Pain causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Differential diagnosis of causes of pain

Common causes

The A to Z of Pain

Hundreds of pain syndromes or disorders make up the spectrum of pain. There are the most benign, fleeting sensations of pain, such as a pin prick. There is the pain of childbirth, the pain of a heart attack, and the pain that sometimes follows amputation of a limb. There is also pain accompanying cancer and the pain that follows severe trauma, such as that associated with head and spinal cord injuries. A sampling of common pain syndromes follows, listed alphabetically.

• Arachnoiditis
• Arthritis
• Back pain
• Burn
• Cancer
• Headache
• Migraines
• Muscle pain
• Myofascial pain syndrome
• Neuropathic pain
• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome
• Repetitive stress injury
• Sciatica
• Shingles
• Sports injuries
• Surgery
• Trauma
• Vascular disease

Organ system based

Cardiovascular	Acute pericarditis, Angina pectoris, Aortic regurgitation, Aortic stenosis, Dissecting aneurysm, Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, Mitral valve prolapse, Myocardial infarction, Non-dissecting aneurysm
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Post burn scars, Post-operative pain, Deep axillary abscesses, Psoriasis, furuncles, boils, cellulitis, Steven-johnson's syndrome
Drug Side Effect	General: Abciximab, Acebutolol, Aldesleukin, Alitretinoin, Amphotericin B, Anagrelide, Anagrelide, Bevacizumab, Bicalutamide, Bicalutamide, Capecitabine, Capecitabine, Carmustine, Cetuximab, Clofarabine, Clopidogrel, Clopidogrel, Diethylpropion, Dipyridamole, Dipyridamole, Dirithromycin, Dofetilide, Dornase Alfa, Eletriptan, Enfuvirtide, Epoetin Alfa , Exemestane, Fludarabine, Fulvestrant, Gemcitabine, Glatiramer, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Leuprolide, Mifepristone, Oxybutynin, Palifermin, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Stavudine, Tenofovir, Topotecan, Trastuzumab, Zidovudine, Zileuton Leg pain: Abatacept, Acitretin, Aldesleukin, Alendronate, Allopurinol, Amikacin, Anagrelide, Anastrozole, Aripiprazole, Atazanavir, Atorvastatin, Bevacizumab, Bortezomib, Buspirone, Capecitabine, Celecoxib, Clofarabine , Clonazepam, Clopidogrel, Cortisol, Darbepoetin Alfa, Docetaxel, Epoetin Alfa Injection, Ethacrynic Acid, Etidronate, Ezetimibe, Fenofibrate, Filgrastim, Fluvastatin, Gabapentin, Galantamine, Glatiramer Injection, Ibandronate, Iloprost, Imatinib, Infliximab, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Interferon Gamma-1b, Lamivudine, Latanoprost, Leflunomide, Letrozole, Leuprolide, Lovastatin, Methimazole, Methylergonovine, Methylprednisolone, Mifepristone, Natalizumab, Ofloxacin , Paclitaxel, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Prednisone, Pyrazinamide, Quinupristin, dalfopristin, Ribavirin, Rofecoxib, Rosiglitazone, Rosuvastatin, Sunitinib , Tadalafil , Tamsulosin , Telbivudine, Temozolomide, Terbutaline, Teriparatide, Tiotropium, Torsemide, Valganciclovir, Valsartan, Vancomycin, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Zalcitabine, Ziprasidone, Zolmitriptan, Zolpidem Headache: Acamprosate, Acyclovir, Alatrofloxacin, Alosetron, Amantadine, Ambrisentan, Aminophylline, Amiodarone, Amlodipine, Amphotericin B, Anagrelide, Armodafinil, Atorvastatin, Benazepril, Bepridil, Bexarotene, Bisoprolol, Bosentan, Butorphanol, Cabergoline, Caffeine, Candesartan, Capecitabine,Carbamazepine, Carbimazole, Carmustine, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Caspofungin Cilansetron, Cilostazol, Clomethiazole, Combined oral contraceptive pill, Cycloserine, Cyclosporin, Cefaclor, Cefamandole Nafate, Cefotetan, Cefdinir, Cefoperazone, Calcitriol, Chelation therapy, Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Cilostazol, Cimetidine, Clopidogrel,Cyclosporine, Deferasirox, Dexamfetamine, Digoxin, Diltiazem, Dimercaprol, Dinoprostone, Dipivefrine, Dipyridamole, Disopyramide, Docosanol, Dolasetron, Dofetilide, Doxazosin, Enalapril, Epinephrine, Eplerenone, Epoprostenol, Ergotamine, Etanercept, Ethacrynic Acid, Ethanol, Ethosuximide, Ezetimibe, Felodipine, Fenofibrate, Fenoldopam, Flu vaccine, Fluorouracil, Fluoxetine, Fluvastatin, Epinephrine,Fosinopril, Furosemide, Ganciclovir, Gemeprost, Glyceryl trinitrate, Granisetron, Griseofulvin, Gyromitrin, Indomethacin, Insulin lispro, Influenza vaccine, Imatinib mesylate, Interleukin 2, Isosorbide dinitrate, Isosorbide mononitrate, Lerisetron, Levosimendan, Lofepramine, Lomotil, Lisuride, Mefloquine, Memantine, Methimazole, Metronidazole, Methyprylon, Modafinil, Monosodium