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Revision as of 17:41, 4 December 2011

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S. [3]

Epidemiology and Demographics

Approximately 850,000 PCIs are performed each year in the United States.

Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence

Classification of Recommendations:

“

Class I: Benefit >>> Risk

Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a given procedure or treatment is beneficial, useful, and effective.

Class II: Conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or a divergence of opinion about the usefulness/efficacy of a procedure or treatment.

Class IIa: Benefit >> Risk

Weight of evidence/opinion is in favor of usefulness/efficacy.

Class IIb: Benefit ≥ Risk

Usefulness/efficacy is less well established by evidence/opinion.

Class III: Risk ≥ Benefit

Conditions for which there is evidence and/or general agreement that a procedure/treatment is not useful/effective and in some cases may be harmful.

”

Level of Evidence:

“

Level of Evidence A: Data derived from multiple randomized clinical trials or meta-analyses.
Level of Evidence B: Data derived from a single randomized trial, or nonrandomized studies.
Level of Evidence C: Only consensus opinion of experts,case studies, or standard-of-care.

”

Imaging Studies During PCI

Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging:

Class IIa

IVUS is reasonable for the following: a. Assessment of the adequacy of deployment of coronary stents, including the extent of stent apposition and determination of the minimum luminal diameter within the stent. (Level of Evidence: B) b. Determination of the mechanism of stent restenosis (inadequate expansion versus neointimal proliferation) and to enable selection of appropriate therapy (vascular brachytherapy versus repeat balloon expansion). (Level of Evidence: B) c. Evaluation of coronary obstruction at a location difficult to image by angiography in a patient with a suspected flow-limiting stenosis. (Level of Evidence: C) d. Assessment of a suboptimal angiographic result after PCI. (Level of Evidence: C) e. Establishment of the presence and distribution of coronary calcium in patients for whom adjunctive rotational atherectomy is contemplated. (Level of Evidence: C) f. Determination of plaque location and circumferential distribution for guidance of directional coronary atherectomy. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

IVUS may be considered for the following: a. Determination of the extent of atherosclerosis in patients with characteristic anginal symptoms and a positive functional study with no focal stenoses or mild CAD on angiography. (Level of Evidence: C) b. Preinterventional assessment of lesional characteristics and vessel dimensions as a means to select an optimal revascularization device. (Level of Evidence: C) c. Diagnosis of coronary disease after cardiac transplantation. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III

IVUS is not recommended when the angiographic diagnosis is clear and no interventional treatment is planned. (Level of Evidence: C)

Coronary Artery Pressure and Flow: Use of Fractional Flow Reserve and Coronary Vasodilatory Reserve^[1]:

Class IIa

Coronary pressure (fractional flow reserve [FFR]) or Doppler velocimetry can be useful to determine whether PCI of a specific coronary lesion is warranted. FFR or Doppler velocimetry can also be useful as an alternative to performing noninvasive functional testing (e.g., when the functional study is absent or ambiguous) to determine whether an intervention is warranted. It is reasonable to use intracoronary physiological measurements (coronary pressure (FFR) (Level of Evidence: A) or Doppler velocimetry (Level of Evidence: C)) in the assessment of the effects of intermediate coronary stenoses (30% to 70% luminal narrowing) in patients with anginal symptoms.

Class IIb

1. Intracoronary physiologic measurements may be considered for the evaluation of the success of PCI in restoring flow reserve and to predict the risk of restenosis. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. Intracoronary physiologic measurements may be considered for the evaluation of patients with anginal symptoms without an apparent angiographic culprit lesion. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III

Routine assessment with intracoronary physiological measurements such as coronary pressure (FFR) or Doppler ultrasound to assess the severity of angiographic disease in concordant vascular distribution in patients with angina and a positive, unequivocal noninvasive functional study is not recommended. (Level of Evidence: C)

Institutional and Operator Competency

Quality Assurance

Class I

1. An institution that performs PCI should establish an ongoing mechanism for valid peer review of its quality and outcomes. Review should be conducted both at the level of the entire program and at the level of the individual practitioner. Quality-assessment reviews should take risk adjustment, statistical power, and national benchmark statistics into consideration. Quality-assessment reviews should include both tabulation of adverse event rates for comparison with benchmark values and case review of complicated procedures and some uncomplicated procedures. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. An institution that performs PCI should participate in a recognized PCI data registry for the purpose of benchmarking its outcomes against current national norms. (Level of Evidence: C)

Operator and Institutional Volume

Class I

1. Elective PCI should be performed by operators with acceptable annual volume (at least 75 procedures) at high-volume centers (more than 400 procedures) with onsite cardiac surgery (310,312). (Level of Evidence: B) 2. Elective PCI should be performed by operators and institutions whose historical and current risk-adjusted outcomes statistics are comparable to those reported in contemporary national data registries. (Level of Evidence: C) 3. Primary PCI for STEMI should be performed by experienced operators who perform more than 75 elective PCI procedures per year and, ideally, at least 11 PCI procedures for STEMI per year. Ideally, these procedures should be performed in institutions that perform more than 400 elective PCIs per year and more than 36 primary PCI procedures for STEMI per year. (Level of Evidence B)

Class IIa

1. It is reasonable that operators with acceptable volume (at least 75 PCI procedures per year) perform PCI at low-volume centers (200 to 400 PCI procedures per year) with onsite cardiac surgery (310,312). (Level of Evidence: B) 2. It is reasonable that low-volume operators (fewer than 75 PCI procedures per year) perform PCI at high-volume centers (more than 400 PCI procedures per year) with onsite cardiac surgery (310,312). Ideally, operators with an annual procedure volume less than 75 should only work at institutions with an activity level of more than 600 procedures per year. Operators who perform fewer than 75 procedures per year should develop a defined mentoring relationship with a highly experienced operator who has an annual procedural volume of at least 150 procedures per year. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

The benefit of primary PCI for STEMI patients eligible for fibrinolysis when performed by an operator who performs fewer than 75 procedures per year (or fewer than 11 PCIs for STEMI per year) is not well established. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III

It is not recommended that elective PCI be performed by low-volume operators (fewer than 75 procedures per year) at low-volume centers (200 to 400) with or without onsite cardiac surgery (310,312). An institution with a volume of fewer than 200 procedures per year, unless in a region that is underserved because of geography, should carefully consider whether it should continue to offer this service. (Level of Evidence: B)

Role of Onsite Surgical Backup

Class I

1. Elective PCI should be performed by operators with acceptable annual volume (at least 75 procedures per year) at high-volume centers (more than 400 procedures annually) that provide immediately available onsite emergency cardiac surgical services. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. Primary PCI for patients with STEMI should be performed in facilities with onsite cardiac surgery. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class III

Elective PCI should not be performed at institutions that do not provide onsite cardiac surgery. (Level of Evidence: C)*

