Pain causes

Pain
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Differential diagnosis of causes of pain

Common causes

The A to Z of Pain

Hundreds of pain syndromes or disorders make up the spectrum of pain. There are the most benign, fleeting sensations of pain, such as a pin prick. There is the pain of childbirth, the pain of a heart attack, and the pain that sometimes follows amputation of a limb. There is also pain accompanying cancer and the pain that follows severe trauma, such as that associated with head and spinal cord injuries. A sampling of common pain syndromes follows, listed alphabetically.

Arachnoiditis is a condition in which one of the three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the arachnoid membrane, becomes inflamed. A number of causes, including infection or trauma, can result in inflammation of this membrane. Arachnoiditis can produce disabling, progressive, and even permanent pain.

Arthritis. Millions of Americans suffer from arthritic conditions such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout. These disorders are characterized by joint pain in the extremities. Many other inflammatory diseases affect the body's soft tissues, including tendonitis and bursitis.

Back pain has become the high price paid by our modern lifestyle and is a startlingly common cause of disability for many Americans, including both active and inactive people. Back pain that spreads to the leg is called sciatica and is a very common condition (see below). Another common type of back pain is associated with the discs of the spine, the soft, spongy padding between the vertebrae (bones) that form the spine. Discs protect the spine by absorbing shock, but they tend to degenerate over time and may sometimes rupture. Spondylolisthesis is a back condition that occurs when one vertebra extends over another, causing pressure on nerves and therefore pain. Also, damage to nerve roots (see Spine Basics in the Appendix) is a serious condition, called radiculopathy, that can be extremely painful. Treatment for a damaged disc includes drugs such as painkillers, muscle relaxants, and steroids; exercise or rest, depending on the patient's condition; adequate support, such as a brace or better mattress and physical therapy. In some cases, surgery may be required to remove the damaged portion of the disc and return it to its previous condition, especially when it is pressing a nerve root. Surgical procedures include discectomy, laminectomy, or spinal fusion (see section on surgery in How is Pain Treated? for more information on these treatments).

Burn pain can be profound and poses an extreme challenge to the medical community. First-degree burns are the least severe; with third-degree burns, the skin is lost. Depending on the injury, pain accompanying burns can be excruciating, and even after the wound has healed patients may have chronic pain at the burn site.

Central pain syndrome-see "Trauma" below.

Cancer pain can accompany the growth of a tumor, the treatment of cancer, or chronic problems related to cancer's permanent effects on the body. Fortunately, most cancer pain can be treated to help minimize discomfort and stress to the patient.

Headaches affect millions of Americans. The three most common types of chronic headache are migraines, cluster headaches, and tension headaches. Each comes with its own telltale brand of pain.

• Migraines are characterized by throbbing pain and sometimes by other symptoms, such as nausea and visual disturbances. Migraines are more frequent in women than men. Stress can trigger a migraine headache, and migraines can also put the sufferer at risk for stroke.
• Cluster headaches are characterized by excruciating, piercing pain on one side of the head; they occur more frequently in men than women.
• Tension headaches are often described as a tight band around the head.

Head and facial pain can be agonizing, whether it results from dental problems or from disorders such as cranial neuralgia, in which one of the nerves in the face, head, or neck is inflamed. Another condition, trigeminal neuralgia (also called tic douloureux), affects the largest of the cranial nerves and is characterized by a stabbing, shooting pain.

Muscle pain can range from an aching muscle, spasm, or strain, to the severe spasticity that accompanies paralysis. Another disabling syndrome is fibromyalgia, a disorder characterized by fatigue, stiffness, joint tenderness, and widespread muscle pain. Polymyositis, dermatomyositis, and inclusion body myositis are painful disorders characterized by muscle inflammation. They may be caused by infection or autoimmune dysfunction and are sometimes associated with connective tissue disorders, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

Myofascial pain syndromes affect sensitive areas known as trigger points, located within the body's muscles. Myofascial pain syndromes are sometimes misdiagnosed and can be debilitating. Fibromyalgia is a type of myofascial pain syndrome.

Neuropathic pain is a type of pain that can result from injury to nerves, either in the peripheral or central nervous system (see The Nervous Systems in the Appendix). Neuropathic pain can occur in any part of the body and is frequently described as a hot, burning sensation, which can be devastating to the affected individual. It can result from diseases that affect nerves (such as diabetes) or from trauma, or, because chemotherapy drugs can affect nerves, it can be a consequence of cancer treatment. Among the many neuropathic pain conditions are diabetic neuropathy (which results from nerve damage secondary to vascular problems that occur with diabetes); reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (see below), which can follow injury; phantom limb and post-amputation pain (see Phantom Pain in the Appendix), which can result from the surgical removal of a limb; postherpetic neuralgia, which can occur after an outbreak of shingles; and central pain syndrome, which can result from trauma to the brain or spinal cord.

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, or RSDS, is accompanied by burning pain and hypersensitivity to temperature. Often triggered by trauma or nerve damage, RSDS causes the skin of the affected area to become characteristically shiny. In recent years, RSDS has come to be called complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS); in the past it was often called causalgia.

Repetitive stress injuries are muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work or other daily activities. They include:

• writer's cramp, which affects musicians and writers and others,
• compression or entrapment neuropathies, including carpal tunnel syndrome, caused by chronic overextension of the wrist and
• tendonitis or tenosynovitis, affecting one or more tendons.

Sciatica is a painful condition caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve, the main nerve that branches off the spinal cord and continues down into the thighs, legs, ankles, and feet. Sciatica is characterized by pain in the buttocks and can be caused by a number of factors. Exertion, obesity, and poor posture can all cause pressure on the sciatic nerve. One common cause of sciatica is a herniated disc (see Spine Basics in the Appendix).

Shingles and other painful disorders affect the skin. Pain is a common symptom of many skin disorders, even the most common rashes. One of the most vexing neurological disorders is shingles or herpes zoster, an infection that often causes agonizing pain resistant to treatment. Prompt treatment with antiviral agents is important to arrest the infection, which if prolonged can result in an associated condition known as postherpetic neuralgia. Other painful disorders affecting the skin include:

• vasculitis, or inflammation of blood vessels;
• other infections, including herpes simplex;
• skin tumors and cysts, and
• tumors associated with neurofibromatosis, a neurogenetic disorder.

