Postoperative atrial fibrillation: Difference between revisions

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| colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#ABCDEF" | Conduction
| colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#ABCDEF" | Conduction
|-
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| <small>Sinus rhythm</small> [[Image:Heart conduct sinus.gif|none|230px]]
| <small>Sinus rhythm</small> [[Image:Heart conduct sinus.gif|none|75px]]
| <small>Atrial fibrillation</small> [[Image:Heart conduct atrialfib.gif|none|230px]]  
| <small>Atrial fibrillation</small> [[Image:Heart conduct atrialfib.gif|none|100px]]  
|}
|}
{{Infobox_Disease |
{{Infobox_Disease |
   Name          = Atrihttp://miles.wikidoc.org/skins/common/images/button_bold.pngal fibrillation |
   Name          = |
   Image          = SinusRhythmLabels.png |
   Image          =  |
   Caption        = The P waves, which represent depolarization of the atria, are irregular or absent during atrial fibrillation. |
   Caption        = |
   DiseasesDB    = 1065 |
   DiseasesDB    = 1065 |
   ICD10          = {{ICD10|I|48||i|30}} |
   ICD10          = {{ICD10|I|48||i|30}} |
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   OMIM          = |
   OMIM          = |
   MedlinePlus    = 000184 |
   MedlinePlus    = 000184 |
   eMedicineSubj  = med |
   eMedicineSubj  = |
   eMedicineTopic = 184 |
   eMedicineTopic = |
   eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|46}} |  
   eMedicine_mult = |  
}}
}}
{{SI}}
{{Atrial fibrillation}}
{{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]
{{CMG}}


'''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
'''''Synonyms and related keywords:''''' AF, Afib, fib
 
{{Editor Join}}
 
'''Synonyms and related keywords''': AF, Afib, fib


==Overview==
==Overview==
The incidence of [[atrial fibrillation]] post-[[CABG]] is between 20% and 50%.<ref name="pmid2502088">Soria R, Guize L, Chretien JM, Le Heuzey JY, Lavergne T, Desnos M et al. (1989) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2502088 [The natural history of 270 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a survey of the general population].] ''Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss'' 82 (3):331-6. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2502088 2502088]</ref><ref name="pmid8379728">Creswell LL, Schuessler RB, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL (1993) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8379728 Hazards of postoperative atrial arrhythmias.] ''Ann Thorac Surg'' 56 (3):539-49. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/8379728 8379728]</ref><ref name="pmid1682069">Andrews TC, Reimold SC, Berlin JA, Antman EM (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1682069 Prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials.] ''Circulation'' 84 (5 Suppl):III236-44. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1682069 1682069]</ref> '''Predictors''' of post-operative [[AF]] include advanced age, history of [[COPD]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[left atrial enlargement]], peri-operative [[heart failure]] and discontinuation of either [[beta blocker]] or [[ACEIs|ACE inhibitors]] before or after surgery,<ref name="pmid15082699">Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, Ramsay J, Duke P, Mazer CD et al. (2004) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15082699 A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery.] ''JAMA'' 291 (14):1720-9. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.14.1720 DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1720] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/15082699 15082699]</ref> [[pericarditis]] <ref name="pmid3489405">Dixon FE, Genton E, Vacek JL, Moore CB, Landry J (1986) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3489405 Factors predisposing to supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass grafting.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 58 (6):476-8. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3489405 3489405]</ref> and elevated postoperative adrenergic tone. '''Paroxysmal form''' of [[AF]] is common post-operatively and is usually self-limiting with sinus rhythm resuming by 6-8 weeks post-surgery in more than 90% of patients.<ref name="pmid11270698">Kowey PR, Stebbins D, Igidbashian L, Goldman SM, Sutter FP, Rials SJ et al. (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11270698 Clinical outcome of patients who develop PAF after CABG surgery.] ''Pacing Clin Electrophysiol'' 24 (2):191-3. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/11270698 11270698]</ref> Pre-treatment with either [[digoxin]] or [[verapamil]] has not shown to prevent postoperative [[AF]].<ref name="pmid1682069">Andrews TC, Reimold SC, Berlin JA, Antman EM (1991) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1682069 Prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials.] ''Circulation'' 84 (5 Suppl):III236-44. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1682069 1682069]</ref><ref name="pmid1347966">Kowey PR, Taylor JE, Rials SJ, Marinchak RA (1992) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1347966 Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of prophylactic drug therapy in preventing supraventricular arrhythmia early after coronary artery bypass grafting.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 69 (9):963-5. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/1347966 1347966]</ref><ref name="pmid10440142">Podrid PJ (1999) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10440142 Prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: what is the best approach?] ''J Am Coll Cardiol'' 34 (2):340-2. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/10440142 10440142]</ref> In hemodynamically unstable patients, '''AV nodal blocking agents''' such as [[Beta blocker|short-acting beta-blockers]], [[CCB|nondihydropyridine CCBs]] or intravenous [[amiodarone]] <ref name="pmid9514456">Clemo HF, Wood MA, Gilligan DM, Ellenbogen KA (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9514456 Intravenous amiodarone for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 81 (5):594-8. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/9514456 9514456]</ref> has shown to improve hemodynamics in patients with post-operative [[AF]]. Post-[[CABG]], there is an increased '''risk of [[stroke]]'''; hence, [[heparin]] or [[anticoagulation|oral anticoagulation]] may be appropriate if post-op [[AF]] persists for longer than 48-hours.<ref name="pmid3263571">Reed GL, Singer DE, Picard EH, DeSanctis RW (1988) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3263571 Stroke following coronary-artery bypass surgery. A case-control estimate of the risk from carotid bruits.] ''N Engl J Med'' 319 (19):1246-50. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198811103191903 DOI:10.1056/NEJM198811103191903] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3263571 3263571]</ref><ref name="pmid3661408">Taylor GJ, Malik SA, Colliver JA, Dove JT, Moses HW, Mikell FL et al. (1987) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3661408 Usefulness of atrial fibrillation as a predictor of stroke after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting.] ''Am J Cardiol'' 60 (10):905-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/3661408 3661408]</ref> 