glutamate, Moricizine, Nicorandil, Nifedipine, Nitrendipine, Nitroglycerine, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Oxtriphylline, Oxytocin, Omalizumab, Ondansetron, Palonosetron, Pemirolast, Pergolide,Pimecrolimus, Piribedil, Propylthiouracil, Quinidine, Quinine, Rasagiline, Reproterol, Roflumilast, Ropinirole, Salbutamol, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Sildenafil, Sodium nitrite, Sulprostone, Tadalafil, Trabectedin, Trimeprazine, Trimethobenzamide, Tribavirin, Trimethadione, Tropisetron, Vardenafil, Vitamin A, Zafirlukast, Zileuton, Zomepirac Abdominal pain: Abciximab, Acebutolol, Acitretin , Adalimumab, Alendronate, Alosetron, Anagrelide, Atazanavir, Auranofin, Azithromycin, Bevacizumab, Celecoxib, Cetuximab Injection, Cholestyramine Resin, Cilostazol, Ciprofloxacin, Cisapride, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, Clofarabine Injection, Colestipol, Darifenacin, Darunavir, Deferasirox, Dexmethylphenidate, Didanosine, Diflunisal, Dirithromycin, Dolasetron Mesylate, Emtricitabine, Enfuvirtide, Entacapone, Eprosartan, Erlotinib, Erythromycin, Esomeprazole, Estrogen and Progestin, Etanercept, Exemestane, Famciclovir, Fenofibrate, Fenoprofen, Fentanyl, Fluconazole, Fludarabine, Fulvestrant, Galantamine, Gemfibrozil, Imatinib, Infliximab, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Lanthanum, Leflunomide, Meclofenamate, Mefenamic Acid, Mesalamine , Methylphenidate, Mifepristone, Miglitol , Misoprostol, Morphine, Mycophenolate, Nabumetone, Naproxen, Nelfinavir , Nilutamide , Nitazoxanide, Nizatidine, Nystatin, Omeprazole, Oseltamivir, Oxaliplatin, Oxaprozin, Oxcarbazepine, Pancrelipase, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Pentostatin, Pergolide, Posaconazole, Pramlintide injection, Quetiapine, Rifabutin, Riluzole, Risedronate, Ritonavir, Rituximab injection, Rivastigmine, Saquinavir, Sargramostim, Selegiline, Sitagliptin, Solifenacin, Sorafenib, Stavudine, Sulindac, Tacrolimus, Telbivudine, Temozolomide, Terbinafine, Tiagabine, Tipranavir, Tocainide, Topiramate, Topotecan, Trastuzumab, Valacyclovir, Valganciclovir, Valproic Acid, Voriconazole, Zaleplon, Zileuton, Zonisamide Back pain: Abciximab, Adalimumab, Anastrozole, Bicalutamide, Calcitonin Salmon, Capecitabine, Cetuximab Injection, Clofarabine, Deferasirox, Fludarabine, Interferon Alfacon-1, Leflunomide, Letrozole, Mifepristone, Naltrexone, Posaconazole, Quetiapine, Repaglinide, Rituximab, Sibutramine, Tadalafil, Tamsulosin, Temozolomide, Trastuzumab, Valdecoxib Chest pain: Abciximab, Acebutolol, Anagrelide, Bicalutamide, Capecitabine, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole, Dofetilide, Dornase Alfa, Eletriptan, Epoetin Alfa , Fludarabine, Frovatriptan, Fulvestrant, Glatiramer, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Isosorbide, Leflunomide, Letrozole, Lisinopril, Nedocromil, Pemetrexed, Pentamidine, Pravastatin Musculoskeletal pain: Acebutolol, Acitretin , Alendronate, Alendronate, Anastrozole, Aripiprazole, Atazanavir, Bicalutamide, Bisoprolol, Bortezomib, Calcitonin Salmon, Celecoxib, Cilostazol, Cinacalcet, Clofarabine, Clopidogrel, Colesevelam, Darbepoetin Alfa, Darbepoetin Alfa, Deferasirox, Desloratadine, Docetaxel, Docetaxel, Enfuvirtide, Epoetin Alfa, Ezetimibe, Ezetimibe, Fludarabine, Glatiramer, Hydrocortisone, Imatinib, Imatinib, Infliximab, Infliximab, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon Alfacon-1, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon beta-1a, Interferon Beta-1b, Interferon Beta-1b, Interferon Gamma-1b, Lamivudine, Methimazole, Mifepristone, Naltrexone, Natalizumab, Paclitaxel, Paclitaxel, Palifermin, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2a, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Peginterferon alfa-2b, Pentostatin, Pentostatin, Pindolol, Pindolol, Pioglitazone, Posaconazole, Posaconazole, Pramlintide, Propylthiouracil, Pyrazinamide, Pyrazinamide, Raloxifene, Rasagiline, Repaglinide, Ribavirin, Ribavirin, Risedronate, Rituximab, Rosuvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Sirolimus, Sorafenib, Telbivudine, Temozolomide, Tenofovir, Teriparatide, Triamcinolone, Valdecoxib
Ear Nose Throat	Acoustic neuroma, Acute otitis externa (Swimmer's ear), Acute otitis media, Arthritis of the temporomandibular joint, Auricular erysipelas, Auricular perichondritis, Cellulitis, Cerumen impaction, Cervical spine disease, Cholesteatoma, Chronic otitis externa, Ear canal foreign body, Eczema, Eustachion tube dysfunction, Eustachion tubesyringitis, Furunculosis, Herpes Zoster Oticus, High altitude sickness, Malignant otitis externa, Mastoiditis, Mumps, Myringitis bullosa, acute barotrauma, Psoriasis, Reaction to topical agents, Ruptured or perforated eardrum, Sterile middle ear effusion, Trauma, Tumor, Tympanostomy tube obstruction, Varicella