Primary PCI for STEMI Without Onsite Cardiac Surgery

Class IIb

Primary PCI for patients with STEMI might be considered in hospitals without onsite cardiac surgery, provided that appropriate planning for program development has been accomplished, including appropriately experienced physician operators (more than 75 total PCIs and, ideally, at least 11 primary PCIs per year for STEMI), an experienced catheterization team on a 24 hours per day, 7 days per week call schedule, and a well-equipped catheterization laboratory with digital imaging equipment, a full array of interventional equipment, and intra-aortic balloon pump capability, and provided that there is a proven plan for rapid transport to a cardiac surgery operating room in a nearby hospital with appropriate hemodynamic support capability for transfer. The procedure should be limited to patients with STEMI or MI with new or presumably new left bundle-branch block on ECG and should be performed in a timely fashion (goal of balloon inflation within 90 minutes of presentation) by persons skilled in the procedure (at least 75 PCIs per year) and at hospitals performing a minimum of 36 primary PCI procedures per year. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class III

Primary PCI should not be performed in hospitals without onsite cardiac surgery and without a proven plan for rapid transport to a cardiac surgery operating room in a nearby hospital or without appropriate hemodynamic support capability for transfer. (Level of Evidence: C)

Elective PCI Without Onsite Surgery

Class III

Elective PCI should not be performed at institutions that do not provide onsite cardiac surgery. (Level of Evidence: C)*

2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline Recommendations: CAD Revascularization [4]

Heart Team Approach to Revascularization Decisions

“

Class I

1. A Heart Team approach to revascularization is recommended in patients with unprotected left main or complex CAD. ^[2]^[3]^[4] (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIa

1. Calculation of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and SYNTAX (Synergy between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with TAXUS and Cardiac Surgery) scores is reasonable in patients with unprotected left main and complex CAD. ^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] (Level of Evidence: B)

”

Revascularization to Improve Survival: Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

“

Class I

1. CABG to improve survival is recommended for patients with significant (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis) left main coronary artery stenosis. ^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. PCI to improve survival is reasonable as an alternative to CABG in selected stable patients with significant (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD with:

a. Anatomic conditions associated with a low risk of PCI procedural complications and a high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., a low SYNTAX score [lower than or equal to 22], ostial or trunk left main CAD); and (Level of Evidence: B)

b. Clinical characteristics that predict a significantly increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., Society of Thoracic Surgeons–predicted risk of operative mortality 5%). ^[5]^[7]^[8]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36] (Level of Evidence: B)

2. PCI to improve survival is reasonable in patients with UA/NSTEMI when an unprotected left main coronary artery is the culprit lesion and the patient is not a candidate for CABG. ^[8]^[25]^[37]^[27]^[28]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[38] (Level of Evidence: B)

3. PCI to improve survival is reasonable in patients with acute STEMI when an unprotected left main coronary artery is the culprit lesion, distal coronary flow is less than TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) grade 3, and PCI can be performed more rapidly and safely than CABG. ^[22]^[39]^[40] (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIb

1. PCI to improve survival may be reasonable as an alternative to CABG in selected stable patients with significant (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD with:

a. Anatomic conditions associated with a low to intermediate risk of PCI procedural complications and an intermediate to high likelihood of good long-term outcome (e.g., low-intermediate SYNTAX score of lower than 33, bifurcation left main CAD); and (Level of Evidence: B)

b. Clinical characteristics that predict an increased risk of adverse surgical outcomes (e.g., moderate-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, disability from previous stroke, or previous cardiac surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons–predicted risk of operative mortality greater than 2%). ^[5]^[7]^[8]^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]^[24]^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33]^[34]^[35]^[36]^[41] (Level of Evidence: B)

Class III

1. PCI to improve survival should not be performed in stable patients with significant (greater than or equal to 50% diameter stenosis) unprotected left main CAD who have unfavorable anatomy for PCI and who are good candidates for CABG. ^[5]^[7]^[8]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] (Level of Evidence: B)

”

Revascularization to Improve Survival: Non-Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

“

Class I

1. CABG to improve survival is beneficial in patients with significant (greater than or equal to 70% diameter) stenoses in 3 major coronary arteries (with or without involvement of the proximal left anterior descending LAD) or in the proximal LAD plus 1 other major coronary artery. ^[14]^[18]^[42]^[43]^[44]^[45] (Level of Evidence: B)

2. CABG or PCI to improve survival is beneficial in survivors of sudden cardiac death with presumed ischemia-mediated ventricular tachycardia caused by significant (greater than or equal to 70% diameter) stenosis in a major coronary artery. (CABG (Level of Evidence: B) ^[46]^[47]^[48]; PCI (Level of Evidence: C) ^[46])

Class IIa

1. CABG to improve survival is reasonable in patients with significant (greater than or equal to 70% diameter) stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries with severe or extensive myocardial ischemia (e.g., high-risk criteria on stress testing, abnormal intra-coronary hemodynamic evaluation, or greater than 20% perfusion defect by myocardial perfusion stress imaging) or target vessels supplying a large area of viable myocardium. ^[49]^[50]^[51]^[52] (Level of Evidence: B)

2. CABG to improve survival is reasonable in patients with mild-moderate left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction 35% to 50%) and significant (greater than or equal to 70% diameter stenosis) multivessel CAD or proximal LAD coronary artery stenosis, when viable myocardium is present in the region of intended revascularization. ^[18]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57] (Level of Evidence: B)

3. CABG with a left internal mammary artery graft to improve survival is reasonable in patients with significant (greater than or equal to 70% diameter) stenosis in the proximal LAD artery and evidence of extensive ischemia. ^[18]^[45]^[58]^[59] (Level of Evidence: B)

4. It is reasonable to choose CABG over PCI to improve survival in patients with complex 3-vessel CAD (e.g., SYNTAX score greater than 22) with or without involvement of the proximal LAD artery who are good candidates for CABG. ^[45]^[60]^[21]^[19]^[61] (Level of Evidence: B)

5. CABG is probably recommended in preference to PCI to improve survival in patients with multivessel CAD and diabetes mellitus, particularly if a left internal mammary artery graft can be anastomosed to the LAD artery. ^[51]^[62]^[63]^[64]^[61]^[65]^[66]^[67]^[68] (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

1. The usefulness of CABG to improve survival is uncertain in patients with significant (greater than or equal to 70%) stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries not involving the proximal LAD artery and without extensive ischemia. ^[45] (Level of Evidence: C)

2. The usefulness of PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with 2- or 3-vessel CAD (with or without involvement of the proximal LAD artery) or 1-vessel proximal LAD disease. ^[14]^[42]^[45]^[69] (Level of Evidence: B)

3. CABG might be considered with the primary or sole intent of improving survival in patients with stable ischemic heart disease with severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction less than 35%) whether or not viable myocardium is present. ^[18]^[53]^[54]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[70]^[71] (Level of Evidence: B)

4. The usefulness of CABG or PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with previous CABG and extensive anterior wall ischemia on noninvasive testing. ^[72]^[73]^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80] (Level of Evidence: B)

Class III

1. CABG or PCI should not be performed with the primary or sole intent to improve survival in patients with stable ischemic heart disease with 1 or more coronary stenoses that are not anatomically or functionally significant (e.g., greater than 70% diameter non–left main coronary artery stenosis, fractional flow reserve 0.80, no or only mild ischemia on noninvasive testing), involve only the left circumflex or right coronary artery, or subtend only a small area of viable myocardium. ^[18]^[42]^[49]^[50]^[81]^[82]^[83]^[84]^[85] (Level of Evidence: B)

”

Procedural Considerations: Recommendations [5]