Sports injuries are common. Sprains, strains, bruises, dislocations, and fractures are all well-known words in the language of sports. Pain is another. In extreme cases, sports injuries can take the form of costly and painful spinal cord and head injuries, which cause severe suffering and disability.

Spinal stenosis refers to a narrowing of the canal surrounding the spinal cord. The condition occurs naturally with aging. Spinal stenosis causes weakness in the legs and leg pain usually felt while the person is standing up and often relieved by sitting down.

Surgical pain may require regional or general anesthesia during the procedure and medications to control discomfort following the operation. Control of pain associated with surgery includes presurgical preparation and careful monitoring of the patient during and after the procedure.

Temporomandibular disorders are conditions in which the temporomandibular joint (the jaw) is damaged and/or the muscles used for chewing and talking become stressed, causing pain. The condition may be the result of a number of factors, such as an injury to the jaw or joint misalignment, and may give rise to a variety of symptoms, most commonly pain in the jaw, face, and/or neck muscles. Physicians reach a diagnosis by listening to the patient's description of the symptoms and by performing a simple examination of the facial muscles and the temporomandibular joint.

Trauma can occur after injuries in the home, at the workplace, during sports activities, or on the road. Any of these injuries can result in severe disability and pain. Some patients who have had an injury to the spinal cord experience intense pain ranging from tingling to burning and, commonly, both. Such patients are sensitive to hot and cold temperatures and touch. For these individuals, a touch can be perceived as intense burning, indicating abnormal signals relayed to and from the brain. This condition is called central pain syndrome or, if the damage is in the thalamus (the brain's center for processing bodily sensations), thalamic pain syndrome. It affects as many as 100,000 Americans with multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, amputated limbs, spinal cord injuries, and stroke. Their pain is severe and is extremely difficult to treat effectively. A variety of medications, including analgesics, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and electrical stimulation, are options available to central pain patients.

Vascular disease or injury-such as vasculitis or inflammation of blood vessels, coronary artery disease, and circulatory problems-all have the potential to cause pain. Vascular pain affects millions of Americans and occurs when communication between blood vessels and nerves is interrupted. Ruptures, spasms, constriction, or obstruction of blood vessels, as well as a condition called ischemia in which blood supply to organs, tissues, or limbs is cut off, can also result in pain.