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Snake bite (Viperidae), Spider bite
Gastroenterologic	Abdominal migraine, Actinomycosis, Acute appendicitis, Acute cholecystitis, Acute esophagitis, Acute hemorrhoid crises, Acute hepatitis, Acute intermittent porphyria, Acute mesenteric artery occlusion, Acute pancreatitis, Acute peritonitis, Afferent loop syndrome, Amoebic dysentry, Anal fissures, Anal itch, Anorectal abscesses, Anterior retroperitoneal abscess, Biliary colic, Carcinomatosis, Chronic esophagitis, Chronic hemolytic anemia, Chronic mesenteric insufficiency, Chronic pancreatitis, Colon cancer, Crohn's disease, Diverticulitis, Dumping syndrome, Duodenal ulcer, Esophageal cancer, Esophageal tear, Esophagitis, Familial paroxysmal peritonitis, Food allergy, Gallbladder carcinoma, Gallbladder empyema, Gas entrapment, Gas entrapment syndromes, Gastric cancer, Gastric granuloma, Gastric ulcer, Gastritis, Gastro-esophageal reflux disease, Gonococcal perihepatitis, Granulomatous peritonitis, Haemorrhoids, Hepatic abscess, Hiatus hernia, Hypertrophic gastropathy, Infected sweat glands, Infectious enterocolitis, Intestinal ischemia, Intra-abdominal abscess, Abdominal aortic aneurysm, Irritable bowel syndrome, Large bowel obstruction, Liver abscess, Liver carcinoma, Mesenteric inflammatory disease, Mesenteric tumors, Mesothelioma, Metastatic liver tumors, Mid-abdominal abscess, Neurogenic intestinal obstruction, Nonulcer dyspepsia, Pancreatic abscess, Pancreatic carcinoma, Pancreatic duct occlusion, Penetrating ulcer, Peptic ulcer disease, Perforated ulcer, Perforated ulcer, Perisplenitis, Peritoneal cancer, Phlegmonous gastritis, Postcholecystectomy syndrome, Post-gastrectomy pain syndromes, Postradiation enterocolitis, Primary liver tumors, Proctitis, Pyloric stenosis, Pylorospasm, Rectal boils, Rectal cancers, Rectal ulcers, Reflux alkaline syndrome, Regional ileitis, Retrocaecal appendicitis, Retroperitoneal masses, Small bowel obstruction, Splenic abscess, Splenic infarction, Splenic rupture, Splenomegaly,Subphrenic abscess, Too small gastric pouch, Torsion of the omentum, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Ulcerative colitis, Venereal ulcers / granulomas, Volvulus, Accessory pancreas, Achalasia
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	Sickle cell anemia
Iatrogenic	Surgery complication
Infectious Disease	Bacteria: Acute pericarditis, Acute otitis externa (Swimmer's ear), Acute otitis media, Auricular erysipelas, Acute peritonitis, Anorectal abscesses, Anterior retroperitoneal abscess, Acute mediastinitis, Acute cystitis, Acute epididymitis, Acute prostatitis, Acute urethritis, Acute endometritis, Acute pelvic inflammatory disease, Acute tracheobronchitis, Balanitis, Cellulitis, Chronic cystitis, Chronic prostatitis, Chronic TB cystitis, Chancroid, Chronic mediastinitis, Chlamydia infection, Chronic PID, dental abscess, Deep axillary abscesses, Diverticulitis, Epidural abscess, Femur infections, Gonococcal perihepatitis, Intra-abdominal abscess, Interstitial cystitis, Liver abscess, Lung abscess, Malignant otitis externa, Myringitis bullosa, Mid-abdominal abscess, Orchitis, Pancreatic abscess, Perinephritic abscess, Perineal abscess, Pneumonia, Pyelonephrosis, Renal abscess, Subphrenic abscess, Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Tuberculosis Cystitis, Infective arthritis, Osteomyelitis, Septic arthritis, Tuberculosis Arthritis, Vertebral infections, Vulval infections Virus: Herpes Zoster Oticus, Hepatic abscess, Herpes zoster (shingles), genital herpes, Mumps, Myringitis bullosa, Orchitis, Varicella Fungi: Actinomycosis, vaginal yeast infections Parasites: Pinworm Infection, Ringworm Infection, Renal Echinococcossis, Schistosomal cystitis, trichomoniasis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	12th rib syndrome, Acrocyanosis, Acute + chronic degenerative conditions, Acute arterial occlusion, Acute deep vein thrombosis, Acute thrombophlebitis, Ankle dislocation, Ankle fracture, Ankle laxity, Ankle sprain, Ankylosing spondylitis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Apophyseal (growth plate) disorders, Arteriosclerosis Obliterans, Arthritides, Calcaneal paratendintis, Cartilage injuries, Cauda equina lesions, Causalgia (CRPS 