Vascular Access

“

Class IIa

1. The use of radial artery access can be useful to decrease access site complications.^[86]^[87]^[88]^[89]^[90]^[91]^[92]^[93]^[94] (Level of Evidence: A)

”

Patients With Asymptomatic Ischemia or CCS Class I or II Angina

Class IIa

1. PCI is reasonable in patients with asymptomatic ischemia or CCS class I or II angina and with 1 or more significant lesions in 1 or 2 coronary arteries suitable for PCI with a high likelihood of success and a low risk of morbidity and mortality. The vessels to be dilated must subtend a moderate to large area of viable myocardium or be associated with a moderate to severe degree of ischemia on noninvasive testing. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. PCI is reasonable for patients with asymptomatic ischemia or CCS class I or II angina, and recurrent stenosis after PCI with a large area of viable myocardium or high-risk criteria on noninvasive testing. (Level of Evidence: C) 3. Use of PCI is reasonable in patients with asymptomatic ischemia or CCS class I or II angina with significant left main CAD (greater than 50% diameter stenosis) who are candidates for revascularization but are not eligible for CABG. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

1. The effectiveness of PCI for patients with asymptomatic ischemia or CCS class I or II angina who have 2- or 3-vessel disease with significant proximal LAD CAD who are otherwise eligible for CABG with 1 arterial conduit and who have treated diabetes or abnormal LV function is not well established. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. PCI might be considered for patients with asymptomatic ischemia or CCS class I or II angina with nonproximal LAD CAD that subtends a moderate area of viable myocardium and demonstrates ischemia on noninvasive testing. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III

PCI is not recommended in patients with asymptomatic ischemia or CCS class I or II angina who do not meet the criteria as listed under the class II recommendations or who have 1 or more of the following: a. Only a small area of viable myocardium at risk (Level of Evidence: C) b. No objective evidence of ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C) c. Lesions that have a low likelihood of successful dilatation. (Level of Evidence: C) d. Mild symptoms that are unlikely to be due to myocardial ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C) e. Factors associated with increased risk of morbidity or mortality. (Level of Evidence: C) f. Left main disease and eligibility for CABG. (Level of Evidence: C) g. Insignificant disease (less than 50% coronary stenosis). (Level of Evidence: C)

Patients With CCS Class III Angina

Class IIa

1. It is reasonable that PCI be performed in patients with CCS class III angina and single-vessel or multivessel CAD who are undergoing medical therapy and who have 1 or more significant lesions in 1 or more coronary arteries suitable for PCI with a high likelihood of success and low risk of morbidity or mortality. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. It is reasonable that PCI be performed in patients with CCS class III angina with single-vessel or multivessel CAD who are undergoing medical therapy with focal saphenous vein graft lesions or multiple stenoses who are poor candidates for reoperative surgery. (Level of Evidence: C) 3. Use of PCI is reasonable in patients with CCS class III angina with significant left main CAD (greater than 50% diameter stenosis) who are candidates for revascularization but are not eligible for CABG. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

1. PCI may be considered in patients with CCS class III angina with single-vessel or multivessel CAD who are undergoing medical therapy and who have 1 or more lesions to be dilated with a reduced likelihood of success. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. PCI may be considered in patients with CCS class III angina and no evidence of ischemia on noninvasive testing or who are undergoing medical therapy and have 2- or 3-vessel CAD with significant proximal LAD CAD and treated diabetes or abnormal LV function. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class III

PCI is not recommended for patients with CCS class III angina with single-vessel or multivessel CAD, no evidence of myocardial injury or ischemia on objective testing, and no trial of medical therapy, or who have 1 of the following: a. Only a small area of myocardium at risk. (Level of Evidence: C) b. All lesions or the culprit lesion to be dilated with morphology that conveys a low likelihood of success. (Level of Evidence: C) c. Ahigh risk of procedure-related morbidity or mortality. (Level of Evidence: C) d. Insignificant disease (less than 50% coronary stenosis). (Level of Evidence: C) e. Significant left main CAD and candidacy for CABG. (Level of Evidence: C)

PCI in patients with Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

“

Class I

1. An early invasive strategy (i.e., diagnostic angiography with intent to perform revascularization) is indicated in UA/NSTEMI patients who have refractory angina or hemodynamic or electrical instability (without serious comorbidities or contraindications to such procedures).^[95]^[96]^[97] (Level of Evidence: B)

2. An early invasive strategy (i.e., diagnostic angiography with intent to perform revascularization) is indicated in initially stabilized UA/NSTEMI patients (without serious comorbidities or contraindications to such procedures) who have an elevated risk for clinical events.^[96]^[97]^[98]^[99] (Level of Evidence: A)

3. The selection of PCI or CABG as the means of revascularization in the patient with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) should generally be based on the same considerations as those without ACS.^[42]^[97]^[100]^[101] (Level of Evidence: B)

Class III

1. An early invasive strategy (i.e., diagnostic angiography with intent to perform revascularization) is not recommended in patients with extensive co-morbidities (e.g., liver or pulmonary failure, cancer) in whom:

a. The risks of revascularization and comorbid conditions are likely to outweigh the benefits of revascularization, (Level of Evidence: C)

b. There is a low likelihood of ACS despite acute chest pain, or (Level of Evidence: C)

c. Consent to revascularization will not be granted regardless of the findings. (Level of Evidence: C)

”

Patients With STEMI: General and Specific Considerations

Class I

General considerations

1. If immediately available, primary PCI should be performed in patients with STEMI (including true posterior MI) or MI with new or presumably new left bundle- branch block who can undergo PCI of the infarct artery within 12 hours of symptom onset, if performed in a timely fashion (balloon inflation goal within 90 minutes of presentation) by persons skilled in the procedure (individuals who perform more than 75 PCI procedures per year, ideally at least 11 PCIs per year for STEMI). The procedure should be supported by experienced personnel in an appropriate laboratory environment (one that performs more than 200 PCI procedures per year, of which at least 36 are primary PCI for STEMI, and that has cardiac surgery capability). (Level of Evidence: A) Primary PCI should be performed as quickly as possible, with a goal of a medical contact-to-balloon or door-to-balloon time within 90 minutes. (Level of Evidence: B)

Specific Considerations

2. Primary PCI should be performed for patients less than 75 years old with ST elevation or presumably new left bundle-branch block who develop shock within 36 hours of MI and are suitable for revascularization that can be performed within 18 hours of shock, unless further support is futile because of the patient’s wishes or contraindications/unsuitability for further invasive care. (Level of Evidence: A) 3. Primary PCI should be performed in patients with severe congestive heart failure and/or pulmonary edema (Killip class 3) and onset of symptoms within 12 hours. The medical contact-to-balloon or door-to balloon time should be as short as possible (i.e., goal within 90 minutes). (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. Primary PCI is reasonable for selected patients 75 years or older with ST elevation or left bundle-branch block or who develop shock within 36 hours of MI and are suitable for revascularization that can be performed within 18 hours of shock. Patients with good prior functional status who are suitable for revascularization and agree to invasive care may be selected for such an invasive strategy. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. It is reasonable to perform primary PCI for patients with onset of symptoms within the prior 12 to 24 hours and 1 or more of the following: a. Severe congestive heart failure (Level of Evidence: C) b. Hemodynamic or electrical instability (Level of Evidence: C) c. Evidence of persistent ischemia (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIb

The benefit of primary PCI for STEMI patients eligible for fibrinolysis when performed by an operator who performs fewer than 75 PCI procedures per year (or fewer than 11 PCIs for STEMI per year) is not well established. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III

1. Elective PCI should not be performed in a noninfarct- related artery at the time of primary PCI of the infarct related artery in patients without hemodynamic compromise. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. Primary PCI should not be performed in asymptomatic patients more than 12 hours after onset of STEMI who are hemodynamically and electrically stable. (Level of Evidence: C)

PCI in Fibrinolytic-Ineligible Patients

Class I

Primary PCI should be performed in fibrinolytic-ineligible patients who present with STEMI within 12 hours of symptom onset. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIa

It is reasonable to perform primary PCI for fibrinolytic- ineligible patients with onset of symptoms within the prior 12 to 24 hours and 1 or more of the following: a. Severe congestive heart failure. (Level of Evidence: C) b. Hemodynamic or electrical instability. (Level of Evidence: C) c. Evidence of persistent ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C)

Facilitated PCI

Class IIb

Facilitated PCI might be performed as a reperfusion strategy in higher-risk patients when PCI is not immediately available and bleeding risk is low. (Level of Evidence: B)

PCI After Failed Fibrinolysis (Rescue PCI)

Class I

1. Rescue PCI should be performed in patients less than 75 years old with ST elevation or left bundle-branch block who develop shock within 36 hours of MI and are suitable for revascularization that can be performed within 18 hours of shock, unless further support is futile because of the patient’s wishes or contraindications/ unsuitability for further invasive care. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. Rescue PCI should be performed in patients with severe congestive heart failure and/or pulmonary edema (Killip class 3) and onset of symptoms within 12 hours. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. Rescue PCI is reasonable for selected patients 75 years or older with ST elevation or left bundle-branch block or who develop shock within 36 hours of MI and are suitable for revascularization that can be performed within 18 hours of shock. Patients with good prior functional status who are suitable for revascularization and agree to invasive care may be selected for such an invasive strategy. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. It is reasonable to perform rescue PCI for patients with 1 or more of the following: a. Hemodynamic or electrical instability. (Level of Evidence: C) b. Evidence of persistent ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III

Rescue PCI in the absence of 1 or more of the above class I or IIa indications is not recommended. (Level of Evidence: C)

PCI After Successful Fibrinolysis or for Patients Not Undergoing Primary Reperfusion

Class I

1. In patients whose anatomy is suitable, PCI should be performed when there is objective evidence of recurrent MI. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. In patients whose anatomy is suitable, PCI should be performed for moderate or severe spontaneous or provocable myocardial ischemia during recovery from STEMI. (Level of Evidence: B) 3. In patients whose anatomy is suitable, PCI should be performed for cardiogenic shock or hemodynamic instability. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. It is reasonable to perform routine PCI in patients with LV ejection fraction less than or equal to 0.40, HF, or serious ventricular arrhythmias. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. It is reasonable to perform PCI when there is documented clinical heart failure during the acute episode, even though subsequent evaluation shows preserved LV function (LV ejection fraction greater than 0.40). (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIb

PCI might be considered as part of an invasive strategy after fibrinolytic therapy. (Level of Evidence: C)

PCI in patients with Cardiogenic Shock

“

Class I

1. PCI is recommended for patients with acute myocardial infarction who develop cardiogenic shock and are suitable candidates.^[102]^[103]^[104]^[105] (Level of Evidence: B)

2. A hemodynamic support device is recommended for patients with cardiogenic shock after STEMI who do not quickly stabilize with pharmacological therapy.^[102]^[106]^[107]^[108]^[109] (Level of Evidence: B)

”

Percutaneous Intervention in Patients With Prior Coronary Bypass Surgery

Class I

1. When technically feasible, PCI should be performed in patients with early ischemia (usually within 30 days) after CABG. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. It is recommended that distal embolic protection devices be used when technically feasible in patients undergoing PCI to saphenous vein grafts. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. PCI is reasonable in patients with ischemia that occurs 1 to 3 years after CABG and who have preserved LV function with discrete lesions in graft conduits. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. PCI is reasonable in patients with disabling angina secondary to new disease in a native coronary circulation after CABG. (If angina is not typical, objective evidence of ischemia should be obtained.) (Level of Evidence: B) 3. PCI is reasonable in patients with diseased vein grafts more than 3 years after CABG. (Level of Evidence: B) 4. PCI is reasonable when technically feasible in patients with a patent left internal mammary artery graft who have clinically significant obstructions in other vessels. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class III

1. PCI is not recommended in patients with prior CABG for chronic total vein graft occlusions. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. PCI is not recommended in patients who have multiple target lesions with prior CABGand who have multivessel disease, failure of multiple SVGs, and impaired LV function unless repeat CABG poses excessive risk due to severe comorbid conditions. (Level of Evidence: B)

Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Adjunctive Therapies for PCI

Oral Antiplatelet Therapy

Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

1. Patients already taking daily chronic aspirin therapy should take 75 to 325 mg of aspirin before the PCI procedure is performed. (Level of Evidence: A) 2. Patients not already taking daily chronic aspirin therapy should be given 300 to 325 mg of aspirin at least 2 hours and preferably 24 hours before the PCI procedure is performed. (Level of Evidence: C) 3. After the PCI procedure, in patients with neither aspirin resistance, allergy, nor increased risk of bleeding, aspirin 325 mg daily should be given for at least 1 month after bare-metal stent implantation, 3 months after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation, and 6 months after paclitaxel-eluting stent implantation, after which daily chronic aspirin use should be continued indefinitely at a dose of 75 to 162 mg. (Level of Evidence: B) 4. A loading dose of clopidogrel should be administered before PCI is performed. (Level of Evidence: A) An oral loading dose of 300 mg, administered at least 6 hours before the procedure, has the best established evidence of efficacy. (Level of Evidence: B) 5. In patients who have undergone PCI, clopidogrel 75 mg daily should be given for at least 1 month after bare-metal stent implantation (unless the patient is at increased risk of bleeding; then it should be given for a minimum of 2 weeks), 3 months after sirolimus stent implantation, and 6 months after paclitaxel stent implantation, and ideally up to 12 months in patients who are not at high risk of bleeding. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. If clopidogrel is given at the time of procedure, supplementation with GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists can be beneficial to facilitate earlier platelet inhibition than with clopidogrel alone. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. For patients with an absolute contraindication to aspirin, it is reasonable to give a 300-mg loading dose of clopidogrel, administered at least 6 hours before PCI, and/or GP IIb/IIIa antagonists, administered at the time of PCI. (Level of Evidence: C) 3. When a loading dose of clopidogrel is administered, a regimen of greater than 300 mg is reasonable to achieve higher levels of antiplatelet activity more rapidly, but the efficacy and safety compared with a 300- mg loading dose are less established. (Level of Evidence: C) 4. It is reasonable that patients undergoing brachytherapy be given daily clopidogrel 75 mg indefinitely and daily aspirin 75 to 325 mg indefinitely unless there is significant risk for bleeding. (Level of Evidence: C)

Class IIb

In patients in whom subacute thrombosis may be catastrophic or lethal (unprotected left main, bifurcating left main, or last patent coronary vessel), platelet aggregation studies may be considered and the dose of clopidogrel increased to 150 mg per day if less than 50% inhibition of platelet aggregation is demonstrated. (Level of Evidence: C)

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

In patients with UA/NSTEMI undergoing PCI without clopidogrel administration, a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban) should be administered. (Level of Evidence: A)*

Class IIa

1. In patients with UA/NSTEMI undergoing PCI with clopidogrel administration, it is reasonable to administer a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban). (Level of Evidence: B)* 2. In patients with STEMI undergoing PCI, it is reasonable to administer abciximab as early as possible. (Level of Evidence: B) 3. In patients undergoing elective PCI with stent placement, it is reasonable to administer a GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor (abciximab, eptifibatide, or tirofiban). (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

In patients with STEMI undergoing PCI, treatment with eptifibatide or tirofiban may be considered. (Level of Evidence: C)

*It is acceptable to administer the GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor before performance

of the diagnostic angiogram (“upstream treatment”) or just before PCI (“in-lab treatment”).