==ACC / AHA Guidelines- Postoperative AF (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="Fuster"> Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation- Executive Summary: executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidlines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006; 114: 700-752. PMID 16908781 </ref>==
==ACCF/AHA/HRS 2011 Guidelines- Postoperative AF (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid16908781">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16908781 ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 114 (7):e257-354. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16908781 16908781]</ref><ref name="pmid21382897">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21382897 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.] ''Circulation'' 123 (10):e269-367. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/21382897 21382897]</ref>==
{{cquote|
{{cquote|
===Class I===
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]===
1. Unless contraindicated, treatment with an oral [[beta blocker]] to prevent postoperative [[AF]] is recommended for patients undergoing [[cardiac surgery]]. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
'''1.''' Unless contraindicated, treatment with an oral [[beta blocker]] to prevent postoperative [[AF]] is recommended for patients undergoing [[cardiac surgery]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''


2. Administration of AV nodal blocking agents is recommended to achieve rate control in patients who develop postoperative [[AF]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
'''2.''' Administration of AV nodal blocking agents is recommended to achieve rate control in patients who develop postoperative [[AF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''


===Class IIa===
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]===
1. Preoperative administration of [[amiodarone]]] reduces the incidence of [[AF]] in patients undergoing [[cardiac surgery]] and represents appropriate prophylactic therapy for patients at high risk for postoperative [[AF]]. ''(Level of Evidence: A)''
'''1.''' Preoperative administration of [[amiodarone]]] reduces the incidence of [[AF]] in patients undergoing [[cardiac surgery]] and represents appropriate prophylactic therapy for patients at high risk for postoperative [[AF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''


2. It is reasonable to restore [[sinus rhythm]] by pharmacological [[cardioversion]] with [[ibutilide]] or [[direct current cardioversion]] in patients who develop postoperative [[AF]] as advised for nonsurgical patients. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
'''2.''' It is reasonable to restore [[sinus rhythm]] by pharmacological [[cardioversion]] with [[ibutilide]] or [[direct current cardioversion]] in patients who develop postoperative [[AF]] as advised for nonsurgical patients. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''


3. It is reasonable to administer [[antiarrhythmic medications]] in an attempt to maintain [[sinus rhythm]] in patients with recurrent or refractory postoperative [[AF]], as recommended for other patients who develop [[AF]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
'''3.''' It is reasonable to administer [[antiarrhythmic medications]] in an attempt to maintain [[sinus rhythm]] in patients with recurrent or refractory postoperative [[AF]], as recommended for other patients who develop [[AF]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''


4. It is reasonable to administer [[antithrombotic medication]] in patients who develop postoperative [[AF]], as recommended for nonsurgical patients. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''
'''4.''' It is reasonable to administer [[antithrombotic medication]] in patients who develop postoperative [[AF]], as recommended for nonsurgical patients. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
    
    
===Class IIb===
===[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]===
1. Prophylactic administration of [[sotalol]] may be considered for patients at risk of developing [[AF]] following [[cardiac surgery]]. ''(Level of Evidence: B)''}}
'''1.''' Prophylactic administration of [[sotalol]] may be considered for patients at risk of developing [[AF]] following [[cardiac surgery]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''}}


==See Also==
==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
* [[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation | The AF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]
* [[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation | The AF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]


==Sources==
==Guideline Resources==
* The ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation <ref name="Fuster"> Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, Halperin JL, Le Heuzey JY, Kay GN, Lowe JE, Olsson SB, Prystowsky EN, Tamargo JL, Wann S. ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation- Executive Summary: executive summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidlines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): Developed in Collaboration With the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2006; 114: 700-752. PMID 16908781 </ref>
*[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/48/4/e149.pdf ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation] <ref name="pmid16908781">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16908781 ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 114 (7):e257-354. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16908781 16908781]</ref>
 
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/123/10/e269.full.pdf 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation] <ref name="pmid21382897">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21382897 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.] ''Circulation'' 123 (10):e269-367. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/21382897 21382897]</ref>
 
*[http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/117/8/1101.full.pdf ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter] <ref name="pmid18283199">Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18283199 ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 117 (8):1101-20. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/18283199 18283199]</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
==Further Readings==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, et al (2006). "ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation 114 (7): e257-354. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292. PMID 16908781.
* Estes NAM 3rd, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS, McNamara RL, Messer JV, Ritchie JL, Romeo SJW, Waldo AL, Wyse DG. ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with non valvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation). Circulation 2008; 117:1101–1120
{{refend}}
{{Electrocardiography}}
{{Circulatory system pathology}}
{{SIB}}


[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]

Revision as of 15:00, 30 October 2011

Conduction
Sinus rhythm
Atrial fibrillation
'
ICD-10 I48
ICD-9 427.31
DiseasesDB 1065
MedlinePlus 000184

Atrial Fibrillation Microchapters

Home

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Postoperative AF
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Synonyms and related keywords: AF, Afib, fib

Overview

The incidence of atrial fibrillation post-CABG is between 20% and 50%.[1][2][3] Predictors of post-operative AF include advanced age, history of COPD, valvular heart disease, left atrial enlargement, peri-operative heart failure and discontinuation of either beta blocker or ACE inhibitors before or after surgery,[4] pericarditis [5] and elevated postoperative adrenergic tone. Paroxysmal form of AF is common post-operatively and is usually self-limiting with sinus rhythm resuming by 6-8 weeks post-surgery in more than 90% of patients.[6] Pre-treatment with either digoxin or verapamil has not shown to prevent postoperative AF.[3][7][8] In hemodynamically unstable patients, AV nodal blocking agents such as short-acting beta-blockers, nondihydropyridine CCBs or intravenous amiodarone [9] has shown to improve hemodynamics in patients with post-operative AF. Post-CABG, there is an increased risk of stroke; hence, heparin or oral anticoagulation may be appropriate if post-op AF persists for longer than 48-hours.[10][11]

