Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease physical examination: Difference between revisions
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Pulmonary emphysema is '''not''' the same as subcutaneous emphysema, which is a collection of air under the skin that may be detected by the crepitus sounds produced on [[palpation]]. | Pulmonary emphysema is '''not''' the same as subcutaneous emphysema, which is a collection of air under the skin that may be detected by the crepitus sounds produced on [[palpation]]. | ||
==Signs and symptoms== | |||
{{listen | |||
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Wheeze2O.ogg | title = Wheezing | |||
| description = The sound of wheezing as heard with a stethoscope. | |||
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Essentials of diagnosis include: | |||
* History of cigarette smoking. | |||
* Chronic cough and sputum production (in chronic bronchitis) | |||
* [[Dyspnea]] | |||
* [[Rhonchi]], decreased intensity of breath sounds, and prolonged [[Exhalation|expiration]] on physical examination | |||
* Airflow limitation on pulmonary function testing that is not fully reversible and most often progressive. | |||
One of the most common symptoms of COPD is shortness of breath ([[dyspnea]]). People with COPD commonly describe this as: "My breathing requires effort," "I feel out of breath," or "I can't get enough air in".<ref name="pmid16636091">{{cite journal |author=Mahler DA|title=Mechanisms and measurement of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |journal=Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society|volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=234–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16636091 |doi=10.1513/pats.200509-103SF}}</ref> People with COPD typically first notice dyspnea during vigorous exercise when the demands on the lungs are greatest. Over the years, dyspnea tends to get gradually worse so that it can occur during milder, everyday activities such as housework. In the advanced stages of COPD, dyspnea can become so bad that it occurs during rest and is constantly present. | |||
Other symptoms of COPD are a persistent cough, [[sputum]] or mucus production, [[wheezing]], chest tightness, and tiredness.<ref>[http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Copd/Copd_SignsAndSymptoms.html U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - Signs and Symptoms]</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{MedlinePlus|000091|Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}}</ref> | |||
People with advanced (very severe) COPD sometimes develop [[respiratory failure]]. When this happens, [[cyanosis]], a bluish discoloration of the lips caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood, can occur. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood can cause headaches, drowsiness or twitching ([[asterixis]]). A complication of advanced COPD is [[cor pulmonale]], a strain on the heart due to the extra work required by the heart to pump blood through the affected lungs.<ref>[http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/page4.htm MedicineNet.com - COPD signs & symptoms]</ref> Symptoms of cor pulmonale are [[peripheral edema]], seen as swelling of the ankles, and dyspnea. | |||
There are a few [[medical sign|signs]] of COPD that a healthcare worker may detect although they can be seen in other diseases. Some people have COPD and have none of these signs. Common signs are: | |||
* [[tachypnea]], a rapid breathing rate | |||
* wheezing sounds or crackles in the lungs heard through a [[stethoscope]] | |||
* breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in | |||
* enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-to-back distance ([[hyperaeration]]) | |||
* active use of muscles in the neck to help with breathing | |||
* breathing through pursed lips | |||
* increased anteroposterior to lateral ratio of the chest (i.e. [[barrel chest]]). | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:03, 2 March 2012
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Microchapters |
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Differentiating Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from other Diseases |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]
Overview
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be diagnostically evaluated by physical examination through auscultation.
Physical Examination
Physical examination with a plethysmograph can reveal the true extent of COPD.
Signs include:
- Rapid breathing rate (tachypnea)
- Wheezing sound heard through a stethoscope
Pulmonary emphysema is not the same as subcutaneous emphysema, which is a collection of air under the skin that may be detected by the crepitus sounds produced on palpation.
Signs and symptoms
Template:Listen Essentials of diagnosis include:
- History of cigarette smoking.
- Chronic cough and sputum production (in chronic bronchitis)
- Dyspnea
- Rhonchi, decreased intensity of breath sounds, and prolonged expiration on physical examination
- Airflow limitation on pulmonary function testing that is not fully reversible and most often progressive.
One of the most common symptoms of COPD is shortness of breath (dyspnea). People with COPD commonly describe this as: "My breathing requires effort," "I feel out of breath," or "I can't get enough air in".[1] People with COPD typically first notice dyspnea during vigorous exercise when the demands on the lungs are greatest. Over the years, dyspnea tends to get gradually worse so that it can occur during milder, everyday activities such as housework. In the advanced stages of COPD, dyspnea can become so bad that it occurs during rest and is constantly present.
Other symptoms of COPD are a persistent cough, sputum or mucus production, wheezing, chest tightness, and tiredness.[2][3]
People with advanced (very severe) COPD sometimes develop respiratory failure. When this happens, cyanosis, a bluish discoloration of the lips caused by a lack of oxygen in the blood, can occur. An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood can cause headaches, drowsiness or twitching (asterixis). A complication of advanced COPD is cor pulmonale, a strain on the heart due to the extra work required by the heart to pump blood through the affected lungs.[4] Symptoms of cor pulmonale are peripheral edema, seen as swelling of the ankles, and dyspnea.
There are a few signs of COPD that a healthcare worker may detect although they can be seen in other diseases. Some people have COPD and have none of these signs. Common signs are:
- tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate
- wheezing sounds or crackles in the lungs heard through a stethoscope
- breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in
- enlargement of the chest, particularly the front-to-back distance (hyperaeration)
- active use of muscles in the neck to help with breathing
- breathing through pursed lips
- increased anteroposterior to lateral ratio of the chest (i.e. barrel chest).
References
- ↑ Mahler DA (2006). "Mechanisms and measurement of dyspnea in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society. 3 (3): 234–8. doi:10.1513/pats.200509-103SF. PMID 16636091.
- ↑ U.S. National Heart Lung and Blood Institute - Signs and Symptoms
- ↑ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- ↑ MedicineNet.com - COPD signs & symptoms