2), Chondromalacia patellae, Chronic arterial insufficiency, Chronic muscle contracture, Claw toe, Coccydynia, Cold injuries, Collagen disease (scleroderma), Compartment syndrome, Contracture of fascia lata + iliotibial band, Contusion of quadriceps or other muscles, Costchondral dislocation, Costchondral fracture, Costochondritis, Costovertebral joint arthritis, Degenerative Osteoarthritis, Destructive bone lesions, Developmental disorders, Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, Diseases of the pelvic organs, Diseases of veins, Disorders of the whole foot, Epidural abscess, Facet syndrome, Femoral neuralgia, Femur infections, Femur tumors, Fibromyalgia, Foot deformities, Forefoot pain, Ganglion, Gastrocnemius rupture, Generalized muscle pain, Gluteal muscle syndrome, Gout, Great toe disorders, Hallux rigidus, Hallux valgus, Hammer toe, Heel pain, Hemarthrosis, Hindfoot pain, Hip dislocation, Hip Fractures, Idiopathic scoliosis, Iliopectineal bursitis, Increased muscle tension or spasm, Infant hip infections, Infective arthritis, Infrapatellar fat pad, Ingrown toenail, Intermittent claudication, Intrinsic spinal cord lesions, Ischiogluteal bursitis, Levator muscle spasm, Ligament / capsular injuries, Lisfranc's joint instability, Livedo reticularis, Loose bodies, Low back pain and psychiatric illness, Low back pain caused by operant mechanisms, Lower abdominal muscle syndrome, Lumbar disc protrusion, Lumbosacral plexus lesions, Lumbosacral strain, Medial arch strain, Meralgia paraesthetica, Metatarsal head osteochondritis, Metatarsalgia, Midfoot pain, Morton's neuroma, Muscle spasm, Muscle strain, Muscle tendon rupture, Myofascial disorders, Myofascial pain with trigger points (TPs), Navicular osteochondritis, Nerve entrapment syndromes, Neuropathic pain, Obturator neuralgia, Osteoarthritis (degenerative), Osteochondritis dissecans, Osteomyelitis, Osteonecrosis, Paget's disease of bone, Painful heel pad, Pelvic fractures, Pelvic muscle disorders, Pelvic sprains, Pelvic trauma, Peripheral vascular disease, Peroneal neuralgia, Peroneal tendon dislocation, Perthes disease, Pes cavus (hollow foot), Pes planus (flat foot), Pigmented villonodular synovitis, Plantar fasciitis, Post phlebitic syndrome, Post traumatic spondylosis, Postamputation pain, Post-episiotomy, Posterior knee swellings / cysts, Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency, Post-laminectomy, Postoperative quadriceps muscle spasm, Postoperative reflex spasm, Post-traumatic, Primary & secondary sacroiliac joint disorders, Psoriasis, Quadriceps tendon rupture, Raynaud's disease, Raynaud's phenomenon, Rectus abdominis syndrome, Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS 1), Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis of the lumbar spine, Rheumatoid arthritis of the sacroiliac joint, Rib fractures, Rib tumors, Saphenous neuralgia, Scars, Sciatic neuralgia, Secondary tumors, Septic arthritis, Sesamoiditis, Skin disorders, Slipped capital femoral epiphysis, Slipping rib syndrome, Small arterial disease, Small toe disorders, Spinal neoplasms, Spinal nerve root Radiculopathy, Spinal stenosis, Spondylolisthesis, Spontaneous Osteonecrosis, Sternal fracture, Sternoclavicular Arthritis, Stress fracture, Subtalar Arthritis, Synovitis, Tarsal coalition, Tarsal tunnel syndrome, Tenosynovitis, Thoracic arthritis, Thoracic deformity, Thoracic spine, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Tibial neuralgia, Tietze's syndrome, Transient synovitis, Traumatic femur lesions, Traumatic muscle hematoma, Trochanteric bursitis, Tuberculosis Arthritis, Vasodilating disease, Vasospastic disease, Vertebral dislocation, Vertebral epiphysitis (Scheuermann's disease), Vertebral fracture, Vertebral infections, Xiphoidalgia
Neurologic	Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment, Caudal equina arachnoiditis, Central pain syndromes, Cervical disc protrusion, Cervical nerve entrapment, Epidural compression, Extra-medullary (outside spinal cord), Groin neuralgia, Herpes zoster (shingles), Intercostal neuralgia, Intra-medullary (inside spinal cord), Lesions inside spinal cord conus, Lesions outside spinal cord conus, Neuropathies, Obstetric palsy, Paravertebral compression, Peripheral neuropathy, Phantom anus pain, Phantom bladder pain, Phantom pelvic pain, Post herpetic neuralgia, Primary nerve tumors, Pudendal neuralgia, Pudendal neuropathy, Shingles, Spinal cord compression, Tabes dorsalis, Thoracic outlet syndrome, Vertebral compression, Epidural abscess, Thalamic syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Acute intermittent porphyria