Antithrombotic Therapy: Unfractionated Heparin, LowMolecular Weight Heparin, and Bivalirudin

Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)

Class I

1. Unfractionated heparin should be administered to patients undergoing PCI. (Level of Evidence: C) 2. For patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, it is recommended that bivalirudin or argatroban be used to replace heparin. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIa

1. It is reasonable to use bivalirudin as an alternative to unfractionated heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists in low-risk patients undergoing elective PCI. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. Low-molecular-weight heparin is a reasonable alternative to unfractionated heparin in patients with UA/NSTEMI undergoing PCI. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

Low-molecular-weight heparin may be considered as an alternative to unfractionated heparin in patients with STEMI undergoing PCI. (Level of Evidence: B)

Surgery and Device Based Therapy

Acute Results

Class I

It is recommended that distal embolic protection devices be used when technically feasible in patients undergoing PCI to saphenous vein grafts. (Level of Evidence: B)

Drug-Eluting Stents^[1]

Class I

A drug-eluting stent (DES) should be considered as an alternative to the bare-metal stent in subsets of patients in whom trial data suggest efficacy. (Level of Evidence: A)

Class IIa

It is reasonable to use a DES as an alternative to a BMS for primary PCI in STEMI. (Level of Evidence: B)

Class IIb

A DES may be considered for clinical and anatomic settings in which the efficacy/safety profile appears favorable. (Level of Evidence: B)

Thrombus Aspiration During PCI

Class IIa

Aspiration thrombectomy is reasonable for patients undergoing primary PCI .(Level of Evidence: B)

Guideline Resources

2009 Focused Updates: ACC/AHA Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (Updating the 2004 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update) and ACC/AHA/SCAI Guidelines on Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (Updating the 2005 Guideline and 2007 Focused Update)^[1]