Organ system based

Cardiovascular	Acute pericarditis, Angina pectoris, Aortic regurgitation, Aortic stenosis, Dissecting aneurysm, Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Mitral valve prolapse, Myocardial infarction, Non-dissecting aneurysm
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Post burn scars, Post-operative pain, Deep axillary abscesses, Psoriasis, furuncles, boils, cellulitis, Steven-johnson's syndrome
Drug Side Effect	General: Abciximab, Acebutolol, Aldesleukin, Alitretinoin, Amphotericin B, Anagrelide, Anagrelide, Bevacizumab, Bicalutamide, Bicalutamide, Capecitabine, Capecitabine, Carmustine, Cetuximab, Clofarabine, Clopidogrel, Clopidogrel, Diethylpropion, Dipyridamole, Dipyridamole, Dirithromycin, Dofetilide, Dornase Alfa, Eletriptan, Enfuvirtide, Epoetin Alfa , Exemestane, Fludarabine, Fulvestrant, Gemcitabine, Glatiramer, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Leuprolide, Mifepristone, Oxybutynin, Palifermin, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Stavudine, Tenofovir, Topotecan, Trastuzumab, Zidovudine, Zileuton Leg pain: Abatacept, Acitretin, Aldesleukin, Alendronate, Allopurinol, Amikacin, Anagrelide, Anastrozole, Aripiprazole, Atazanavir, Atorvastatin, Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Buspirone, Capecitabine, Celecoxib, Clofarabine , Clonazepam, Clopidogrel, Cortisol, Darbepoetin Alfa, Docetaxel, Epoetin Alfa Injection, Ethacrynic Acid, Etidronate, Ezetimibe, Fenofibrate, Filgrastim, Fluvastatin, Gabapentin, Galantamine, Glatiramer Injection, Ibandronate, Iloprost, Imatinib, Infliximab, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Interferon Gamma-1b, Lamivudine, Latanoprost, Leflunomide, Letrozole, Leuprolide, Lovastatin, Methimazole, Methylergonovine, Methylprednisolone, Mifepristone, Natalizumab, Ofloxacin , Paclitaxel, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Prednisone, Pyrazinamide, Quinupristin, dalfopristin, Ribavirin, Rofecoxib, Rosiglitazone, Rosuvastatin, Sunitinib , Tadalafil , Tamsulosin , Telbivudine, Temozolomide, Terbutaline, Teriparatide, Tiotropium, Torsemide, Valganciclovir, Valsartan, Vancomycin, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Zalcitabine, Ziprasidone, Zolmitriptan, Zolpidem Headache: Acamprosate, Acyclovir, Alatrofloxacin, Alosetron, Amantadine, Ambrisentan, Aminophylline, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amphotericin B, Anagrelide, Armodafinil, Atorvastatin, Benazepril, Bepridil, Bexarotene, Bisoprolol, Bosentan, Butorphanol, Cabergoline, Caffeine, Candesartan, Capecitabine,Carbamazepine, Carbimazole, Carmustine, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Caspofungin Cilansetron, Cilostazol, Clomethiazole, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Cycloserine, Cyclosporin, Cefaclor, Cefamandole Nafate, Cefotetan, Cefdinir, Cefoperazone, Calcitriol, Chelation therapy, Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Cilostazol, Cimetidine, Clopidogrel,Cyclosporine, Deferasirox, Dexamfetamine, Digoxin, Diltiazem, Dimercaprol, Dinoprostone, Dipivefrine, Dipyridamole, Disopyramide, Docosanol, Dolasetron, Dofetilide, Doxazosin, Enalapril, Epinephrine, Eplerenone, Epoprostenol, Ergotamine, Etanercept, Ethacrynic Acid, Ethanol, Ethosuximide, Ezetimibe, Felodipine, Fenofibrate, Fenoldopam, Flu vaccine, Fluorouracil, Fluoxetine, Fluvastatin, Epinephrine,Fosinopril, Furosemide, Ganciclovir, Gemeprost, Glyceryl trinitrate, Granisetron, Griseofulvin, Gyromitrin, Indomethacin, Insulin lispro, Influenza vaccine, Imatinib mesylate, Interleukin 2, Isosorbide dinitrate, Isosorbide mononitrate, Lerisetron, Levosimendan, Lofepramine, Lomotil, Lisuride, Mefloquine, Memantine, Methimazole, Metronidazole, Methyprylon, Modafinil, Monosodium glutamate, Moricizine, Nicorandil, Nifedipine, Nitrendipine, Nitroglycerine, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Oxtriphylline, Oxytocin, Omalizumab, Ondansetron, Palonosetron, Pemirolast, Pergolide,Pimecrolimus, Piribedil, Propylthiouracil, Quinidine, Quinine, Rasagiline, Reproterol, Roflumilast, Ropinirole, Salbutamol, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Sildenafil, Sodium nitrite, Sulprostone, Tadalafil, Trabectedin, Trimeprazine, Trimethobenzamide, Tribavirin, Trimethadione, Tropisetron, Vardenafil, Vitamin A, Zafirlukast, Zileuton, Zomepirac Abdominal pain: Abciximab, Acebutolol, Acitretin , Adalimumab, Alendronate, Alosetron, Anagrelide, Atazanavir, Auranofin, Azithromycin, Bevacizumab, Celecoxib, Cetuximab Injection, Cholestyramine Resin, Cilostazol, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, Clofarabine Injection, Colestipol, Darifenacin, Darunavir, Deferasirox, Dexmethylphenidate, Didanosine, Diflunisal, Dirithromycin, Dolasetron Mesylate, Emtricitabine, Enfuvirtide, Entacapone, Eprosartan, Erlotinib, Erythromycin, Esomeprazole, Estrogen and Progestin, Etanercept, Exemestane, Famciclovir, Fenofibrate, Fenoprofen, Fentanyl, Fluconazole, Fludarabine, Fulvestrant, Galantamine, Gemfibrozil, Imatinib, Infliximab, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Lanthanum, Leflunomide, Meclofenamate, Mefenamic Acid, Mesalamine , Methylphenidate, Mifepristone, Miglitol , Misoprostol, Morphine, Mycophenolate, Nabumetone, Naproxen, Nelfinavir , Nilutamide , Nitazoxanide, Nizatidine, Nystatin, Omeprazole, Oseltamivir, Oxaliplatin, Oxaprozin, Oxcarbazepine, Pancrelipase, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Pentostatin, Pergolide, Posaconazole, Pramlintide injection, Quetiapine, Rifabutin, Riluzole, Risedronate, Ritonavir, Rituximab injection, Rivastigmine, Saquinavir, Sargramostim, Selegiline, Sitagliptin, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Stavudine, Sulindac, Tacrolimus, Telbivudine, Temozolomide, Terbinafine, Tiagabine, Tipranavir, Tocainide, Topiramate, Topotecan, Trastuzumab, Valacyclovir, Valganciclovir, Valproic Acid, Voriconazole, Zaleplon, Zileuton, Zonisamide Back pain: Abciximab, Adalimumab, Anastrozole, Bicalutamide, Calcitonin Salmon, Capecitabine, Cetuximab Injection, Clofarabine, Deferasirox, Fludarabine, Interferon Alfacon-1, Leflunomide, Letrozole, Mifepristone, Naltrexone, Posaconazole, Quetiapine, Repaglinide, Rituximab, Sibutramine, Tadalafil, Tamsulosin, Temozolomide, Trastuzumab, Valdecoxib Chest pain: Abciximab, Acebutolol, Anagrelide, Bicalutamide, Capecitabine, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole, Dofetilide, Dornase Alfa, Eletriptan, Epoetin Alfa , Fludarabine, Frovatriptan, Fulvestrant, Glatiramer, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Isosorbide, Leflunomide, Letrozole, Lisinopril, Nedocromil, Pemetrexed, Pentamidine, Pravastatin Musculoskeletal pain: Acebutolol, Acitretin , Alendronate, Alendronate, Anastrozole, Aripiprazole, Atazanavir, Bicalutamide, Bisoprolol, Bortezomib, Calcitonin Salmon, Celecoxib, Cilostazol, Cinacalcet, Clofarabine, Clopidogrel, Colesevelam, Darbepoetin Alfa, Darbepoetin Alfa, Deferasirox, Desloratadine, Docetaxel, Docetaxel, Enfuvirtide, Epoetin Alfa, Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe, Fludarabine, Glatiramer, Hydrocortisone, Imatinib, Imatinib, Infliximab, Infliximab, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Interferon Beta-1b, Interferon Gamma-1b, Lamivudine, Methimazole, Mifepristone, Naltrexone, Natalizumab, Paclitaxel, Paclitaxel, Palifermin, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Pentostatin, Pentostatin, Pindolol, Pindolol, Pioglitazone, Posaconazole, Posaconazole, Pramlintide, Propylthiouracil, Pyrazinamide, Pyrazinamide, Raloxifene, Rasagiline, Repaglinide, Ribavirin, Ribavirin, Risedronate, Rituximab, Rosuvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Sirolimus, Sorafenib, Telbivudine, Temozolomide, Tenofovir, Teriparatide, Triamcinolone, Valdecoxib