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Acute endometritis, Acute pelvic inflammatory disease, Acute trauma, Allergic reactions, Canchroid infection, Cervical cancer, Chlamydia infection, Chronic endometriosis, Chronic PID, Endometrial cancer, Enlarged uterus, Fibroid degeneration, Functional ovarian cyst, Herpetic infection, Miscarriage, Mittelschmerz, Normal pregnancy, Ovarian cancer, Ovarian cyst bleed, Ovarian tumor torsion, Pelvic muscle spasm, Perineal abscess, Pinworm Infection, Premature labour, Primary dysmenorrhoea, Referred pelvic pain, Referred perineal pain, Ringworm Infection, Round ligament stretching, Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, Ruptured ovarian follicle, Secondary dysmenorrhoea, Twisted ovarian cyst, Uterine prolapse, Vascular disorders, Vulval infections
Oncologic	Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Gastric cancer, Gastric granuloma, Mesenteric tumors, Mesothelioma, Peritoneal cancer, Primary liver tumors, Rectal cancers, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Renal cell carcinoma, Renal pelvis carcinoma, Renal sarcoma, Diaphragmatic tumors, Mediastinal carcinoma, Rib tumors, Spinal neoplasms, Primary nerve tumors, Cervical cancer, Endometrial cancer, Ovarian cancer, Endobronchial carcinoma, Intra-pulmonary carcinoma, Lung cancer, Pancoast's syndrome, Bladder cancer, Penile cancer, Prostate cancer, Seminoma, Teratoma, Testicular cancer, ALL, AML, Diaphragmatic tumors, Mediastinal carcinoma
Opthalmologic	Band keratopathy, Chalazion, Corneal ulcer, Entropion conjunctivitis, Ethmoid sinusitis, Eye strain, Febrile Disease, Frontal sinusitis, Glaucoma, Hordeolum, Interstitial keratitis, Iridocyclitis, Iritis, Ocular foreign body,Ocular herpetic calcification, Retrobulbar neuritis, Sphenoid sinus, Thyrotoxicosis
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	Acute anxiety, Chronic anxiety, Delusional pain / hallucinatory pain, Depression, Hypochondriasis, Hysterical / hypochondriacal pain, Learned pain, Operant pain, Somatoform pain, Low back pain and psychiatric illness, Functional disorders, Repetitive strain injury
Pulmonary	Acute diaphragmitis, Acute pulmonary hypertension, Acute tracheobronchitis, Atelectasis, Bronchiectasis, Chronic pulmonary hypertension, Diaphragmatic flutter, Diaphragmatic pleuritis, Diaphragmatic spasm, Endobronchial carcinoma, Epidemic pleurodynia, Intra-pulmonary carcinoma, Lung abscess, Lung cancer, Pancoast's syndrome, Pleuritis, Pneumonia, Pneumothorax, Pulmonary embolism
Renal / Electrolyte	Acute intermittent hydronephrosis, Acute pyelonephritis, Blood clot obstruction, Calyceal diverticulum, Horseshoe kidney, Hypertensive renal vascular disease, Idiopathic nephralgia, Infundibular cancer, Infundibular stenosis, Metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Non-stone obstruction, Ovarian vein syndrome, Perinephritic abscess, Polycystic kidney disease, Pyelonephrosis, Renal abscess, Renal artery aneurysm, Renal artery occlusion, Renal carbuncle, Renal cell carcinoma, Renal echinococcus, Renal pelvis carcinoma, Renal sarcoma, Renal stones / ureteric stones, Renal vein thrombosis, Retroperitoneal fibrosis, Simple single cyst, Sloughed renal papilla, Tuberculosis Cystitis, Vesicoureteral reflux
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Scleroderma, Degenerative osteoarthritis, Fibromyalgia, Gout, Osteoarthritis (degenerative), Rheumatoid arthritis
Sexual	genital herpes, trichomoniasis, vaginal yeast infections, dyspareunia
Trauma	Burns, fractures, Pneumothorax
Urologic	Acute cystitis, Acute epididymitis, Acute prostatitis, Acute urethritis, Balanitis, Bladder cancer, Chronic cystitis, Chronic prostatitis, Chronic TB cystitis, Herpes infection, Interstitial cystitis, Orchiodynia, Orchitis, Paraphimosis, Penile cancer, Peyronie's disease, Post-radiation cystitis, Priapism, Prostate cancer, Prostatic stones, Schistosomal cystitis, Seminal vesicles, Seminoma, Teratoma, Testicular appendix torsion, Testicular cancer, Testicular torsion, Urethral syndrome
Dental	dental cavities, dental abscess, gum disease, irritation of the tooth root, cracked tooth syndrome,temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, impaction,eruption
Miscellaneous	Acute mastalgia, Acute mediastinitis, Adiposis dolorosa, Chest wall phlebitis, Chronic mastalgia, Chronic mediastinitis, Diaphragmatic cysts, Diaphragmatic herniation, Diaphragmatic rupture, Mediastinal emphysema, Post-mastectomy syndrome, Post-thoracotomy syndrome, Capsaicin, Substance P