2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions

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 '''3.''' [[CABG]] with a [[LIMA|left internal mammary artery graft]] to improve survival is reasonable in patients with significant (greater than or equal to 70% diameter) stenosis in the [[LAD|proximal LAD artery]] and evidence of extensive [[ischemia]]. <ref name="pmid7914958">{{cite journal |author=Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, Davis K, Killip T, Passamani E, Norris R |title=Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=344 |issue=8922 |pages=563–70 |year=1994 |month=August |pmid=7914958 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid16996946">{{cite journal |author=Smith PK, Califf RM, Tuttle RH, Shaw LK, Lee KL, Delong ER, Lilly RE, Sketch MH, Peterson ED, Jones RH |title=Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=1420–8; discussion 1428–9 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16996946 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.044 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-4975(06)00829-0 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid8531997">{{cite journal |author=Cameron A, Davis KB, Green G, Schaff HV |title=Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts--effects on survival over a 15-year period |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=334 |issue=4 |pages=216–9 |year=1996 |month=January |pmid=8531997 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199601253340402 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199601253340402 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid3484393">{{cite journal |author=Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, Stewart RW, Goormastic M, Williams GW, Golding LA, Gill CC, Taylor PC, Sheldon WC |title=Influence of the internal-mammary-artery graft on 10-year survival and other cardiac events |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=314 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=1986 |month=January |pmid=3484393 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198601023140101 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198601023140101?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
-'''4.''' It is reasonable to choose [[CABG]] over PCI to improve survival in patients with complex [[CAD|3-vessel CAD]] (e.g., [[SYNTAX|SYNTAX score]] greater than 22) with or without involvement of the [[LAD|proximal LAD]] artery who are good candidates for [[CABG]]. (23,38,48,63,64). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
+'''4.''' It is reasonable to choose [[CABG]] over PCI to improve survival in patients with complex [[CAD|3-vessel CAD]] (e.g., [[SYNTAX|SYNTAX score]] greater than 22) with or without involvement of the [[LAD|proximal LAD]] artery who are good candidates for [[CABG]]. <ref name="pmid16996946">{{cite journal |author=Smith PK, Califf RM, Tuttle RH, Shaw LK, Lee KL, Delong ER, Lilly RE, Sketch MH, Peterson ED, Jones RH |title=Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit|journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=1420–8; discussion 1428–9 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16996946|doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.044 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-4975(06)00829-0 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid15117846">{{cite journal |author=Brener SJ, Lytle BW, Casserly IP, Schneider JP, Topol EJ, Lauer MS|title=Propensity analysis of long-term survival after surgical or percutaneous revascularization in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease and high-risk features |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=109 |issue=19 |pages=2290–5 |year=2004 |month=May |pmid=15117846|doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000126826.58526.14 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15117846 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid18216353">{{cite journal |author=Hannan EL, Wu C, Walford G, Culliford AT, Gold JP, Smith CR, Higgins RS, Carlson RE, Jones RH |title=Drug-eluting stents vs. coronary-artery bypass grafting in multivessel coronary disease |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=358 |issue=4 |pages=331–41 |year=2008 |month=January |pmid=18216353 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa071804 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa071804 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid21697170">{{cite journal |author=Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Mack MJ, Morice MC, Holmes DR, Ståhle E, Dawkins KD, Mohr FW, Serruys PW, Colombo A |title=Comparison of coronary bypass surgery with drug-eluting stenting for the treatment of left main and/or three-vessel disease: 3-year follow-up of the SYNTAX trial |journal=[[European Heart Journal]] |volume=32 |issue=17 |pages=2125–34 |year=2011 |month=September |pmid=21697170 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehr213 |url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=21697170 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid15917382">{{cite journal |author=Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, Culliford AT, Isom OW, Gold JP, Rose EA |title=Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=352 |issue=21 |pages=2174–83 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15917382 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa040316 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040316 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
-'''5.''' [[CABG]] is probably recommended in preference to PCI to improve survival in patients with [[CAD|multivessel CAD]] and [[diabetes mellitus]], particularly if a [[LIMA|left internal mammary artery graft]] can be anastomosed to the [[LAD|LAD artery]]. (54,66–73). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
+'''5.''' [[CABG]] is probably recommended in preference to PCI to improve survival in patients with [[CAD|multivessel CAD]] and [[diabetes mellitus]], particularly if a [[LIMA|left internal mammary artery graft]] can be anastomosed to the [[LAD|LAD artery]]. <ref name="pmid16159837">{{cite journal |author=Sorajja P, Chareonthaitawee P, Rajagopalan N, Miller TD, Frye RL, Hodge DO, Gibbons RJ |title=Improved survival in asymptomatic diabetic patients with high-risk SPECT imaging treated with coronary artery bypass grafting |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=112 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=I311–6 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16159837 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.525022 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16159837 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid9323059">{{cite journal |author= |title=Influence of diabetes on 5-year mortality and morbidity in a randomized trial comparing CABG and PTCA in patients with multivessel disease: the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI) |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=96 |issue=6 |pages=1761–9 |year=1997 |month=September |pmid=9323059 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9323059 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid17433949">{{cite journal |author= |title=The final 10-year follow-up results from the BARI randomized trial |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=49 |issue=15 |pages=1600–6 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17433949 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2006.11.048 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(07)00432-9 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid20079596">{{cite journal |author=Banning AP, Westaby S, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Mohr FW, Berti S, Glauber M, Kellett MA, Kramer RS, Leadley K, Dawkins KD, Serruys PW |title=Diabetic and nondiabetic patients with left main and/or 3-vessel coronary artery disease: comparison of outcomes with cardiac surgery and paclitaxel-eluting stents |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=55 |issue=11 |pages=1067–75 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20079596 |doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2009.09.057 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(09)04074-1 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid15917382">{{cite journal |author=Hannan EL, Racz MJ, Walford G, Jones RH, Ryan TJ, Bennett E, Culliford AT, Isom OW, Gold JP, Rose EA |title=Long-term outcomes of coronary-artery bypass grafting versus stent implantation |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=352 |issue=21 |pages=2174–83 |year=2005 |month=May |pmid=15917382 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa040316 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa040316 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid17339566">{{cite journal |author=Hueb W, Lopes NH, Gersh BJ, Soares P, Machado LA, Jatene FB, Oliveira SA, Ramires JA |title=Five-year follow-up of the Medicine, Angioplasty, or Surgery Study (MASS II): a randomized controlled clinical trial of 3 therapeutic strategies for multivessel coronary artery disease |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=115 |issue=9 |pages=1082–9 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17339566 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.625475 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17339566 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid16159849">{{cite journal |author=Malenka DJ, Leavitt BJ, Hearne MJ, Robb JF, Baribeau YR, Ryan TJ, Helm RE, Kellett MA, Dauerman HL, Dacey LJ, Silver MT, VerLee PN, Weldner PW, Hettleman BD, Olmstead EM, Piper WD, O'Connor GT |title=Comparing long-term survival of patients with multivessel coronary disease after CABG or PCI: analysis of BARI-like patients in northern New England |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=112 |issue=9 Suppl |pages=I371–6 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16159849 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.526392 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16159849 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid11263600">{{cite journal |author=Niles NW, McGrath PD, Malenka D, Quinton H, Wennberg D, Shubrooks SJ, Tryzelaar JF, Clough R, Hearne MJ, Hernandez F, Watkins MW, O'Connor GT |title=Survival of patients with diabetes and multivessel coronary artery disease after surgical or percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of a large regional prospective study. Northern New England Cardiovascular Disease Study Group |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=1008–15 |year=2001 |month=March |pmid=11263600 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109700012055 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid9426011">{{cite journal |author=Weintraub WS, Stein B, Kosinski A, Douglas JS, Ghazzal ZM, Jones EL, Morris DC, Guyton RA, Craver JM, King SB |title=Outcome of coronary bypass surgery versus coronary angioplasty in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=10–9 |year=1998 |month=January |pmid=9426011 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(97)00441-5 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
 ====[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]====
-'''1.''' The usefulness of [[CABG]] to improve survival is uncertain in patients with significant (greater than or equal to 70%) stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries not involving the [[LAD|proximal LAD artery]] and without extensive [[ischemia]]. (48). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''
+'''1.''' The usefulness of [[CABG]] to improve survival is uncertain in patients with significant (greater than or equal to 70%) stenoses in 2 major coronary arteries not involving the [[LAD|proximal LAD artery]] and without extensive [[ischemia]]. <ref name="pmid16996946">{{cite journal |author=Smith PK, Califf RM, Tuttle RH, Shaw LK, Lee KL, Delong ER, Lilly RE, Sketch MH, Peterson ED, Jones RH |title=Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=1420–8; discussion 1428–9 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16996946 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.044 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-4975(06)00829-0 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''
-'''2.''' The usefulness of PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with [[CAD|2- or 3-vessel CAD]] (with or without involvement of the [[LAD|proximal LAD artery]]) or [[LAD|1-vessel proximal LAD]] [[CAD|disease]]. (17,45,48,74). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
+'''2.''' The usefulness of PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with [[CAD|2- or 3-vessel CAD]] (with or without involvement of the [[LAD|proximal LAD artery]]) or [[LAD|1-vessel proximal LAD]] [[CAD|disease]]. <ref name="pmid11431667">{{cite journal |author=Dzavik V, Ghali WA, Norris C, Mitchell LB, Koshal A, Saunders LD, Galbraith PD, Hui W, Faris P, Knudtson ML |title=Long-term survival in 11,661 patients with multivessel coronary artery disease in the era of stenting: a report from the Alberta Provincial Project for Outcome Assessment in Coronary Heart Disease (APPROACH) Investigators |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=119–26 |year=2001 |month=July |pmid=11431667 |doi=10.1067/mhj.2001.116072 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-8703(01)66057-5 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid8622299">{{cite journal |author=Jones RH, Kesler K, Phillips HR, Mark DB, Smith PK, Nelson CL, Newman MF, Reves JG, Anderson RW, Califf RM |title=Long-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease |journal=[[The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery]] |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=1013–25 |year=1996 |month=May |pmid=8622299 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5223(96)70378-1 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid16996946">{{cite journal |author=Smith PK, Califf RM, Tuttle RH, Shaw LK, Lee KL, Delong ER, Lilly RE, Sketch MH, Peterson ED, Jones RH |title=Selection of surgical or percutaneous coronary intervention provides differential longevity benefit |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=82 |issue=4 |pages=1420–8; discussion 1428–9 |year=2006 |month=October |pmid=16996946 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.044 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-4975(06)00829-0 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid17387127">{{cite journal |author=Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Teo KK, Hartigan PM, Maron DJ, Kostuk WJ, Knudtson M, Dada M, Casperson P, Harris CL, Chaitman BR, Shaw L, Gosselin G, Nawaz S, Title LM, Gau G, Blaustein AS, Booth DC, Bates ER, Spertus JA, Berman DS, Mancini GB, Weintraub WS |title=Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=356 |issue=15 |pages=1503–16 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17387127 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa070829 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070829 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
-'''3.''' [[CABG]] might be considered with the primary or sole intent of improving survival in patients with [[chronic stable angina definition|stable ischemic heart disease]] with severe left ventricular [[systolic dysfunction]] ([[ejection fraction]] less than 35%) whether or not viable myocardium is present. (21,56–60,75,76). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
