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==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
* Sustained [[ventricular tachycardia]] (VT) is an important cause of 150,000 to 300,000 out of hospital sudden | * Sustained [[ventricular tachycardia]] (VT) is an important cause of 150,000 to 300,000 out of hospital [[sudden death]]s that occur annually in the US.<ref name="pmid19768192">{{cite journal| author=Stevenson WG| title=Ventricular scars and ventricular tachycardia. | journal=Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc | year= 2009 | volume= 120 | issue= | pages= 403-12 | pmid=19768192 | doi= | pmc=PMC2744510 | url= }} </ref> | ||
* The most common cause of wide complex tachycardia(WCT) is [[ventricular tachycardia]] (VT), which accounts for 80% of all cases of WCT.<ref name="pmid11233948">{{cite journal| author=Gupta AK, Thakur RK| title=Wide QRS complex tachycardias. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2001 | volume= 85 | issue= 2 | pages= 245-66, ix-x | pmid=11233948 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>[[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (SVT) with aberrancy accounts for 15% to 20% of WCTs. SVTs with bystander preexcitation and antidromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia ([[AVRT]]) account for 1% to 6% of WCTs.<ref name='book1'>Issa Z, Miller JM, Zipes DP(2009). Approach to Wide QRS Complex Tachycardias. '' Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: | * The most common cause of [[wide complex tachycardia]](WCT) is [[ventricular tachycardia]] (VT), which accounts for 80% of all cases of WCT.<ref name="pmid11233948">{{cite journal| author=Gupta AK, Thakur RK| title=Wide QRS complex tachycardias. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 2001 | volume= 85 | issue= 2 | pages= 245-66, ix-x | pmid=11233948 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>[[Supraventricular tachycardia]] (SVT) with aberrancy accounts for 15% to 20% of WCTs. SVTs with bystander preexcitation and antidromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia ([[AVRT]]) account for 1% to 6% of WCTs.<ref name='book1'>Issa Z, Miller JM, Zipes DP(2009). Approach to Wide QRS Complex Tachycardias. '' Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: | ||
A Companion to Braunwald's heart disease'' (1st ed., pp. 393). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier.</ref> | A Companion to Braunwald's heart disease'' (1st ed., pp. 393). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier.</ref> | ||
* However, the underlying substrate varies: [[ischemic heart disease]] in 75–80% cases; idiopathic [[cardiomyopathy]] in 10–15%; and 1–2% due to rare monogenic | * However, the underlying substrate varies: [[ischemic heart disease]] in 75–80% cases; idiopathic [[cardiomyopathy]] in 10–15%; and 1–2% due to rare [[monogenic mutation]]s in [[cardiac]] [[ion channels]] or associated proteins.<ref name='book2'> Zipes DP, Jalife J(2009). '' Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside '' (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier.</ref> | ||
* [[Brugada Syndrome]] may account for up to 50% of all [[Sudden_Cardiac_Death|SCD]]s in young individuals without structural heart disease. <ref name='book2'> Zipes DP, Jalife J(2009). '' Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside '' (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier.</ref> | * [[Brugada Syndrome]] may account for up to 50% of all [[Sudden_Cardiac_Death|SCD]]s in young individuals without structural [[heart disease]]. <ref name='book2'> Zipes DP, Jalife J(2009). '' Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside '' (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier.</ref> | ||
* The prevalence of nonsustained [[VT]] detected by 24-hour | * The prevalence of nonsustained [[VT]] detected by 24-hour ambulatory ECGs was 4% in 98 elderly, disease-free individuals in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging,<ref name="pmid7056104">{{cite journal| author=Fleg JL, Kennedy HL| title=Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: detection by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. | journal=Chest | year= 1982 | volume= 81 | issue= 3 | pages= 302-7 | pmid=7056104 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 4% in 106 active elderly people,<ref name="pmid7369099">{{cite journal| author=Camm AJ, Evans KE, Ward DE, Martin A| title=The rhythm of the heart in active elderly subjects. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1980 | volume= 99 | issue= 5 | pages= 598-603 | pmid=7369099 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 2% in 50 elderly people without cardiovascular disease,<ref name="pmid3946253">{{cite journal| author=Kantelip JP, Sage E, Duchene-Marullaz P| title=Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1986 | volume= 57 | issue= 6 | pages= 398-401 | pmid=3946253 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3946253 }} </ref> 4% in 729 elderly women and 13% in 643 elderly men in the Cardiovascular Health Study,<ref name="pmid8106697">{{cite journal| author=Manolio TA, Furberg CD, Rautaharju PM, Siscovick D, Newman AB, Borhani NO et al.| title=Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1994 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 916-25 | pmid=8106697 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8106697 }} </ref> 3% in 135 elderly men and 2% in 297 elderly women without cardiovascular disease,<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 9% in 385 elderly men and 8% in 806 elderly women with [[hypertension]], [[valvular disease]], or [[cardiomyopathy]],<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 6% in 395 elderly men and 15% in 771 elderly women with [[coronary artery disease]] (CAD),<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> and 5% in a well population of 80 year olds in the Bronx Longitudinal Aging Study.<ref name="pmid9494777">{{cite journal| author=Frishman WH, Sokol S, Aronson MK, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Katzman R| title=Risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and dementia in the elderly. | journal=Curr Probl Cardiol | year= 1998 | volume= 23 | issue= 1 | pages= 1-62 | pmid=9494777 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9494777 }} </ref> | ||
* The prevalence of complex ventricular arrhythmia in elderly people in these studies was 50%,<ref name="pmid7056104">{{cite journal| author=Fleg JL, Kennedy HL| title=Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: detection by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. | journal=Chest | year= 1982 | volume= 81 | issue= 3 | pages= 302-7 | pmid=7056104 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 31%,<ref name="pmid7369099">{{cite journal| author=Camm AJ, Evans KE, Ward DE, Martin A| title=The rhythm of the heart in active elderly subjects. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1980 | volume= 99 | issue= 5 | pages= 598-603 | pmid=7369099 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 20%,<ref name="pmid3946253">{{cite journal| author=Kantelip JP, Sage E, Duchene-Marullaz P| title=Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1986 | volume= 57 | issue= 6 | pages= 398-401 | pmid=3946253 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3946253 }} </ref> 16% in women and 28% in men,<ref name="pmid8106697">{{cite journal| author=Manolio TA, Furberg CD, Rautaharju PM, Siscovick D, Newman AB, Borhani NO et al.| title=Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1994 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 916-25 | pmid=8106697 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8106697 }} </ref> 31% in men and 30% in women without cardiovascular disease,<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 54% in men and 55% in women with hypertension, valvular disease, or cardiomyopathy,<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> and 69% in men and 68% in women with CAD.<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | * The prevalence of complex [[ventricular]] [[arrhythmia]] in elderly people in these studies was 50%,<ref name="pmid7056104">{{cite journal| author=Fleg JL, Kennedy HL| title=Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: detection by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography. | journal=Chest | year= 1982 | volume= 81 | issue= 3 | pages= 302-7 | pmid=7056104 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 31%,<ref name="pmid7369099">{{cite journal| author=Camm AJ, Evans KE, Ward DE, Martin A| title=The rhythm of the heart in active elderly subjects. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1980 | volume= 99 | issue= 5 | pages= 598-603 | pmid=7369099 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 20%,<ref name="pmid3946253">{{cite journal| author=Kantelip JP, Sage E, Duchene-Marullaz P| title=Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1986 | volume= 57 | issue= 6 | pages= 398-401 | pmid=3946253 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3946253 }} </ref> 16% in women and 28% in men,<ref name="pmid8106697">{{cite journal| author=Manolio TA, Furberg CD, Rautaharju PM, Siscovick D, Newman AB, Borhani NO et al.| title=Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1994 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 916-25 | pmid=8106697 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8106697 }} </ref> 31% in men and 30% in women without [[cardiovascular disease]],<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> 54% in men and 55% in women with [hypertension]], valvular disease, or [[cardiomyopathy]],<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> and 69% in men and 68% in women with CAD.<ref name="pmid11867655">{{cite journal| author=Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I| title=Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease. | journal=J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci | year= 2002 | volume= 57 | issue= 3 | pages= M178-80 | pmid=11867655 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-in Chief: Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.[2]