Alphabetical order

12th rib syndrome Abciximab Abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment Abdominal migraine Accessory Pancreas Acebutolol Achalasia Acitretin Acoustic nerve tumor Acrocyanosis Actinomycosis Acute + chronic degenerative conditions Acute anxiety Acute appendicitis Acute arterial occlusion Acute cholecystitis Acute cystitis Acute deep vein thrombosis Acute diaphragmitis Acute endometritis Acute epididymitis Acute esophagitis Acute hemorrhoid crises Acute hepatitis Acute intermittent hydronephrosis Acute intermittent porphyria Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acute mastalgia Acute mediastinitis Acute mesenteric artery occlusion Acute myeloid leukemia Acute otitis externa (Swimmer's ear) Acute otitis media Acute pancreatitis Acute pelvic inflammatory disease Acute pericarditis Acute peritonitis Acute prostatitis Acute pulmonary hypertension Acute pyelonephritis Acute thrombophlebitis Acute tracheobronchitis Acute trauma Acute urethritis Adalimumab Adefovir Adiposis dolorosa Afferent loop syndrome Aldesleukin Alendronate Alfuzosin Alitretinoin Allergic reactions Alosetron Amlodipine Amoebic dysentry Amphotericin B Ampicillin Anagrelide Anakinra Anal fissures Anal itch Anastrozole Angina pectoris Ankle dislocation Ankle fracture Ankle laxity Ankle sprain Ankylosing spondylitis Anorectal abscesses Anterior retroperitoneal abscess Aortic regurgitation Aortic stenosis Apophyseal (growth plate) disorders Aprepitant Aripiprazole Arteriosclerosis obliterans Arthritides Arthritis of the temporomandibular joint Atazanavir Atelectasis Auranofin Auricular erysipelas Auricular perichondritis Azelastine Azithromycin Baclofen Balanitis Band keratopathy Bevacizumab Bicalutamide Biliary colic Bisoprolol Bladder cancer Blood clot obstruction Bortezomib Bosentan Breast cancer Brinzolamide Bronchiectasis Burns Buspirone Calcaneal paratendintis Calcitonin Salmon Calyceal diverticulum Canchroid infection Capecitabine Carcinomatosis Carisoprodol Carmustine Cartilage injuries Carvedilol Cauda equina lesions Caudal equina arachnoiditis Causalgia (CRPS 2) Celecoxib Cellulitis Central pain syndromes Cerumen impaction Cervical cancer Cervical disc protrusion Cervical nerve entrapment Cervical spine disease Cetuximab Chalazion Chest wall phlebitis Chlamydia infection Cholesteatoma Cholestyramine Resin Chondromalacia patellae Chronic anxiety Chronic arterial insufficiency Chronic cystitis Chronic endometriosis Chronic esophagitis Chronic hemolytic anemia

Chronic mastalgia Chronic mediastinitis Chronic mesenteric insufficiency Chronic muscle contracture Chronic otitis externa Chronic pancreatitis Chronic PID Chronic prostatitis Chronic pulmonary hypertension Chronic TB cystitis Ciclesonide Cilostazol Cimetidine Cinacalcet Ciprofloxacin Cisapride Clarithromycin Claw toe Clindamycin Clofarabine Clomipramine Clopidogrel Coccydynia Codeine Colchicine Cold injuries Colesevelam Colestipol Collagen disease (scleroderma) Colon cancer Compartment syndrome Contracture of fascia lata + iliotibial band Contusion of quadriceps or other muscles Corneal ulcer Costchondral dislocation Costchondral fracture Costochondritis Costovertebral joint arthritis cracked tooth syndrome Crohn's disease Cromolyn Sodium Cyclobenzaprine Cyclosporine Dapiprazole Darbepoetin Alfa Darifenacin Darunavir Deep axillary abscesses Deferasirox Degenerative osteoarthritis Delavirdine Delusional pain / hallucinatory pain dental abscess dental cavities Depression Desloratadine Desmopressin Destructive bone lesions Developmental disorders Dexmethylphenidate Diaphragmatic cysts Diaphragmatic flutter Diaphragmatic herniation Diaphragmatic pleuritis Diaphragmatic rupture Diaphragmatic spasm Diaphragmatic tumors Didanosine Diethylpropion Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis Diflunisal Digoxin Diltiazem Dipyridamole Dirithromycin Diseases of the pelvic organs Diseases of veins Disorders of the whole foot Dissecting aneurysm Disulfiram Diverticulitis Docetaxel Dofetilide Dolasetron Mesylate Donepezil Dornase Alfa Doxazosin Duloxetine Dumping syndrome Duodenal ulcer dyspareunia Ear canal foreign body Eczema Eletriptan Emtricitabine Endobronchial carcinoma Endometrial cancer Enfuvirtide Enlarged uterus Enoxacin Entacapone Entecavir Entropion conjunctivitis Epidemic pleurodynia Epidural abscess Epidural compression Epoetin Alfa Eprosartan Erlotinib eruption Erythromycin Esomeprazole Esophageal cancer Esophageal tear Esophagitis Estazolam Estrogen and Progestin Eszopiclone Etanercept Ethmoid sinus Ethosuximide Etidronate Etonogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Eustachion tube dysfunction Eustachion tube syringitis Exemestane Exenatide Extra-medullary (outside spinal cord) Eye strain Ezetimibe Facet joint syndrome Facet syndrome Famciclovir Familial paroxysmal peritonitis Famotidine Febrile Disease Femoral neuralgia Femur infections

