Barre lieou: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The "Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome of Barre-Lieou consists of headache, neck pain, blurred vision, tinnitus, dysphagia and paresthesias. It felt to be due to a traction injury of the posterior cervical sympathetic chain in association with musculoskeletal injury of the head or neck. | The "Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome of Barre-Lieou consists of headache, neck pain, blurred vision, tinnitus, dysphagia and paresthesias. It is felt to be due to a traction injury of the posterior cervical sympathetic chain in association with musculoskeletal injury of the head or neck. Barre Lieou syndrome is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This means that Barre Lieou syndrome, or a subtype of Barre Lieou syndrome, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population. | ||
==History and nomenclature== | ==History and nomenclature== | ||
In 1925 Jean Alexandre Barre, M.D., a French Neurologist described a syndrome consisting cervicogenic headache in association with ringing in the ears, blurred vision, trouble | In 1925 Jean Alexandre Barre, M.D., a French Neurologist described a syndrome consisting cervicogenic headache in association with ringing in the ears, blurred vision, trouble swallowing and vertigo. The majority of these symptoms were thought to be due to over activity in the posterior cervical sympathetic nervous system (a group of nerves located near the vertebrae in the neck). | ||
The syndrome was again described in 1928 by Yong-Choen Lieou, a Chinese physician. In 1947 Louis Gayral published "Oto-neuro-opthalomologic Manifestations of Cervical Origin" in The Lancet. The article was subtitled the "Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome of Barre-Lieou" and the name Barre-lieou for the syndrome has been popularized ever since. | The syndrome was again described in 1928 by Yong-Choen Lieou, a Chinese physician. In 1947 Louis Gayral published "Oto-neuro-opthalomologic Manifestations of Cervical Origin" in The Lancet. The article was subtitled the "Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome of Barre-Lieou" and the name Barre-lieou for the syndrome has been popularized ever since. | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
The Posterior Cervical Sympathetic chain is an extension of the proximal sympathetic chain in the neck. While many mechanisms of injury to the neck have been described, traumatic flexion-extension | The Posterior Cervical Sympathetic chain is an extension of the proximal sympathetic chain in the neck. While many mechanisms of injury to the neck have been described, traumatic flexion-extension movement is a common source of Barre-Lieou. Essentially anything that can cause disease or injury to the head and neck can be a perpetrator, however. Other examples include gunshot wounds, infection and immuno-inflammatory disorders. | ||
==Symptoms== | ==Symptoms== | ||
The identifying factors that distinguish Barre-Lieou from other injuries of the head and neck include involvement of the autonomic nervous system. The most | The identifying factors that distinguish Barre-Lieou from other injuries of the head and neck include involvement of the autonomic nervous system. The most commonly described symptoms include tinnitus, vertigo (dizziness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, tearing of the eyes and sinus congestion however other symptoms may also include swelling on one side of the face, localized cyanosis (bluish color) of the face, facial numbness, hoarseness, shoulder pain, dysesthesias (pins and needles sensations) of the hands & forearms, muscle weakness and fatigue. | ||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Sympathetic Skin Response studies ([[Thermography]]) are an excellent diagnostic tool for Barre- Lieou [http://wehelpwhathurts.homestead.com/barrelieou.html]. Sympathetic Skin Response studies are a fractal measurement of galvonic impedance. Since both vasomotor and sudomotor physiology is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, assymetry patterns (reduced galvonic impedance or cold regions) in facial structures, especially when seen in association with localized hot spots in the ipsilateral omohyoid or nuchal ligament. | Sympathetic Skin Response studies ([[Thermography]]) are an excellent diagnostic tool for Barre- Lieou [http://wehelpwhathurts.homestead.com/barrelieou.html]. Sympathetic Skin Response studies are a fractal measurement of galvonic impedance. Since both vasomotor and sudomotor physiology is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, assymetry patterns (reduced galvonic impedance or cold regions) in facial structures, especially when seen in association with localized hot spots in the ipsilateral omohyoid or nuchal ligament. | ||