+'''3.''' [[CABG]] might be considered with the primary or sole intent of improving survival in patients with [[chronic stable angina definition|stable ischemic heart disease]] with severe left ventricular [[systolic dysfunction]] ([[ejection fraction]] less than 35%) whether or not viable myocardium is present. <ref name="pmid7914958">{{cite journal |author=Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, Davis K, Killip T, Passamani E, Norris R |title=Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=344 |issue=8922 |pages=563–70 |year=1994 |month=August |pmid=7914958 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid6352078">{{cite journal |author=Alderman EL, Fisher LD, Litwin P, Kaiser GC, Myers WO, Maynard C, Levine F, Schloss M |title=Results of coronary artery surgery in patients with poor left ventricular function (CASS) |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=785–95 |year=1983 |month=October |pmid=6352078 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=6352078 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid12106836">{{cite journal |author=O'Connor CM, Velazquez EJ, Gardner LH, Smith PK, Newman MF, Landolfo KP, Lee KL, Califf RM, Jones RH |title=Comparison of coronary artery bypass grafting versus medical therapy on long-term outcome in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (a 25-year experience from the Duke Cardiovascular Disease Databank) |journal=[[The American Journal of Cardiology]] |volume=90 |issue=2 |pages=101–7 |year=2002 |month=July |pmid=12106836 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002914902024293 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid17394905">{{cite journal |author=Phillips HR, O'Connor CM, Rogers J |title=Revascularization for heart failure |journal=[[American Heart Journal]] |volume=153 |issue=4 Suppl |pages=65–73 |year=2007 |month=April |pmid=17394905 |doi=10.1016/j.ahj.2007.01.026 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-8703(07)00085-3 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid16391157">{{cite journal |author=Tarakji KG, Brunken R, McCarthy PM, Al-Chekakie MO, Abdel-Latif A, Pothier CE, Blackstone EH, Lauer MS |title=Myocardial viability testing and the effect of early intervention in patients with advanced left ventricular systolic dysfunction |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=230–7 |year=2006 |month=January |pmid=16391157 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.541664 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16391157 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid16908896">{{cite journal |author=Tsuyuki RT, Shrive FM, Galbraith PD, Knudtson ML, Graham MM |title=Revascularization in patients with heart failure |journal=[[CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De l'Association Medicale Canadienne]] |volume=175 |issue=4 |pages=361–5 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16908896 |pmc=1534111 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.060108 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16908896 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid21463153">{{cite journal |author=Bonow RO, Maurer G, Lee KL, Holly TA, Binkley PF, Desvigne-Nickens P, Drozdz J, Farsky PS, Feldman AM, Doenst T, Michler RE, Berman DS, Nicolau JC, Pellikka PA, Wrobel K, Alotti N, Asch FM, Favaloro LE, She L, Velazquez EJ, Jones RH, Panza JA |title=Myocardial viability and survival in ischemic left ventricular dysfunction |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=364 |issue=17 |pages=1617–25 |year=2011 |month=April |pmid=21463153 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1100358 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100358 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid21463150">{{cite journal |author=Velazquez EJ, Lee KL, Deja MA, Jain A, Sopko G, Marchenko A, Ali IS, Pohost G, Gradinac S, Abraham WT, Yii M, Prabhakaran D, Szwed H, Ferrazzi P, Petrie MC, O'Connor CM, Panchavinnin P, She L, Bonow RO, Rankin GR, Jones RH, Rouleau JL |title=Coronary-artery bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=364 |issue=17 |pages=1607–16 |year=2011 |month=April |pmid=21463150 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1100356 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1100356 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
-'''4.''' The usefulness of [[CABG]] or PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with previous [[CABG]] and extensive anterior wall [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing. (77–85). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
+'''4.''' The usefulness of [[CABG]] or PCI to improve survival is uncertain in patients with previous [[CABG]] and extensive anterior wall [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing. <ref name="pmid16272211">{{cite journal |author=Brener SJ, Lytle BW, Casserly IP, Ellis SG, Topol EJ, Lauer MS |title=Predictors of revascularization method and long-term outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention or repeat coronary bypass surgery in patients with multivessel coronary disease and previous coronary bypass surgery |journal=[[European Heart Journal]] |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=413–8 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16272211 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehi646 |url=http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16272211 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid17045681">{{cite journal |author=Gurfinkel EP, Perez de la Hoz R, Brito VM, Duronto E, Dabbous OH, Gore JM, Anderson FA |title=Invasive vs non-invasive treatment in acute coronary syndromes and prior bypass surgery |journal=[[International Journal of Cardiology]] |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=65–72 |year=2007 |month=June |pmid=17045681 |doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.07.058 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167-5273(06)00905-3 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid8468995">{{cite journal |author=Lytle BW, Loop FD, Taylor PC, Goormastic M, Stewart RW, Novoa R, McCarthy P, Cosgrove DM |title=The effect of coronary reoperation on the survival of patients with stenoses in saphenous vein bypass grafts to coronary arteries |journal=[[The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery]] |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=605–12; discussion 612–4 |year=1993 |month=April |pmid=8468995 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid11451264">{{cite journal |author=Morrison DA, Sethi G, Sacks J, Henderson W, Grover F, Sedlis S, Esposito R, Ramanathan K, Weiman D, Saucedo J, Antakli T, Paramesh V, Pett S, Vernon S, Birjiniuk V, Welt F, Krucoff M, Wolfe W, Lucke JC, Mediratta S, Booth D, Barbiere C, Lewis D |title=Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary artery bypass graft surgery for patients with medically refractory myocardial ischemia and risk factors for adverse outcomes with bypass: a multicenter, randomized trial. Investigators of the Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #385, the Angina With Extremely Serious Operative Mortality Evaluation (AWESOME) |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=143–9 |year=2001 |month=July |pmid=11451264 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109701013663 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid10467648">{{cite journal |author=Pfautsch P, Frantz E, Ellmer A, Sauer HU, Fleck E |title=[Long-term outcome of therapy of recurrent myocardial ischemia after surgical revascularization] |language=German |journal=[[Zeitschrift Für Kardiologie]] |volume=88 |issue=7 |pages=489–97 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10467648 |doi= |url=http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00392/bibs/9088007/90880489.htm |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid9860204">{{cite journal |author=Sergeant P, Blackstone E, Meyns B, Stockman B, Jashari R |title=First cardiological or cardiosurgical reintervention for ischemic heart disease after primary coronary artery bypass grafting |journal=[[European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery : Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery]] |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=480–7 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9860204 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1010794098002140 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid8890807">{{cite journal |author=Stephan WJ, O'Keefe JH, Piehler JM, McCallister BD, Dahiya RS, Shimshak TM, Ligon RW, Hartzler GO |title=Coronary angioplasty versus repeat coronary artery bypass grafting for patients with previous bypass surgery |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1140–6 |year=1996 |month=November |pmid=8890807 |doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00286-0 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735-1097(96)00286-0 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid19379872">{{cite journal |author=Subramanian S, Sabik JF, Houghtaling PL, Nowicki ER, Blackstone EH, Lytle BW |title=Decision-making for patients with patent left internal thoracic artery grafts to left anterior descending |journal=[[The Annals of Thoracic Surgery]] |volume=87 |issue=5 |pages=1392–8; discussion 1400 |year=2009 |month=May |pmid=19379872 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.02.032 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003-4975(09)00309-9 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid9054744">{{cite journal |author=Weintraub WS, Jones EL, Morris DC, King SB, Guyton RA, Craver JM |title=Outcome of reoperative coronary bypass surgery versus coronary angioplasty after previous bypass surgery |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=868–77 |year=1997 |month=February |pmid=9054744 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9054744 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''
 ====[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]]====
-'''1.''' [[CABG]] or PCI should not be performed with the primary or sole intent to improve survival in patients with [[chronic stable angina definition|stable ischemic heart disease]] with 1 or more [[stenosis|coronary stenoses]] that are not anatomically or functionally significant (e.g., greater than 70% diameter non–left main coronary artery stenosis, [[Fractional flow reserve|fractional flow reserve]] 0.80, no or only mild [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing), involve only the [[Left circumflex artery|left circumflex]] or [[right coronary artery]], or subtend only a small area of viable myocardium. (21,45,52,53,86–90). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''}}
+'''1.''' [[CABG]] or PCI should not be performed with the primary or sole intent to improve survival in patients with [[chronic stable angina definition|stable ischemic heart disease]] with 1 or more [[stenosis|coronary stenoses]] that are not anatomically or functionally significant (e.g., greater than 70% diameter non–left main coronary artery stenosis, [[Fractional flow reserve|fractional flow reserve]] 0.80, no or only mild [[ischemia]] on noninvasive testing), involve only the [[Left circumflex artery|left circumflex]] or [[right coronary artery]], or subtend only a small area of viable myocardium. <ref name="pmid7914958">{{cite journal |author=Yusuf S, Zucker D, Peduzzi P, Fisher LD, Takaro T, Kennedy JW, Davis K, Killip T, Passamani E, Norris R |title=Effect of coronary artery bypass graft surgery on survival: overview of 10-year results from randomised trials by the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Trialists Collaboration |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=344 |issue=8922 |pages=563–70 |year=1994 |month=August |pmid=7914958 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid8622299">{{cite journal |author=Jones RH, Kesler K, Phillips HR, Mark DB, Smith PK, Nelson CL, Newman MF, Reves JG, Anderson RW, Califf RM |title=Long-term survival benefits of coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease |journal=[[The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery]] |volume=111 |issue=5 |pages=1013–25 |year=1996 |month=May |pmid=8622299 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022-5223(96)70378-1 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid9832692">{{cite journal |author=Di Carli MF, Maddahi J, Rokhsar S, Schelbert HR, Bianco-Batlles D, Brunken RC, Fromm B |title=Long-term survival of patients with coronary artery disease and left ventricular dysfunction: implications for the role of myocardial viability assessment in management decisions |journal=[[The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery]] |volume=116 |issue=6 |pages=997–1004 |year=1998 |month=December |pmid=9832692 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022522398004759 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid12771008">{{cite journal |author=Hachamovitch R, Hayes SW, Friedman JD, Cohen I, Berman DS |title=Comparison of the short-term survival benefit associated with revascularization compared with medical therapy in patients with no prior coronary artery disease undergoing stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=107 |issue=23 |pages=2900–7 |year=2003 |month=June |pmid=12771008 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.0000072790.23090.41 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=12771008 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid18268144">{{cite journal |author=Shaw LJ, Berman DS, Maron DJ, Mancini GB, Hayes SW, Hartigan PM, Weintraub WS, O'Rourke RA, Dada M, Spertus JA, Chaitman BR, Friedman J, Slomka P, Heller GV, Germano G, Gosselin G, Berger P, Kostuk WJ, Schwartz RG, Knudtson M, Veledar E, Bates ER, McCallister B, Teo KK, Boden WE |title=Optimal medical therapy with or without percutaneous coronary intervention to reduce ischemic burden: results from the Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation (COURAGE) trial nuclear substudy |journal=[[Circulation]] |volume=117 |issue=10 |pages=1283–91 |year=2008 |month=March |pmid=18268144 |doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743963 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18268144 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid6332274">{{cite journal |author=Cashin WL, Sanmarco ME, Nessim SA, Blankenhorn DH |title=Accelerated progression of atherosclerosis in coronary vessels with minimal lesions that are bypassed |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=311 |issue=13 |pages=824–8 |year=1984 |month=September |pmid=6332274 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198409273111304 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198409273111304?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid8637515">{{cite journal |author=Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Peels K, Van Der Voort PH, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek J Koolen JJ, Koolen JJ |title=Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=334 |issue=26 |pages=1703–8 |year=1996 |month=June |pmid=8637515 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199606273342604 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199606273342604 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid19144937">{{cite journal |author=Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, van' t  Veer M, Klauss V, Manoharan G, Engstrøm T, Oldroyd KG, Ver Lee PN, MacCarthy PA, Fearon WF |title=Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention |journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]] |volume=360 |issue=3 |pages=213–24 |year=2009 |month=January |pmid=19144937 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0807611 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0807611 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref><ref name="pmid14680734">{{cite journal |author=Sawada S, Bapat A, Vaz D, Weksler J, Fineberg N, Greene A, Gradus-Pizlo I, Feigenbaum H |title=Incremental value of myocardial viability for prediction of long-term prognosis in surgically revascularized patients with left ventricular dysfunction |journal=[[Journal of the American College of Cardiology]] |volume=42 |issue=12 |pages=2099–105 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14680734 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109703012737 |accessdate=2011-12-04}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''}}
 ==Procedural Considerations: Recommendations [http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/58/24/2550.pdf]==

