.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Jiang JH, Yen SL, Lee SY, Chuang JH (2015). "Differences in the distribution and presentation of bronchogenic cysts between adults and children". J Pediatr Surg. 50 (3): 399–401. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2014.06.008. PMID 25746696.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 53.4 Hsu CG, Heller M, Johnston GS, Felberbaum M (2017). "An Unusual Cause of Airway Compromise in the Emergency Department: Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst". J Emerg Med. 52 (3): e91–e93. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2016.11.004. PMID 27986331.
  54. ↑ Lin JS, Yu YR, Chiou EH, Chumpitazi BP, Schady DA, Brandt ML (2017). "Intramural esophageal bronchogenic cyst mimicking achalasia in a toddler". Pediatr Surg Int. 33 (1): 119–123. doi:10.1007/s00383-016-3994-y. PMID 27822780.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Thaller P, Blanchet C, Badr M, Mesnage R, Leboucq N, Mondain M; et al. (2015). "Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome revealing a cervical bronchogenic cyst: a case report". BMC Pediatr. 15: 72. doi:10.1186/s12887-015-0363-2. PMC 4491209. PMID 26112048.
  56. ↑ Brugha R, Semple T, Cook J, Dusmet M, Rosenthal M (2018). "Two Bronchogenic Cysts Causing Tracheal Stenosis in an Infant". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 197 (2): 261–262. doi:10.1164/rccm.201708-1611IM. PMID 29099998.
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 57.4 Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C (2019). "A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest". Chest. 155 (3): e65–e68. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035. PMID 30846076.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 Atoini F, Ouarssani A, Ouadnouni Y, Smahi M (2016). "Unusual mode of presentation of intrathoracic bronchogenic cyst: A double location". Respir Med Case Rep. 17: 12–6. doi:10.1016/j.rmcr.2015.10.001. PMC 4821250. PMID 27222776.
  59. ↑ Nachef Z, Harris K, Dhillon SS (2018). "Bronchogenic Cyst: Fluid-thrill Sign on Endobronchial Ultrasound". J Bronchology Interv Pulmonol. 25 (3): 224–227. doi:10.1097/LBR.0000000000000473. PMID 29389833.
  60. ↑ Wang M, He X, Qiu X, Tian C, Li J, Lv M (2017). "Retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst resembling an adrenal tumor with high levels of serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 96 (31): e7678. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007678. PMC 5626148. PMID 28767594.
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Chen TJ, Liao CH, Shen TC (2018). "Bronchogenic cyst". QJM. 111 (12): 905. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcy140. PMID 29939368.
  62. ↑ Jung HS, Kim DK, Lee GD, Sim HJ, Choi SH, Kim HR; et al. (2014). "Video-assisted thoracic surgery for bronchogenic cysts: is this the surgical approach of choice?". Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 19 (5): 824–9. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivu228. PMID 25038917.
  63. ↑ Cohn JR, Wechsler R, Zawid J, Brodovsky HS (1987). "Resolution of a mediastinal cyst by transtracheal needle aspiration". Pa Med. 90 (3): 64, 66. PMID 3562032.
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