Femur tumors Fenofibrate Fenoprofen Fentanyl Fibroid degeneration Fibromyalgia Filgrastim Fluconazole Fludarabine Flunisolide Fluticasone Food allergy Foot deformities Forefoot pain Foscarnet Frontal sinus Frovatriptan Fulvestrant Functional ovarian cyst Furunculosis Galantamine Gallbladder carcinoma Gallbladder empyema Ganciclovir Ganglion Gas entrapment Gas entrapment syndromes Gastric cancer Gastric granuloma Gastric ulcer Gastritis Gastrocnemius rupture Gastro-esophageal reflux disease Gatifloxacin Gemcitabine Gemfibrozil Generalized muscle pain genital herpes Glatiramer Glaucoma Gluteal muscle syndrome Gonococcal perihepatitis Gout Granulomatous peritonitis Great toe disorders Groin neuralgia gum disease Haemorrhoids Hallux rigidus Hallux valgus Hammer toe Heel pain Hemarthrosis Hepatic abscess Herpes infection Herpes zoster (shingles) Herpes Zoster Oticus Herpetic infection Hiatus hernia High altitude sickness Hindfoot pain Hip dislocation Hip Fractures Hordeolum Horseshoe kidney Hydrocortisone Hypertensive renal vascular disease Hypertrophic gastropathy Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Hypochondriasis Hysterical / hypochondriacal pain Idiopathic nephralgia Idiopathic scoliosis Iliopectineal bursitis Imatinib impaction Increased muscle tension or spasm Infant hip infections Infected sweat glands Infection / inflammation Infectious enterocolitis Infective arthritis Inflammation Infliximab Infrapatellar fat pad Infundibular cancer Infundibular stenosis Ingrown toenail Intercostal neuralgia Interferon Alfa-2a and Alfa-2b Interferon Alfacon-1 Interferon beta-1a Interferon Beta-1b Interferon Gamma-1b Intermittent claudication Interstitial cystitis Interstitial keratitis Intestinal ischemia Intra-abdominal abscess Intra-abdominal aortic aneurysm Intra-medullary (inside spinal cord) Intra-pulmonary carcinoma Intrinsic spinal cord lesions Iridocyclitis Iritis Irritable bowel syndrome irritation of the tooth root Ischiogluteal bursitis Isosorbide Isradipine Itraconazole Lamivudine Lansoprazole Lanthanum Large bowel obstruction Learned pain Leflunomide Lesions inside spinal cord conus Lesions outside spinal cord conus Letrozole Leuprolide Levalbuterol Levator muscle spasm Levetiracetam Ligament / capsular injuries Lisfranc's joint instability Lisinopril Livedo reticularis Liver abscess Liver carcinoma Local rectal lesions Loose bodies Low back pain and psychiatric illness

Low back pain caused by operant mechanisms Lower abdominal muscle syndrome Lumbar disc protrusion Lumbosacral plexus lesions Lumbosacral strain Lung abscess Lung cancer Malignant otitis externa Mastoiditis Meclofenamate Medial arch strain Mediastinal carcinoma Mediastinal emphysema Mefenamic Acid Mefloquine Meloxicam Memantine Meralgia paraesthetica Mesalamine Mesenteric inflammatory disease Mesenteric tumors Mesothelioma Metaproterenol Metastatic liver tumors Metastatic renal cell carcinoma Metatarsal head osteochondritis Metatarsalgia Metaxalone Methimazole Methylphenidate Metoprolol Metronidazole Miconazole Mid-abdominal abscess Midfoot pain Mifepristone Miglitol Miscarriage Misoprostol Mitral valve prolapse Mittelschmerz Modafinil Morphine Morton's neuroma Mumps Muscle spasm Muscle strain Muscle tendon rupture Mycophenolate Myocardial infarction Myofascial disorders Myofascial pain with trigger points (TPs) Myringitis bullosa Nabumetone Naltrexone Naproxen Natalizumab Navicular osteochondritis Nedocromil Nelfinavir Nerve entrapment syndromes Neurogenic intestinal obstruction Neuropathic pain Neuropathies Nevirapine Nicardipine Nicotine Nifedipine Nilutamide Nitazoxanide Nitrofurantoin Nizatidine Non-dissecting aneurysm Non-stone obstruction Nonulcer dyspepsia Norfloxacin Normal pregnancy Nystatin Obstetric palsy Obturator neuralgia Ocular foreign body Ocular herpetic calcification Ofloxacin injection Omalizumab Omeprazole Ondansetron Operant pain Oprelvekin Orchiodynia Orchitis Oseltamivir Osteoarthritis (degenerative) Osteochondritis dissecans Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Other acute barotrauma Ovarian cancer Ovarian cyst bleed Ovarian tumor torsion Ovarian vein syndrome Oxaliplatin Oxaprozin Oxcarbazepine Oxybutynin Paclitaxel Paget's disease of bone Painful heel pad Painful legs & moving toes Palifermin Pancoast's syndrome Pancreatic abscess Pancreatic carcinoma Pancreatic duct occlusion Pancrelipase Paraphimosis Paravertebral compression Paroxetine Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b Pelvic fractures Pelvic muscle disorders Pelvic muscle spasm Pelvic sprains Pelvic trauma Pemetrexed Penetrating ulcer Penile cancer Pentamidine Pentosan Pentostatin Pentoxifylline Peptic ulcer disease Perforated ulcer Perforated ulcer Pergolide Perindopril Perineal abscess Perinephritic abscess Peripheral neuropathy Peripheral vascular disease Perisplenitis