Other diagnostic techniques are dependent upon clinical response to treatment of the underling disorder. Sphenopalatine ganglion or Superior Cervical Sympathetic ganglion blocks can provide dramatic relief. If a C23 interspinous ligament strain is the underlying generator then local injection at that local can be curative. | |||
==Treatment== | |||
Many of the same injections (Sphenopalatine ganglion or Superior Cervical Sympathetic ganglion blocks) used for diagnosis are also used for treatment. Using a hit or miss approach to treatment by selecting a particular block based upon symptoms alone is far less effective then block selection based upon objective findings with Sympathetic Skin Response studies ([[Thermography]]) however. In addition to employing sympathetic block, treating the underlying source, or generator of sympathetic response, can be curative [http://robertgschwartz.homestead.com/page8.html]. | |||
[[Prolotherapy]] can be very effective in treating the underlying source, especially if the sympathetic response is due to underlying ligament strain (such as the nuchal ligament, C23 interspinous ligament) or tendinosis (especially at the nuchal ligament). As with all sympathetic pain syndromes, it is best to block above the sympathetic response and to do so before trying to treat the underlying source. | |||
Medications by mouth, including muscle relaxers, NSAID's, analgesics and hypnotics are often helpful, however due to the autonomic manifestations seen with Barre- Lieou vasoactive agents such as clonidine, oral magnesium supplements or Epsom salts baths can often be even more effective. | |||
Restorative therapy, including the use of physical agents such as electrical stimulation, TENS and ultrasound, are helpful adjunct treatments. Stretching what is tight and reeducating what is weak are often more helpful then exercise directed toward strengthening. | |||
==Prognosis== | |||
For most cases the prognosis is good, however recalcitrant cases of Barre-lieou are common place. There is a tendency for symptoms to improve over time, but it can take years. More severe cases are disabling and less severe cases just a detractor to quality of life. With proper care and treatment symptoms do frequently respond more quickly then without treatment, so like other sympathetic pain syndromes aggressive care is recommended. | |||
==Similar disorders== | |||
[[CRPS]], [[RSD]], Vasomotor migraine, Cluster headaches, Atypcial facial pain and certain cases of TMJ can produce similar symptoms. When they do it is essentially a result of autonomic involvement. | |||
==External links== | |||
* [http://www.robertgschwartz.homestead.com Piedmontpmr.com] | |||
* [http://wehelpwhathurts.homestead.com/barrelieou.html Barre-Lieou] | |||
* [http://www.caringmedical.com/conditions/Barre-Lieou_Syndrome.htm Barre-Lieou Syndrome] | |||
* [http://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/SiteSearch.aspx?usterms=barre%20lieou NIH] | |||
{{SIB}} | {{SIB}} | ||
Revision as of 23:52, 8 August 2009
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Editor-In-Chief: Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [1], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.
Please Join in Editing This Page and Apply to be an Editor-In-Chief for this topic: There can be one or more than one Editor-In-Chief. You may also apply to be an Associate Editor-In-Chief of one of the subtopics below. Please mail us [2] to indicate your interest in serving either as an Editor-In-Chief of the entire topic or as an Associate Editor-In-Chief for a subtopic. Please be sure to attach your CV and or biographical sketch.
Overview
The "Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome of Barre-Lieou consists of headache, neck pain, blurred vision, tinnitus, dysphagia and paresthesias. It is felt to be due to a traction injury of the posterior cervical sympathetic chain in association with musculoskeletal injury of the head or neck. Barre Lieou syndrome is listed as a "rare disease" by the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This means that Barre Lieou syndrome, or a subtype of Barre Lieou syndrome, affects less than 200,000 people in the US population.
