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== Overview ==
== Overview ==


== Diagnostic Study of Choice ==
== Diagnostic Criteria ==
The diagnosis of [[personality disorder]] is intricate as most patients present with symptoms related to [[depression]] and [[anxiety]], and many times, two or more personality disorders co-exist. Also, an overlap in certain personality characteristics among different personality disorders. Therefore, the diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a specific criterion after a complete evaluation of [[cognitive]], behavioral, interpersonal, and social features in an individual.


=== Study of choice ===
*In [[DSM-5]], the following criteria must be met:
[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of [disease name].
**A persistent and enduring pattern of behavior and traits that do not comply with one's culture involving  2 of the following: [[cognition]] (ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, or events), [[affectivity]] (degree or range of a person's emotional response), [[interpersonal functioning]] and [[impulse]] control. 
**This maladaptive pattern causes significant distress and impaired responses in social, occupational, and other areas.
**The onset is in early adolescence or early adulthood, and hence, the duration of symptoms is long.
**The symptoms should be present for greater than one year if age is less than 18 years, and for [[antisocial]] PD, age should be greater than 18 years.
**The symptomatology cannot be explained with any other [[psychological]] or [[neurological]] abnormality, and [[substance abuse disorders]] have been ruled out.
*In [[ICD-10]], World Health Organization (WHO) lists the following criteria:
**The deeply engrained and enduring pattern of behavioral tendencies in various aspects of personality, including [[affectivity]], [[impulse control]], [[arousal]], [[perception ]] and [[thinking]], and style of relating to others, producing personal and social disruption.
**The PDs may co-exist with other [[mental disorders]]; however, the behavior is continuous and not limited to episodes of mental illness.
**The inflexible attitude started in adolescence or early adulthood and diagnosed later in life.
**It is of long duration and follows a stable course.
**The symptoms are responsible for considerable personal distress and significant [[social impairment]]. <ref name="urlrepository.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id">{{cite web |url=http://repository.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id/657/1/Diagnostic%20and%20statistical%20manual%20of%20mental%20disorders%20_%20DSM-5%20%28%20PDFDrive.com%20%29.pdf |title=repository.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


OR
At least 3 of these criteria must be met, and [[ICD-10]] adds that 'for different cultures, it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regards to social norms, rules, and obligations.'<ref name="urlwww.who.int">{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf |title=www.who.int |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
 
The following result of [gold standard test] is confirmatory of [disease name]:
* [Result 1]
* [Result 2]
 
OR
 
[Name of the investigation] must be performed when:
* The patient presents with [symptom/sign 1], [symptom/sign 2], and [symptom/sign 3].
* A [name of test] is positive for [sign 1], [sign 2], and [sign 3] in the patient.
 
OR
 
[Name of the investigation] is the gold standard test for the diagnosis of [disease name].
 
OR
 
The diagnostic study of choice for [disease name] is [name of the investigation].
 
OR
 
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [disease name].
 
OR
 
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for the diagnosis of [disease name], but [disease name] can be diagnosed based on [name of the investigation 1] and [name of the investigation 2].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] is primarily diagnosed based on the clinical presentation.
 
OR
 
Investigations:
* Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most specific test for the diagnosis.
* Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most sensitive test for diagnosis.
* Among the patients who present with clinical signs of [disease name], the [investigation name] is the most efficient test for diagnosis.
 
==== The comparison of various diagnostic studies for [disease name] ====
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | Test
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Sensitivity
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Specificity
|-
! style="background: #696969; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Test 1
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
|-
! style="background: #696969; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" |Test 2
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |...%
|}
<small> [Name of test with higher sensitivity and specificity] is the preferred investigation based on the sensitivity and specificity</small>
 
===== Diagnostic results =====
The following finding(s) on performing [investigation name] is(are) confirmatory for [disease name]:
* [Finding 1]
* [Finding 2]
 
===== Sequence of Diagnostic Studies =====
The [name of investigation] must be performed when:
* The patient presented with symptoms/signs 1, 2, and 3 as the first step of diagnosis.
* A positive [test] is detected in the patient, to confirm the diagnosis.
 
OR
 
The various investigations must be performed in the following order:
* [Initial investigation]
* [2nd investigation]
 
=== Name of Diagnostic Criteria ===
 
'''It is recommended that you include the criteria in a table. Make sure you always cite the source of the content and whether the table has been adapted from another source.'''
 
[Disease name] is primarily diagnosed based on clinical presentation. There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].
 
OR
 
There is no single diagnostic study of choice for [disease name], though [disease name] may be diagnosed based on [name of criteria] established by [...].
 
OR
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
 
OR
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
 
OR
 
[Disease name] may be diagnosed at any time if one or more of the following criteria are met:
* Criteria 1
* Criteria 2
* Criteria 3
 
OR
 
'''IF there are clear, established diagnostic criteria'''
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is made when at least [number] of the following [number] diagnostic criteria are met: [criterion 1], [criterion 2], [criterion 3], and [criterion 4].
 
OR
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [criteria name] criteria, which include [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
 
OR
 
The diagnosis of [disease name] is based on the [definition name] definition, which includes [criterion 1], [criterion 2], and [criterion 3].
 
OR
 
'''IF there are no established diagnostic criteria'''
 
There are no established criteria for the diagnosis of [disease name].


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:42, 29 June 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ayesha Anwar, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnosis of personality disorder is intricate as most patients present with symptoms related to depression and anxiety, and many times, two or more personality disorders co-exist. Also, an overlap in certain personality characteristics among different personality disorders. Therefore, the diagnosis of a personality disorder requires a specific criterion after a complete evaluation of cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal, and social features in an individual.

  • In DSM-5, the following criteria must be met:
    • A persistent and enduring pattern of behavior and traits that do not comply with one's culture involving  2 of the following: cognition (ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, or events), affectivity (degree or range of a person's emotional response), interpersonal functioning and impulse control.
    • This maladaptive pattern causes significant distress and impaired responses in social, occupational, and other areas.
    • The onset is in early adolescence or early adulthood, and hence, the duration of symptoms is long.
    • The symptoms should be present for greater than one year if age is less than 18 years, and for antisocial PD, age should be greater than 18 years.
    • The symptomatology cannot be explained with any other psychological or neurological abnormality, and substance abuse disorders have been ruled out.
  • In ICD-10, World Health Organization (WHO) lists the following criteria:
    • The deeply engrained and enduring pattern of behavioral tendencies in various aspects of personality, including affectivity, impulse control, arousal, perception and thinking, and style of relating to others, producing personal and social disruption.
    • The PDs may co-exist with other mental disorders; however, the behavior is continuous and not limited to episodes of mental illness.
    • The inflexible attitude started in adolescence or early adulthood and diagnosed later in life.
    • It is of long duration and follows a stable course.
    • The symptoms are responsible for considerable personal distress and significant social impairment. [1]

At least 3 of these criteria must be met, and ICD-10 adds that 'for different cultures, it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regards to social norms, rules, and obligations.'[2]

References

  1. ↑ "repository.poltekkes-kaltim.ac.id" (PDF).
  2. ↑ "www.who.int" (PDF).

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