Ear Nose Throat	Acoustic neuroma, Acute otitis externa (Swimmer's ear), Acute otitis media, Arthritis of the temporomandibular joint, Auricular erysipelas, Auricular perichondritis, Cellulitis, Cerumen impaction, Cervical spine disease, Cholesteatoma, Chronic otitis externa, Ear canal foreign body, Eczema, Eustachion tube dysfunction, Eustachion tubesyringitis, Furunculosis, Herpes Zoster Oticus, High altitude sickness, Malignant otitis externa, Mastoiditis, Mumps, Myringitis bullosa, acute barotrauma, Psoriasis, Reaction to topical agents, Ruptured or perforated eardrum, Sterile middle ear effusion, Trauma, Tumor, Tympanostomy tube obstruction, Varicella
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Snake bite (Viperidae), Spider bite
Gastroenterologic	Abdominal migraine, Actinomycosis, Acute appendicitis, Acute cholecystitis, Acute esophagitis, Acute hemorrhoid crises, Acute hepatitis, Acute intermittent porphyria, Acute mesenteric artery occlusion, Acute pancreatitis, Acute peritonitis, Afferent loop syndrome, Amoebic dysentry, Anal fissures, Anal itch, Anorectal abscesses, Anterior retroperitoneal abscess, Biliary colic, Carcinomatosis, Chronic esophagitis, Chronic hemolytic anemia, Chronic mesenteric insufficiency, Chronic pancreatitis, Colon cancer, Crohn's disease, Diverticulitis, Dumping syndrome, Duodenal ulcer, Esophageal cancer, Esophageal tear, Esophagitis, Familial paroxysmal peritonitis, Food allergy, Gallbladder carcinoma, Gallbladder empyema, Gas entrapment, Gas entrapment syndromes, Gastric cancer, Gastric granuloma, Gastric ulcer, Gastritis, Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, Gonococcal perihepatitis, Granulomatous peritonitis, Haemorrhoids, Hepatic abscess, Hiatus hernia, Hypertrophic gastropathy, Infected sweat glands, Infectious enterocolitis, Intestinal ischemia, Intra-abdominal abscess, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Irritable bowel syndrome, Large bowel obstruction, Liver abscess, Liver carcinoma, Mesenteric inflammatory disease, Mesenteric tumors, Mesothelioma, Metastatic liver tumors, Mid-abdominal abscess, Neurogenic intestinal obstruction, Nonulcer dyspepsia, Pancreatic abscess, Pancreatic carcinoma, Pancreatic duct occlusion, Penetrating ulcer, Peptic ulcer disease, Perforated ulcer, Perforated ulcer, Perisplenitis, Peritoneal cancer, Phlegmonous gastritis, Postcholecystectomy syndrome, Post-gastrectomy pain syndromes, Postradiation enterocolitis, Primary liver tumors, Proctitis, Pyloric stenosis, Pylorospasm, Rectal boils, Rectal cancers, Rectal ulcers, Reflux alkaline syndrome, Regional ileitis, Retrocaecal appendicitis, Retroperitoneal masses, Small bowel obstruction, Splenic abscess, Splenic infarction, Splenic rupture, Splenomegaly,Subphrenic abscess, Too small gastric pouch, Torsion of the omentum, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Ulcerative colitis, Venereal ulcers / granulomas, Volvulus, Accessory pancreas, Achalasia
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	Sickle cell anemia
Iatrogenic	Surgery complication
Infectious Disease	Bacteria: Acute pericarditis, Acute otitis externa (Swimmer's ear), Acute otitis media, Auricular erysipelas, Acute peritonitis, Anorectal abscesses, Anterior retroperitoneal abscess, Acute mediastinitis, Acute cystitis, Acute epididymitis, Acute prostatitis, Acute urethritis, Acute endometritis, Acute pelvic inflammatory disease, Acute tracheobronchitis, Balanitis, Cellulitis, Chronic cystitis, Chronic prostatitis, Chronic TB cystitis, Chancroid, Chronic mediastinitis, Chlamydia infection, Chronic PID, dental abscess, Deep axillary abscesses, Diverticulitis, Epidural abscess, Femur infections, Gonococcal perihepatitis, Intra-abdominal abscess, Interstitial cystitis, Liver abscess, Lung abscess, Malignant otitis externa, Myringitis bullosa, Mid-abdominal abscess, Orchitis, Pancreatic abscess, Perinephritic abscess, Perineal abscess, Pneumonia, Pyelonephrosis, Renal abscess, Subphrenic abscess, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Tuberculosis Cystitis, Infective arthritis, Osteomyelitis, Septic arthritis, Tuberculosis Arthritis, Vertebral infections, Vulval infections Virus: Herpes Zoster Oticus, Hepatic abscess, Herpes zoster (shingles), genital herpes, Mumps, Myringitis bullosa, Orchitis, Varicella Fungi: Actinomycosis, vaginal yeast infections Parasites: Pinworm Infection, Ringworm Infection, Renal Echinococcossis]], Schistosomal cystitis, trichomoniasis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	12th rib syndrome, Acrocyanosis, Acute + chronic degenerative conditions, Acute arterial occlusion, Acute deep vein thrombosis, Acute thrombophlebitis, Ankle dislocation, Ankle fracture, Ankle laxity, Ankle sprain, Ankylosing spondylitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Apophyseal (growth plate) disorders, Arteriosclerosis obliterans, Arthritides, Calcaneal paratendintis, Cartilage injuries, Cauda equina lesions, Causalgia (CRPS 2), Chondromalacia patellae, Chronic arterial insufficiency, Chronic muscle contracture, Claw toe, Coccydynia, Cold injuries, Collagen disease (scleroderma), Compartment syndrome, Contracture of fascia lata + iliotibial band, Contusion of quadriceps or other muscles, Costchondral dislocation, Costchondral fracture, Costochondritis, Costovertebral joint arthritis, Degenerative osteoarthritis, Destructive bone lesions, Developmental disorders, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, Diseases of the pelvic organs, Diseases of veins, Disorders of the whole foot, Epidural abscess, Facet joint syndrome, Facet syndrome, Femoral neuralgia, Femur infections, Femur tumors, Fibromyalgia, Foot deformities, Forefoot pain, Ganglion, Gastrocnemius rupture, Generalized muscle pain, Gluteal muscle syndrome, Gout, Great toe disorders, Hallux rigidus, Hallux valgus, Hammer toe, Heel pain, Hemarthrosis, Hindfoot pain, Hip dislocation, Hip Fractures, Idiopathic scoliosis, Iliopectineal bursitis, Increased muscle tension or spasm, Infant hip infections, Infective arthritis, Infrapatellar fat pad, Ingrown toenail, Intermittent claudication, Intrinsic spinal cord lesions, Ischiogluteal bursitis, Levator muscle spasm, Ligament / capsular injuries, Lisfranc's joint instability, Livedo reticularis, Loose bodies, Low back pain and psychiatric illness, Low back pain caused by operant mechanisms, Lower abdominal muscle syndrome, Lumbar disc protrusion, Lumbosacral plexus lesions, Lumbosacral strain, Medial arch strain, Meralgia paraesthetica, Metatarsal head osteochondritis, Metatarsalgia, Midfoot pain, Morton's neuroma, Muscle spasm, Muscle strain, Muscle tendon rupture, Myofascial disorders, Myofascial pain with trigger points (TPs), Navicular osteochondritis, Nerve entrapment syndromes, Neuropathic pain, Obturator neuralgia, Osteoarthritis (degenerative), Osteochondritis dissecans, Osteomyelitis, Osteonecrosis, Paget's disease of