History and nomenclature
In 1925 Jean Alexandre Barre, M.D., a French Neurologist described a syndrome consisting cervicogenic headache in association with ringing in the ears, blurred vision, trouble swallowing and vertigo. The majority of these symptoms were thought to be due to over activity in the posterior cervical sympathetic nervous system (a group of nerves located near the vertebrae in the neck).
The syndrome was again described in 1928 by Yong-Choen Lieou, a Chinese physician. In 1947 Louis Gayral published "Oto-neuro-opthalomologic Manifestations of Cervical Origin" in The Lancet. The article was subtitled the "Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome of Barre-Lieou" and the name Barre-lieou for the syndrome has been popularized ever since.
Pathophysiology
The Posterior Cervical Sympathetic chain is an extension of the proximal sympathetic chain in the neck. While many mechanisms of injury to the neck have been described, traumatic flexion-extension movement is a common source of Barre-Lieou. Essentially anything that can cause disease or injury to the head and neck can be a perpetrator, however. Other examples include gunshot wounds, infection and immuno-inflammatory disorders.
Symptoms
The identifying factors that distinguish Barre-Lieou from other injuries of the head and neck include involvement of the autonomic nervous system. The most commonly described symptoms include tinnitus, vertigo (dizziness, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, tearing of the eyes and sinus congestion however other symptoms may also include swelling on one side of the face, localized cyanosis (bluish color) of the face, facial numbness, hoarseness, shoulder pain, dysesthesias (pins and needles sensations) of the hands & forearms, muscle weakness and fatigue.
Diagnosis
Sympathetic Skin Response studies (Thermography) are an excellent diagnostic tool for Barre- Lieou [3]. Sympathetic Skin Response studies are a fractal measurement of galvonic impedance. Since both vasomotor and sudomotor physiology is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, assymetry patterns (reduced galvonic impedance or cold regions) in facial structures, especially when seen in association with localized hot spots in the ipsilateral omohyoid or nuchal ligament.
Other diagnostic techniques are dependent upon clinical response to treatment of the underling disorder. Sphenopalatine ganglion or Superior Cervical Sympathetic ganglion blocks can provide dramatic relief. If a C23 interspinous ligament strain is the underlying generator then local injection at that local can be curative.
Treatment
Many of the same injections (Sphenopalatine ganglion or Superior Cervical Sympathetic ganglion blocks) used for diagnosis are also used for treatment. Using a hit or miss approach to treatment by selecting a particular block based upon symptoms alone is far less effective then block selection based upon objective findings with Sympathetic Skin Response studies (Thermography) however. In addition to employing sympathetic block, treating the underlying source, or generator of sympathetic response, can be curative [4].
Prolotherapy can be very effective in treating the underlying source, especially if the sympathetic response is due to underlying ligament strain (such as the nuchal ligament, C23 interspinous ligament) or tendinosis (especially at the nuchal ligament). As with all sympathetic pain syndromes, it is best to block above the sympathetic response and to do so before trying to treat the underlying source.
Medications by mouth, including muscle relaxers, NSAID's, analgesics and hypnotics are often helpful, however due to the autonomic manifestations seen with Barre- Lieou vasoactive agents such as clonidine, oral magnesium supplements or Epsom salts baths can often be even more effective.
Restorative therapy, including the use of physical agents such as electrical stimulation, TENS and ultrasound, are helpful adjunct treatments. Stretching what is tight and reeducating what is weak are often more helpful then exercise directed toward strengthening.
Prognosis
For most cases the prognosis is good, however recalcitrant cases of Barre-lieou are common place. There is a tendency for symptoms to improve over time, but it can take years. More severe cases are disabling and less severe cases just a detractor to quality of life. With proper care and treatment symptoms do frequently respond more quickly then without treatment, so like other sympathetic pain syndromes aggressive care is recommended.
Similar disorders
CRPS, RSD, Vasomotor migraine, Cluster headaches, Atypcial facial pain and certain cases of TMJ can produce similar symptoms. When they do it is essentially a result of autonomic involvement.