Epidemiology and Demographics
- Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) is an important cause of 150,000 to 300,000 out of hospital sudden deaths that occur annually in the US.[1]
- The most common cause of wide complex tachycardia(WCT) is ventricular tachycardia (VT), which accounts for 80% of all cases of WCT.[2]Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) with aberrancy accounts for 15% to 20% of WCTs. SVTs with bystander preexcitation and antidromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) account for 1% to 6% of WCTs.[3]
- However, the underlying substrate varies: ischemic heart disease in 75–80% cases; idiopathic cardiomyopathy in 10–15%; and 1–2% due to rare monogenic mutations in cardiac ion channels or associated proteins.[4]
- Brugada Syndrome may account for up to 50% of all SCDs in young individuals without structural heart disease. [4]
- The prevalence of nonsustained VT detected by 24-hour ambulatory ECGs was 4% in 98 elderly, disease-free individuals in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging,[5] 4% in 106 active elderly people,[6] 2% in 50 elderly people without cardiovascular disease,[7] 4% in 729 elderly women and 13% in 643 elderly men in the Cardiovascular Health Study,[8] 3% in 135 elderly men and 2% in 297 elderly women without cardiovascular disease,[9] 9% in 385 elderly men and 8% in 806 elderly women with hypertension, valvular disease, or cardiomyopathy,[9] 6% in 395 elderly men and 15% in 771 elderly women with coronary artery disease (CAD),[9] and 5% in a well population of 80 year olds in the Bronx Longitudinal Aging Study.[10]
- The prevalence of complex ventricular arrhythmia in elderly people in these studies was 50%,[5] 31%,[6] 20%,[7] 16% in women and 28% in men,[8] 31% in men and 30% in women without cardiovascular disease,[9] 54% in men and 55% in women with [hypertension]], valvular disease, or cardiomyopathy,[9] and 69% in men and 68% in women with CAD.[9]
References
- ↑ Stevenson WG (2009). "Ventricular scars and ventricular tachycardia". Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 120: 403–12. PMC 2744510. PMID 19768192.
- ↑ Gupta AK, Thakur RK (2001). "Wide QRS complex tachycardias". Med Clin North Am. 85 (2): 245–66, ix–x. PMID 11233948.
- ↑ Issa Z, Miller JM, Zipes DP(2009). Approach to Wide QRS Complex Tachycardias. Arrhythmology and Electrophysiology: A Companion to Braunwald's heart disease (1st ed., pp. 393). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zipes DP, Jalife J(2009). Cardiac electrophysiology: from cell to bedside (5th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Fleg JL, Kennedy HL (1982). "Cardiac arrhythmias in a healthy elderly population: detection by 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography". Chest. 81 (3): 302–7. PMID 7056104.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Camm AJ, Evans KE, Ward DE, Martin A (1980). "The rhythm of the heart in active elderly subjects". Am Heart J. 99 (5): 598–603. PMID 7369099.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kantelip JP, Sage E, Duchene-Marullaz P (1986). "Findings on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring in subjects older than 80 years". Am J Cardiol. 57 (6): 398–401. PMID 3946253.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Manolio TA, Furberg CD, Rautaharju PM, Siscovick D, Newman AB, Borhani NO; et al. (1994). "Cardiac arrhythmias on 24-h ambulatory electrocardiography in older women and men: the Cardiovascular Health Study". J Am Coll Cardiol. 23 (4): 916–25. PMID 8106697.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Aronow WS, Ahn C, Mercando AD, Epstein S, Kronzon I (2002). "Prevalence and association of ventricular tachycardia and complex ventricular arrhythmias with new coronary events in older men and women with and without cardiovascular disease". J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 57 (3): M178–80. PMID 11867655.
- ↑ Frishman WH, Sokol S, Aronson MK, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Katzman R (1998). "Risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and dementia in the elderly". Curr Probl Cardiol. 23 (1): 1–62. PMID 9494777.