bone, Painful heel pad, Pelvic fractures, Pelvic muscle disorders, Pelvic sprains, Pelvic trauma, Peripheral vascular disease, Peroneal neuralgia, Peroneal tendon dislocation, Perthes disease, Pes cavus (hollow foot), Pes planus (flat foot), Pigmented villonodular synovitis, Plantar fasciitis, Post phlebitic syndrome, Post traumatic spondylosis, Postamputation pain, Post-episiotomy, Posterior knee swellings / cysts, Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency, Post-laminectomy, Postoperative quadriceps muscle spasm, Postoperative reflex spasm, Post-traumatic, Primary & secondary sacroiliac joint disorders, Psoriasis, Quadriceps tendon rupture, Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, Rectus abdominis syndrome, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS 1), Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis of the lumbar spine, Rheumatoid arthritis of the sacroiliac joint, Rib fractures, Rib tumors, Saphenous neuralgia, Scars, Sciatic neuralgia, Secondary tumors, Septic arthritis, Sesamoiditis, Skin disorders, Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Slipping rib syndrome, Small arterial disease, Small toe disorders, Spinal neoplasms, Spinal nerve root radiculopathy, Spinal stenosis, Spondylolisthesis, Spontaneous osteonecrosis, Sternal fracture, Sternoclavicular arthritis, Stress fracture, Subtalar arthritis, Synovitis, Tarsal coalition, Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Tenosynovitis, Thoracic arthritis, Thoracic deformity, Thoracic spine, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Tibial neuralgia, Tietze's syndrome, Transient synovitis, Traumatic femur lesions, Traumatic muscle hematoma, Trochanteric bursitis, Tuberculosis Arthritis, Vasodilating disease, Vasospastic disease, Vertebral dislocation, Vertebral epiphysitis (Scheuermann's disease), Vertebral fracture, Vertebral infections, Xiphoidalgia
Neurologic	Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment, Caudal equina arachnoiditis, Central pain syndromes, Cervical disc protrusion, Cervical nerve entrapment, Epidural compression, Extra-medullary (outside spinal cord), Groin neuralgia, Herpes zoster (shingles), Intercostal neuralgia, Intra-medullary (inside spinal cord), Lesions inside spinal cord conus, Lesions outside spinal cord conus, Neuropathies, Obstetric palsy, Paravertebral compression, Peripheral neuropathy, Phantom anus pain, Phantom bladder pain, Phantom pelvic pain, Post herpetic neuralgia, Primary nerve tumors, Pudendal neuralgia, Pudendal neuropathy, Shingles, Spinal cord compression, Tabes dorsalis, Thoracic outlet syndrome, Vertebral compression, Epidural abscess, Thalamic syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Acute intermittent porphyria
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Acute endometritis, Acute pelvic inflammatory disease, Acute trauma, Allergic reactions, Canchroid infection, Cervical cancer, Chlamydia infection, Chronic endometriosis, Chronic PID, Endometrial cancer, Enlarged uterus, Fibroid degeneration, Functional ovarian cyst, Herpetic infection, Miscarriage, Mittelschmerz, Normal pregnancy, Ovarian cancer, Ovarian cyst bleed, Ovarian tumor torsion, Pelvic muscle spasm, Perineal abscess, Pinworm Infection, Premature labour, Primary dysmenorrhoea, Referred pelvic pain, Referred perineal pain, Ringworm Infection, Round ligament stretching, Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, Ruptured ovarian follicle, Secondary dysmenorrhoea, Twisted ovarian cyst, Uterine prolapse, Vascular disorders, Vulval infections
Oncologic	Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Gastric cancer, Gastric granuloma, Mesenteric tumors, Mesothelioma, Peritoneal cancer, Primary liver tumors, Rectal cancers, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Renal pelvis carcinoma, Renal sarcoma, Diaphragmatic tumors, Mediastinal carcinoma, Rib tumors, Spinal neoplasms, Primary nerve tumors, Cervical cancer, Endometrial cancer, Ovarian cancer, Endobronchial carcinoma, Intra-pulmonary carcinoma, Lung cancer, Pancoast's syndrome, Bladder cancer, Penile cancer, Prostate cancer, Seminoma, Teratoma, Testicular cancer, ALL, AML, Diaphragmatic tumors, Mediastinal carcinoma
Opthalmologic	Band keratopathy, Chalazion, Corneal ulcer, Entropion conjunctivitis, Ethmoid sinusitis, Eye strain, Febrile Disease, Frontal sinusitis, Glaucoma, Hordeolum, Interstitial keratitis, Iridocyclitis, Iritis, Ocular foreign body,Ocular herpetic calcification, Retrobulbar neuritis, Sphenoid sinus, Thyrotoxicosis
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Acute anxiety, Chronic anxiety, Delusional pain / hallucinatory pain, Depression, Hypochondriasis, Hysterical / hypochondriacal pain, Learned pain, Operant pain, Somatoform pain, Low back pain and psychiatric illness, Functional disorders, Repetitive strain injury
Pulmonary	Acute diaphragmitis, Acute pulmonary hypertension, Acute tracheobronchitis, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Chronic pulmonary hypertension, Diaphragmatic flutter, Diaphragmatic pleuritis, Diaphragmatic spasm, Endobronchial carcinoma, Epidemic pleurodynia, Intra-pulmonary carcinoma, Lung abscess, Lung cancer, Pancoast's syndrome, Pleuritis, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary embolism
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute intermittent hydronephrosis, Acute pyelonephritis, Blood clot obstruction, Calyceal diverticulum, Horseshoe kidney, Hypertensive renal vascular disease, Idiopathic nephralgia, Infundibular cancer, Infundibular stenosis, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Non-stone obstruction, Ovarian vein syndrome, Perinephritic abscess, Polycystic kidney disease, Pyelonephrosis, Renal abscess, Renal artery aneurysm, Renal artery occlusion, Renal carbuncle, Renal cell carcinoma, Renal echinococcus, Renal pelvis carcinoma, Renal sarcoma, Renal stones / ureteric stones, Renal vein thrombosis, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Simple single cyst, Sloughed renal papilla, Tuberculosis Cystitis, Vesicoureteral reflux
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Scleroderma, Degenerative osteoarthritis, Fibromyalgia, Gout, Osteoarthritis (degenerative), Rheumatoid arthritis
Sexual	genital herpes, trichomoniasis, vaginal yeast infections, dyspareunia
Trauma	Burns, fractures, Pneumothorax
Urologic	Acute cystitis, Acute epididymitis, Acute prostatitis, Acute urethritis, Balanitis, Bladder cancer, Chronic cystitis, Chronic prostatitis, Chronic TB cystitis, Herpes infection, Interstitial cystitis, Orchiodynia, Orchitis, Paraphimosis, Penile cancer, Peyronie's disease, Post-radiation cystitis, Priapism, Prostate cancer, Prostatic stones, Schistosomal cystitis, Seminal vesicles, Seminoma, Teratoma, Testicular appendix torsion, Testicular cancer, Testicular torsion, Urethral syndrome
Dental	dental cavities, dental abscess, gum disease, irritation of the tooth root, cracked tooth syndrome,temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, impaction,eruption
Miscellaneous	Acute mastalgia, Acute mediastinitis, Adiposis dolorosa, Chest wall phlebitis, Chronic mastalgia, Chronic mediastinitis, Diaphragmatic cysts, Diaphragmatic herniation, Diaphragmatic rupture, Mediastinal emphysema, Post-mastectomy syndrome, Post-thoracotomy syndrome, Capsaicin, Substance P