ACCF/AHA/HRS 2011 Guidelines- Postoperative AF (DO NOT EDIT) [12][13]

“

Class I

1. Unless contraindicated, treatment with an oral beta blocker to prevent postoperative AF is recommended for patients undergoing cardiac surgery. (Level of Evidence: A)

2. Administration of AV nodal blocking agents is recommended to achieve rate control in patients who develop postoperative AF. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. Preoperative administration of amiodarone] reduces the incidence of AF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and represents appropriate prophylactic therapy for patients at high risk for postoperative AF. (Level of Evidence: A)

2. It is reasonable to restore sinus rhythm by pharmacological cardioversion with ibutilide or direct current cardioversion in patients who develop postoperative AF as advised for nonsurgical patients. (Level of Evidence: B)

3. It is reasonable to administer antiarrhythmic medications in an attempt to maintain sinus rhythm in patients with recurrent or refractory postoperative AF, as recommended for other patients who develop AF. (Level of Evidence: B)

4. It is reasonable to administer antithrombotic medication in patients who develop postoperative AF, as recommended for nonsurgical patients. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

1. Prophylactic administration of sotalol may be considered for patients at risk of developing AF following cardiac surgery. (Level of Evidence: B)

”

Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines

Guideline Resources

References

  1. ↑ Soria R, Guize L, Chretien JM, Le Heuzey JY, Lavergne T, Desnos M et al. (1989) [The natural history of 270 cases of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a survey of the general population.] Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 82 (3):331-6. PMID: 2502088
  2. ↑ Creswell LL, Schuessler RB, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL (1993) Hazards of postoperative atrial arrhythmias. Ann Thorac Surg 56 (3):539-49. PMID: 8379728
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Andrews TC, Reimold SC, Berlin JA, Antman EM (1991) Prevention of supraventricular arrhythmias after coronary artery bypass surgery. A meta-analysis of randomized control trials. Circulation 84 (5 Suppl):III236-44. PMID: 1682069
  4. ↑ Mathew JP, Fontes ML, Tudor IC, Ramsay J, Duke P, Mazer CD et al. (2004) A multicenter risk index for atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. JAMA 291 (14):1720-9. DOI:10.1001/jama.291.14.1720 PMID: 15082699
  5. ↑ Dixon FE, Genton E, Vacek JL, Moore CB, Landry J (1986) Factors predisposing to supraventricular tachyarrhythmias after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 58 (6):476-8. PMID: 3489405
  6. ↑ Kowey PR, Stebbins D, Igidbashian L, Goldman SM, Sutter FP, Rials SJ et al. (2001) Clinical outcome of patients who develop PAF after CABG surgery. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 24 (2):191-3. PMID: 11270698
  7. ↑ Kowey PR, Taylor JE, Rials SJ, Marinchak RA (1992) Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of prophylactic drug therapy in preventing supraventricular arrhythmia early after coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 69 (9):963-5. PMID: 1347966
  8. ↑ Podrid PJ (1999) Prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation: what is the best approach? J Am Coll Cardiol 34 (2):340-2. PMID: 10440142
  9. ↑ Clemo HF, Wood MA, Gilligan DM, Ellenbogen KA (1998) Intravenous amiodarone for acute heart rate control in the critically ill patient with atrial tachyarrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 81 (5):594-8. PMID: 9514456
  10. ↑ Reed GL, Singer DE, Picard EH, DeSanctis RW (1988) Stroke following coronary-artery bypass surgery. A case-control estimate of the risk from carotid bruits. N Engl J Med 319 (19):1246-50. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198811103191903 PMID: 3263571
  11. ↑ Taylor GJ, Malik SA, Colliver JA, Dove JT, Moses HW, Mikell FL et al. (1987) Usefulness of atrial fibrillation as a predictor of stroke after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 60 (10):905-7. PMID: 3661408
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114 (7):e257-354. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 PMID: 16908781
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123 (10):e269-367. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d PMID: 21382897
  14. ↑ Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 117 (8):1101-20. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 PMID: 18283199

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