Peritoneal cancer Peroneal neuralgia Peroneal tendon dislocation Perthes disease Pes cavus (hollow foot) Pes planus (flat foot) Peyronie's disease Phantom anus pain Phantom bladder pain Phantom pelvic pain Phenytoin Phlegmonous gastritis Pigmented villonodular synovitis Pindolol Pinworm Infection Pioglitazone Pirbuterol Piroxicam Plantar fasciitis Pleuritis Pneumonia Pneumothorax Polycystic kidney disease Posaconazole Post burn scars Post herpetic neuralgia Post phlebitic syndrome Post traumatic spondylosis Postamputation pain Postcholecystectomy syndrome Post-episiotomy Posterior knee swellings / cysts Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency Post-gastrectomy pain syndromes Post-laminectomy Post-mastectomy syndrome Post-operative pain Postoperative quadriceps muscle spasm Postoperative reflex spasm Post-radiation cystitis Postradiation enterocolitis Post-thoracotomy syndrome Post-traumatic Pramlintide Pravastatin Prazosin Premature labour Priapism Primary & secondary sacroiliac joint disorders Primary dysmenorrhoea Primary liver tumors Primary nerve tumors Probenecid Proctitis Propafenone Propylthiouracil Prostate cancer Prostatic stones Protriptyline Psoriasis Psoriasis Pudendal neuralgia Pudendal neuropathy Pulmonary embolism Pyelonephrosis Pyloric stenosis Pylorospasm Pyrazinamide Quadriceps tendon rupture Quetiapine Quinidine Rabeprazole Raloxifene Ramelteon Ranibizumab Ranitidine Ranolazine Rasagiline Raynaud's disease Raynaud's phenomenon Reaction to topical agents Rectal boils Rectal cancers Rectal ulcers Rectus abdominis syndrome Referred pelvic pain Referred perineal pain Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (CRPS 1) Reflux alkaline syndrome Regional ileitis Renal abscess Renal artery aneurysm Renal artery occlusion Renal carbuncle Renal cell carcinoma Renal echinococcus Renal pelvis carcinoma Renal sarcoma Renal stones / ureteric stones Renal vein thrombosis Repaglinide Retrobulbar neuritis Retrocaecal appendicitis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Retroperitoneal masses Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis of the lumbar spine Rheumatoid arthritis of the sacroiliac joint Rib fractures Rib tumors Ribavirin Rifabutin Riluzole Ringworm Infection Risedronate Risperidone Ritonavir Rituximab Rivastigmine Rizatriptan Rosuvastatin

Round ligament stretching Ruptured ectopic pregnancy Ruptured or perforated eardrum Ruptured ovarian follicle Saphenous neuralgia Saquinavir Sargramostim Scars Schistosomal cystitis Sciatic neuralgia Scleroderma Secondary dysmenorrhoea Secondary tumors Selegiline Seminal vesicles Seminoma Septic arthritis Sesamoiditis Shingles Sibutramine Sickle cell anemia Sildenafil Simple single cyst Sirolimus Sitagliptin Skin disorders Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Slipping rib syndrome Sloughed renal papilla Small arterial disease Small bowel obstruction Small toe disorders Solifenacin Somatoform pain Sorafenib Sotalol Sound Sparfloxacin Sphenoid sinus Spider bite Spinal cord compression Spinal neoplasms Spinal nerve root radiculopathy Spinal stenosis Splenic abscess Splenic infarction Splenic rupture Splenomegaly Spondylolisthesis Spontaneous osteonecrosis Stavudine Sterile middle ear effusion Sternal fracture Sternoclavicular arthritis Stress fracture Subphrenic abscess Subtalar arthritis Sulindac Synovitis Tabes dorsalis Tacrolimus Tadalafil Tamoxifen Tamsulosin Tarsal coalition Tarsal tunnel syndrome Telbivudine Temozolomide temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders Tenofovir Tenosynovitis Teratoma Terbinafine Teriparatide Testicular appendix torsion Testicular cancer Testicular torsion Thoracic arthritis Thoracic deformity Thoracic outlet syndrome Thoracic spine Thromboangiitis obliterans Thyrotoxicosis Tiagabine Tibial neuralgia Tietze's syndrome Tiludronate Timolol Tinidazole Tipranavir Tocainide Too small gastric pouch Topiramate Topotecan Torsemide Torsion of the omentum Transient synovitis Trastuzumab Trauma Traumatic femur lesions Traumatic muscle hematoma Trazodone Treprostinil Triamcinolone Triazolam trichomoniasis Trochanteric bursitis Trospium Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Arthritis Tuberculosis Cystitis Tumor Twisted ovarian cyst Tympanostomy tube obstruction Typhoid Ulcerative colitis Urethral syndrome Uterine prolapse vaginal yeast infections Valacyclovir Valdecoxib Valganciclovir Valproic Acid Vardenafil Varicella Vascular disorders Vasodilating disease Vasospastic disease Venereal ulcers / granulomas Venlafaxine Vertebral compression Vertebral dislocation Vertebral epiphysitis (Scheuermann's disease) Vertebral fracture Vertebral infections Vesicoureteral reflux Vinorelbine Volvulus Voriconazole Vorinostat Vulval infections Xiphoidalgia Zafirlukast Zaleplon Zidovudine Zileuton Zoledronic Acid Zolmitriptan Zolpidem Zonisamide

References

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