Alphabetical order

12th rib syndrome Abciximab Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment Abdominal migraine Accessory Pancreas Acebutolol Achalasia Acitretin Acoustic nerve tumor Acrocyanosis Actinomycosis Acute + chronic degenerative conditions Acute anxiety Acute appendicitis Acute arterial occlusion Acute cholecystitis Acute cystitis Acute deep vein thrombosis Acute diaphragmitis Acute endometritis Acute epididymitis Acute esophagitis Acute hemorrhoid crises Acute hepatitis Acute intermittent hydronephrosis Acute intermittent porphyria Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acute mastalgia Acute mediastinitis Acute mesenteric artery occlusion Acute myeloid leukemia Acute otitis externa (Swimmer's ear) Acute otitis media Acute pancreatitis Acute pelvic inflammatory disease Acute pericarditis Acute peritonitis Acute prostatitis Acute pulmonary hypertension Acute pyelonephritis Acute thrombophlebitis Acute tracheobronchitis Acute trauma Acute urethritis Adalimumab Adefovir Adiposis dolorosa Afferent loop syndrome Aldesleukin Alendronate Alfuzosin Alitretinoin Allergic reactions Alosetron Amlodipine Amoebic dysentry Amphotericin B Ampicillin Anagrelide Anakinra Anal fissures Anal itch Anastrozole Angina pectoris Ankle dislocation Ankle fracture Ankle laxity Ankle sprain Ankylosing spondylitis Anorectal abscesses Anterior retroperitoneal abscess Aortic regurgitation Aortic stenosis Apophyseal (growth plate) disorders Aprepitant Aripiprazole Arteriosclerosis obliterans Arthritides Arthritis of the temporomandibular joint Atazanavir Atelectasis Auranofin Auricular erysipelas Auricular perichondritis Azelastine Azithromycin Baclofen Balanitis Band keratopathy Bevacizumab Bicalutamide Biliary colic Bisoprolol Bladder cancer Blood clot obstruction Bortezomib Bosentan Breast cancer Brinzolamide Bronchiectasis Burns Buspirone Calcaneal paratendintis Calcitonin Salmon Calyceal diverticulum Canchroid infection Capecitabine Carcinomatosis Carisoprodol Carmustine Cartilage injuries Carvedilol Cauda equina lesions Caudal equina arachnoiditis Causalgia (CRPS 2) Celecoxib Cellulitis Central pain syndromes Cerumen impaction Cervical cancer Cervical disc protrusion Cervical nerve entrapment Cervical spine disease Cetuximab Chalazion Chest wall phlebitis Chlamydia infection Cholesteatoma Cholestyramine Resin Chondromalacia patellae Chronic anxiety Chronic arterial insufficiency Chronic cystitis Chronic endometriosis Chronic esophagitis Chronic hemolytic anemia

Chronic mastalgia Chronic mediastinitis Chronic mesenteric insufficiency Chronic muscle contracture Chronic otitis externa Chronic pancreatitis Chronic PID Chronic prostatitis Chronic pulmonary hypertension Chronic TB cystitis Ciclesonide Cilostazol Cimetidine Cinacalcet Ciprofloxacin Cisapride Clarithromycin Claw toe Clindamycin Clofarabine Clomipramine Clopidogrel Coccydynia Codeine Colchicine Cold injuries Colesevelam Colestipol Collagen disease (scleroderma) Colon cancer Compartment syndrome Contracture of fascia lata + iliotibial band Contusion of quadriceps or other muscles Corneal ulcer Costchondral dislocation Costchondral fracture Costochondritis Costovertebral joint arthritis cracked tooth syndrome Crohn's disease Cromolyn Sodium Cyclobenzaprine Cyclosporine Dapiprazole Darbepoetin Alfa Darifenacin Darunavir Deep axillary abscesses Deferasirox Degenerative osteoarthritis Delavirdine Delusional pain / hallucinatory pain dental abscess dental cavities Depression Desloratadine Desmopressin Destructive bone lesions Developmental disorders Dexmethylphenidate Diaphragmatic cysts Diaphragmatic flutter Diaphragmatic herniation Diaphragmatic pleuritis Diaphragmatic rupture Diaphragmatic spasm Diaphragmatic tumors Didanosine Diethylpropion Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis Diflunisal Digoxin Diltiazem Dipyridamole Dirithromycin Diseases of the pelvic organs Diseases of veins Disorders of the whole foot Dissecting aneurysm Disulfiram Diverticulitis Docetaxel Dofetilide Dolasetron Mesylate Donepezil Dornase Alfa Doxazosin Duloxetine Dumping syndrome Duodenal ulcer dyspareunia Ear canal foreign body Eczema Eletriptan Emtricitabine Endobronchial carcinoma Endometrial cancer Enfuvirtide Enlarged uterus Enoxacin Entacapone Entecavir Entropion conjunctivitis Epidemic pleurodynia Epidural abscess Epidural compression Epoetin Alfa Eprosartan Erlotinib eruption Erythromycin Esomeprazole Esophageal cancer Esophageal tear Esophagitis Estazolam Estrogen and Progestin Eszopiclone Etanercept Ethmoid sinus Ethosuximide Etidronate Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Eustachion tube dysfunction Eustachion tube syringitis Exemestane Exenatide Extra-medullary (outside spinal cord) Eye strain Ezetimibe Facet joint syndrome Facet syndrome Famciclovir Familial paroxysmal peritonitis Famotidine Febrile Disease Femoral neuralgia Femur infections

Femur tumors Fenofibrate Fenoprofen Fentanyl Fibroid degeneration Fibromyalgia Filgrastim Fluconazole Fludarabine Flunisolide Fluticasone Food allergy Foot deformities Forefoot pain Foscarnet Frontal sinus Frovatriptan Fulvestrant Functional ovarian cyst Furunculosis Galantamine Gallbladder carcinoma Gallbladder empyema Ganciclovir Ganglion Gas entrapment Gas entrapment syndromes Gastric cancer Gastric granuloma Gastric ulcer Gastritis Gastrocnemius rupture Gastro-esophageal reflux disease Gatifloxacin Gemcitabine Gemfibrozil Generalized muscle pain genital herpes Glatiramer Glaucoma Gluteal muscle syndrome Gonococcal perihepatitis Gout Granulomatous peritonitis Great toe disorders Groin neuralgia gum disease Haemorrhoids Hallux rigidus Hallux valgus Hammer toe Heel pain Hemarthrosis Hepatic abscess Herpes infection Herpes zoster (shingles) Herpes Zoster Oticus Herpetic infection Hiatus hernia High altitude sickness Hindfoot pain Hip dislocation Hip Fractures Hordeolum Horseshoe kidney Hydrocortisone Hypertensive renal vascular disease Hypertrophic gastropathy Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Hypochondriasis Hysterical / hypochondriacal pain Idiopathic nephralgia Idiopathic scoliosis Iliopectineal bursitis Imatinib impaction Increased muscle tension or spasm Infant hip infections Infected sweat glands Infection / inflammation Infectious enterocolitis Infective arthritis Inflammation Infliximab Infrapatellar fat pad Infundibular cancer Infundibular stenosis Ingrown toenail Intercostal neuralgia Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b Interferon Alfacon-1 Interferon beta-1a Interferon Beta-1b Interferon Gamma-1b Intermittent claudication Interstitial cystitis Interstitial keratitis Intestinal ischemia Intra-abdominal abscess Intra-abdominal aortic aneurysm Intra-medullary (inside spinal cord) Intra-pulmonary carcinoma Intrinsic spinal cord lesions Iridocyclitis Iritis Irritable bowel syndrome irritation of the tooth root Ischiogluteal bursitis Isosorbide Isradipine Itraconazole Lamivudine Lansoprazole Lanthanum Large bowel obstruction Learned pain Leflunomide Lesions inside spinal cord conus Lesions outside spinal cord conus Letrozole Leuprolide Levalbuterol Levator muscle spasm Levetiracetam Ligament / capsular injuries Lisfranc's joint instability Lisinopril Livedo reticularis Liver abscess Liver carcinoma Local rectal lesions Loose bodies Low back pain and psychiatric illness

Low back pain caused by operant mechanisms Lower abdominal muscle syndrome Lumbar disc protrusion Lumbosacral plexus lesions Lumbosacral strain Lung abscess Lung cancer Malignant otitis externa Mastoiditis Meclofenamate Medial arch strain Mediastinal carcinoma Mediastinal emphysema Mefenamic Acid Mefloquine Meloxicam Memantine Meralgia paraesthetica Mesalamine Mesenteric inflammatory disease Mesenteric tumors Mesothelioma Metaproterenol Metastatic liver tumors Metastatic renal cell carcinoma Metatarsal head osteochondritis Metatarsalgia Metaxalone Methimazole Methylphenidate Metoprolol Metronidazole Miconazole Mid-abdominal abscess Midfoot pain Mifepristone Miglitol Miscarriage Misoprostol Mitral valve prolapse Mittelschmerz Modafinil Morphine Morton's neuroma Mumps Muscle spasm Muscle strain Muscle tendon rupture Mycophenolate Myocardial infarction Myofascial disorders Myofascial pain with trigger points (TPs) Myringitis bullosa Nabumetone Naltrexone Naproxen Natalizumab Navicular osteochondritis Nedocromil Nelfinavir Nerve entrapment syndromes Neurogenic intestinal obstruction Neuropathic pain Neuropathies Nevirapine Nicardipine Nicotine Nifedipine Nilutamide Nitazoxanide Nitrofurantoin Nizatidine Non-dissecting aneurysm Non-stone obstruction Nonulcer dyspepsia Norfloxacin Normal pregnancy Nystatin Obstetric palsy Obturator neuralgia Ocular foreign body Ocular herpetic calcification Ofloxacin injection Omalizumab Omeprazole Ondansetron Operant pain Oprelvekin Orchiodynia Orchitis Oseltamivir Osteoarthritis (degenerative) Osteochondritis dissecans Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Other acute barotrauma Ovarian cancer Ovarian cyst bleed Ovarian tumor torsion Ovarian vein syndrome Oxaliplatin Oxaprozin Oxcarbazepine Oxybutynin Paclitaxel Paget's disease of bone Painful heel pad Painful legs & moving toes Palifermin Pancoast's syndrome Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic carcinoma Pancreatic duct occlusion Pancrelipase Paraphimosis Paravertebral compression Paroxetine Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b Pelvic fractures Pelvic muscle disorders Pelvic muscle spasm Pelvic sprains Pelvic trauma Pemetrexed Penetrating ulcer Penile cancer Pentamidine Pentosan Pentostatin Pentoxifylline Peptic ulcer disease Perforated ulcer Perforated ulcer Pergolide Perindopril Perineal abscess Perinephritic abscess Peripheral neuropathy Peripheral vascular disease Perisplenitis

Peritoneal cancer Peroneal neuralgia Peroneal tendon dislocation Perthes disease Pes cavus (hollow foot) Pes planus (flat foot) Peyronie's disease Phantom anus pain Phantom bladder pain Phantom pelvic pain Phenytoin Phlegmonous gastritis Pigmented villonodular synovitis Pindolol Pinworm Infection Pioglitazone Pirbuterol Piroxicam Plantar fasciitis Pleuritis Pneumonia Pneumothorax Polycystic kidney disease Posaconazole Post burn scars Post herpetic neuralgia Post phlebitic syndrome Post traumatic spondylosis Postamputation pain Postcholecystectomy syndrome Post-episiotomy Posterior knee swellings / cysts Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency Post-gastrectomy pain syndromes Post-laminectomy Post-mastectomy syndrome Post-operative pain Postoperative quadriceps muscle spasm Postoperative reflex spasm Post-radiation cystitis Postradiation enterocolitis Post-thoracotomy syndrome Post-traumatic Pramlintide Pravastatin Prazosin Premature labour Priapism Primary & secondary sacroiliac joint disorders Primary dysmenorrhoea Primary liver tumors Primary nerve tumors Probenecid Proctitis Propafenone Propylthiouracil Prostate cancer Prostatic stones Protriptyline Psoriasis Psoriasis Pudendal neuralgia Pudendal neuropathy Pulmonary embolism Pyelonephrosis Pyloric stenosis Pylorospasm Pyrazinamide Quadriceps tendon rupture Quetiapine Quinidine Rabeprazole Raloxifene Ramelteon Ranibizumab Ranitidine Ranolazine Rasagiline Raynaud's disease Raynaud's phenomenon Reaction to topical agents Rectal boils Rectal cancers Rectal ulcers Rectus abdominis syndrome Referred pelvic pain Referred perineal pain Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS 1) Reflux alkaline syndrome Regional ileitis Renal abscess Renal artery aneurysm Renal artery occlusion Renal carbuncle Renal cell carcinoma Renal echinococcus Renal pelvis carcinoma Renal sarcoma Renal stones / ureteric stones Renal vein thrombosis Repaglinide Retrobulbar neuritis Retrocaecal appendicitis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Retroperitoneal masses Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis of the lumbar spine Rheumatoid arthritis of the sacroiliac joint Rib fractures Rib tumors Ribavirin Rifabutin Riluzole Ringworm Infection Risedronate Risperidone Ritonavir Rituximab Rivastigmine Rizatriptan Rosuvastatin

Round ligament stretching Ruptured ectopic pregnancy Ruptured or perforated eardrum Ruptured ovarian follicle Saphenous neuralgia Saquinavir Sargramostim Scars Schistosomal cystitis Sciatic neuralgia Scleroderma Secondary dysmenorrhoea Secondary tumors Selegiline Seminal vesicles Seminoma Septic arthritis Sesamoiditis Shingles Sibutramine Sickle cell anemia Sildenafil Simple single cyst Sirolimus Sitagliptin Skin disorders Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Slipping rib syndrome Sloughed renal papilla Small arterial disease Small bowel obstruction Small toe disorders Solifenacin Somatoform pain Sorafenib Sotalol Sound Sparfloxacin Sphenoid sinus Spider bite Spinal cord compression Spinal neoplasms Spinal nerve root radiculopathy Spinal stenosis Splenic abscess Splenic infarction Splenic rupture Splenomegaly Spondylolisthesis Spontaneous osteonecrosis Stavudine Sterile middle ear effusion Sternal fracture Sternoclavicular arthritis Stress fracture Subphrenic abscess Subtalar arthritis Sulindac Synovitis Tabes dorsalis Tacrolimus Tadalafil Tamoxifen Tamsulosin Tarsal coalition Tarsal tunnel syndrome Telbivudine Temozolomide temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders Tenofovir Tenosynovitis Teratoma Terbinafine Teriparatide Testicular appendix torsion Testicular cancer Testicular torsion Thoracic arthritis Thoracic deformity Thoracic outlet syndrome Thoracic spine Thromboangiitis obliterans Thyrotoxicosis Tiagabine Tibial neuralgia Tietze's syndrome Tiludronate Timolol Tinidazole Tipranavir Tocainide Too small gastric pouch Topiramate Topotecan Torsemide Torsion of the omentum Transient synovitis Trastuzumab Trauma Traumatic femur lesions Traumatic muscle hematoma Trazodone Treprostinil Triamcinolone Triazolam trichomoniasis Trochanteric bursitis Trospium Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Arthritis Tuberculosis Cystitis Tumor Twisted ovarian cyst Tympanostomy tube obstruction Typhoid Ulcerative colitis Urethral syndrome Uterine prolapse vaginal yeast infections Valacyclovir Valdecoxib Valganciclovir Valproic Acid Vardenafil Varicella Vascular disorders Vasodilating disease Vasospastic disease Venereal ulcers / granulomas Venlafaxine Vertebral compression Vertebral dislocation Vertebral epiphysitis (Scheuermann's disease) Vertebral fracture Vertebral infections Vesicoureteral reflux Vinorelbine Volvulus Voriconazole Vorinostat Vulval infections Xiphoidalgia Xiphoidalgia Zafirlukast Zaleplon Zidovudine Zileuton Zoledronic Acid Zolmitriptan Zolpidem Zonisamide

References

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