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 17:41, 4 December 2011

Epidemiology and Demographics

Classification of Recommendations and Level of Evidence

Classification of Recommendations:

Level of Evidence:

Imaging Studies During PCI

Intravascular Ultrasound Imaging:

Coronary Artery Pressure and Flow: Use of Fractional Flow Reserve and Coronary Vasodilatory Reserve[1]:

Institutional and Operator Competency

Quality Assurance

Operator and Institutional Volume

Role of Onsite Surgical Backup

Primary PCI for STEMI Without Onsite Cardiac Surgery

Elective PCI Without Onsite Surgery

2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline Recommendations: CAD Revascularization [4]

Heart Team Approach to Revascularization Decisions

Revascularization to Improve Survival: Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Revascularization to Improve Survival: Non-Left Main Coronary Artery Disease

Procedural Considerations: Recommendations [5]

Vascular Access

Patients With Asymptomatic Ischemia or CCS Class I or II Angina

Patients With CCS Class III Angina

PCI in patients with Unstable Angina/Non–ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Patients With STEMI: General and Specific Considerations

General considerations

Specific Considerations

PCI in Fibrinolytic-Ineligible Patients

Facilitated PCI

PCI After Failed Fibrinolysis (Rescue PCI)

PCI After Successful Fibrinolysis or for Patients Not Undergoing Primary Reperfusion

PCI in patients with Cardiogenic Shock

Percutaneous Intervention in Patients With Prior Coronary Bypass Surgery

Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Adjunctive Therapies for PCI

Oral Antiplatelet Therapy

Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors

Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)

Antithrombotic Therapy: Unfractionated Heparin, LowMolecular Weight Heparin, and Bivalirudin

Guidelines (DO NOT EDIT)

Surgery and Device Based Therapy

Thrombus Aspiration During PCI

Guideline Resources

References

Navigation menu

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Coronary Artery Pressure and Flow: Use of Fractional Flow Reserve and Coronary Vasodilatory Reserve^[1]: