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/* 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS: Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease (DO NOT EDIT){{cite journal| author=Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Ba...
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| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Patients with extracranial [[carotid]] or [[vertebral]] [[atherosclerosis]] who smoke cigarettes should be advised to quit smoking and offered [[smoking cessation]] interventions to reduce the risks of [[atherosclerosis]] progression and [[stroke]].<ref name="pmid3339799">{{cite journal |author=Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ |title=Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study |journal=JAMA |volume=259 |issue=7 |pages=1025–9 |year=1988 |month=February |pmid=3339799 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2496858">{{cite journal |author=Shinton R, Beevers G |title=Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke |journal=BMJ |volume=298 |issue=6676 |pages=789–94 |year=1989 |month=March |pmid=2496858 |pmc=1836102 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8417241">{{cite journal |author=Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, ''et al.'' |title=Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women |journal=JAMA |volume=269 |issue=2 |pages=232–6 |year=1993 |month=January |pmid=8417241 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8311368">{{cite journal |author=Robbins AS, Manson JE, Lee IM, Satterfield S, Hennekens CH |title=Cigarette smoking and stroke in a cohort of U.S. male physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=458–62 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8311368 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Patients with extracranial [[carotid]] or [[vertebral]] [[atherosclerosis]] who smoke cigarettes should be advised to quit smoking and offered [[smoking cessation]] interventions to reduce the risks of [[atherosclerosis]] progression and [[stroke]].<ref name="pmid3339799">{{cite journal |author=Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ |title=Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study |journal=JAMA |volume=259 |issue=7 |pages=1025–9 |year=1988 |month=February |pmid=3339799 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2496858">{{cite journal |author=Shinton R, Beevers G |title=Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke |journal=BMJ |volume=298 |issue=6676 |pages=789–94 |year=1989 |month=March |pmid=2496858 |pmc=1836102 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8417241">{{cite journal |author=Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, ''et al.'' |title=Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women |journal=JAMA |volume=269 |issue=2 |pages=232–6 |year=1993 |month=January |pmid=8417241 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8311368">{{cite journal |author=Robbins AS, Manson JE, Lee IM, Satterfield S, Hennekens CH |title=Cigarette smoking and stroke in a cohort of U.S. male physicians |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=120 |issue=6 |pages=458–62 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8311368 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
===Treatment of Hypertension (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21282505">{{cite journal| author=Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL et al.| title=2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 124 | issue= 4 | pages= 489-532 | pmid=21282505 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21282505  }} </ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Antihypertensive]] treatment is recommended for patients with [[hypertension]] and asymptomatic [[atherosclerotic]] ECVD to maintain [[blood pressure]] (BP) less than 140/90 mm Hg.<ref name="pmid14576382">{{cite journal |author=Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P |title=Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review |journal=Stroke |volume=34 |issue=11 |pages=2741–8 |year=2003 |month=November |pmid=14576382 |doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000092488.40085.15 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16432246">{{cite journal |author=Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, ''et al.'' |title=Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline |journal=Stroke |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=577–617 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16432246 |doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000199147.30016.74 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11589932">{{cite journal |author= |title=Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack |journal=Lancet |volume=358 |issue=9287 |pages=1033–41 |year=2001 |month=September |pmid=11589932 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06178-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid14976329">{{cite journal |author=Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Feigin VL, Rodgers A |title=Blood pressure and stroke: an overview of published reviews |journal=Stroke |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=776–85 |year=2004 |month=March |pmid=14976329 |doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000116869.64771.5A |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11130523">{{cite journal |author=Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N |title=Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration |journal=Lancet |volume=356 |issue=9246 |pages=1955–64 |year=2000 |month=December |pmid=11130523 |doi= |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Except during the hyperacute period, [[antihypertensive]] treatment is probably indicated in patients with [[hypertension]] and symptomatic [[atherosclerotic]] ECVD, but the benefit of treatment to a specific BP has not been established in relation to the risk of exacerbating [[cerebral ischemia]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
===Control of Hyperlipidemia (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21282505">{{cite journal| author=Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL et al.| title=2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 124 | issue= 4 | pages= 489-532 | pmid=21282505 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21282505  }} </ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Treatment with a [[statin]] is recommended for all patients with atherosclerotic ECVD (Extracranial Carotid and [[Vertebral artery disease]]) to lower [[low density lipoprotein]] [[cholesterol]] to less than 100 mg/dL.<ref name="pmid16432246">{{cite journal |author=Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G, ''et al.'' |title=Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline |journal=Stroke |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=577–617 |year=2006 |month=February |pmid=16432246 |doi=10.1161/01.STR.0000199147.30016.74 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16899775">{{cite journal |author=Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, ''et al.'' |title=High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=6 |pages=549–59 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16899775 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061894 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18322260">{{cite journal |author=Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ, ''et al.'' |title=Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack |journal=Stroke |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1647–52 |year=2008 |month=May |pmid=18322260 |doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.189063 |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Treatment with a [[statin]] is reasonable for all patients with [[atherosclerotic]] ECVD who sustain [[ischemic stroke]] to reduce [[low-density lipoprotein cholesterol]] to a level less than or equal to 70 mg/dL.<ref name="pmid16899775">{{cite journal |author=Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A, ''et al.'' |title=High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=355 |issue=6 |pages=549–59 |year=2006 |month=August |pmid=16899775 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa061894 |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' If treatment with a [[statin]] (including trials of higher-dose statins and higher-potency statins) does not achieve the goal selected for a patient, intensifying [[LDL]]-lowering drug therapy with an additional drug from among those with evidence of improving outcomes (ie, [[bile acid sequestrants]] or [[niacin]]) can be effective.<ref name="pmid12485966">{{cite journal |author= |title=Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report |journal=Circulation |volume=106 |issue=25 |pages=3143–421 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12485966 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3313041">{{cite journal |author=Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, ''et al.'' |title=Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=317 |issue=20 |pages=1237–45 |year=1987 |month=November |pmid=3313041 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198711123172001 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12438303">{{cite journal |author=Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ |title=Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease |journal=Circulation |volume=106 |issue=21 |pages=2747–57 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12438303 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid10438259">{{cite journal |author=Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, ''et al.'' |title=Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=341 |issue=6 |pages=410–8 |year=1999 |month=August |pmid=10438259 |doi=10.1056/NEJM199908053410604 |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' For patients who do not tolerate [[statin]]s, therapy with [[bile acid sequestrants]] and/or [[niacin]] is reasonable.<ref name="pmid12485966">{{cite journal |author= |title=Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report |journal=Circulation |volume=106 |issue=25 |pages=3143–421 |year=2002 |month=December |pmid=12485966 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid12438303">{{cite journal |author=Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ |title=Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease |journal=Circulation |volume=106 |issue=21 |pages=2747–57 |year=2002 |month=November |pmid=12438303 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11757504">{{cite journal |author=Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, ''et al.'' |title=Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=345 |issue=22 |pages=1583–92 |year=2001 |month=November |pmid=11757504 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa011090 |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])'' <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
===Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Atherosclerosis of the Extracranial Carotid or Vertebral Arteries (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21282505">{{cite journal| author=Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL et al.| title=2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery. | journal=Circulation | year= 2011 | volume= 124 | issue= 4 | pages= 489-532 | pmid=21282505 | doi=10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21282505  }} </ref>===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Diet, exercise, and glucose-lowering drugs can be useful for patients with [[diabetes mellitus]] and extracranial carotid or [[vertebral artery]] [[atherosclerosis]]. The [[stroke]] prevention benefit, however, of intensive glucose lowering therapy to a glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level less than 7.0% has not been established.<ref name="pmid18539917">{{cite journal |author=Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, ''et al.'' |title=Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=24 |pages=2545–59 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18539917 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0802743 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18539916">{{cite journal |author=Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, ''et al.'' |title=Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=358 |issue=24 |pages=2560–72 |year=2008 |month=June |pmid=18539916 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0802987 |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: A]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Administration of statin-type lipid-lowering medication at a dosage sufficient to reduce [[LDL]] [[cholesterol]] to a level near or below 70 mg/dL is reasonable in patients with [[diabetes mellitus]] and extracranial carotid or vertebral artery atherosclerosis for prevention of [[ischemic stroke]] and other ischemic cardiovascular events.<ref name="pmid15325833">{{cite journal |author=Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, ''et al.'' |title=Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial |journal=Lancet |volume=364 |issue=9435 |pages=685–96 |year=2004 |pmid=15325833 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16895-5 |url=}}</ref> ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


Revision as of 15:36, 31 October 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

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Overview

Secondary prevention for carotid artery stenosis include the cessation of smoking. Other preventative methods which can also be treatment measures are tight control of blood pressure, management of diabetes, and management of lipids.

Secondary Prevention

2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS: Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Smoking Cessation (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class I
"1. Patients with extracranial carotid or vertebral atherosclerosis who smoke cigarettes should be advised to quit smoking and offered smoking cessation interventions to reduce the risks of atherosclerosis progression and stroke.[2][3][4][5] (Level of Evidence: B) "

Treatment of Hypertension (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class I
"1. Antihypertensive treatment is recommended for patients with hypertension and asymptomatic atherosclerotic ECVD to maintain blood pressure (BP) less than 140/90 mm Hg.[6][7][8][9][10] (Level of Evidence: A) "
Class IIa
"1. Except during the hyperacute period, antihypertensive treatment is probably indicated in patients with hypertension and symptomatic atherosclerotic ECVD, but the benefit of treatment to a specific BP has not been established in relation to the risk of exacerbating cerebral ischemia. (Level of Evidence: C) "

Control of Hyperlipidemia (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class I
"1. Treatment with a statin is recommended for all patients with atherosclerotic ECVD (Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral artery disease) to lower low density lipoprotein cholesterol to less than 100 mg/dL.[7][11][12] (Level of Evidence: B) "
Class IIa
"1. Treatment with a statin is reasonable for all patients with atherosclerotic ECVD who sustain ischemic stroke to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to a level less than or equal to 70 mg/dL.[11] (Level of Evidence: B) "
"2. If treatment with a statin (including trials of higher-dose statins and higher-potency statins) does not achieve the goal selected for a patient, intensifying LDL-lowering drug therapy with an additional drug from among those with evidence of improving outcomes (ie, bile acid sequestrants or niacin) can be effective.[13][14][15][16] (Level of Evidence: B) "
"3. For patients who do not tolerate statins, therapy with bile acid sequestrants and/or niacin is reasonable.[13][15][17] (Level of Evidence: B) "

Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Patients With Atherosclerosis of the Extracranial Carotid or Vertebral Arteries (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class IIa
"1. Diet, exercise, and glucose-lowering drugs can be useful for patients with diabetes mellitus and extracranial carotid or vertebral artery atherosclerosis. The stroke prevention benefit, however, of intensive glucose lowering therapy to a glycosylated hemoglobin A1c level less than 7.0% has not been established.[18][19] (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. Administration of statin-type lipid-lowering medication at a dosage sufficient to reduce LDL cholesterol to a level near or below 70 mg/dL is reasonable in patients with diabetes mellitus and extracranial carotid or vertebral artery atherosclerosis for prevention of ischemic stroke and other ischemic cardiovascular events.[20] (Level of Evidence: B)"

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL; et al. (2011). "2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery". Circulation. 124 (4): 489–532. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78. PMID 21282505.
  2. ↑ Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, Kannel WB, Bonita R, Belanger AJ (1988). "Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study". JAMA. 259 (7): 1025–9. PMID 3339799. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Shinton R, Beevers G (1989). "Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke". BMJ. 298 (6676): 789–94. PMC 1836102. PMID 2496858. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Kawachi I, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ; et al. (1993). "Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women". JAMA. 269 (2): 232–6. PMID 8417241. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Robbins AS, Manson JE, Lee IM, Satterfield S, Hennekens CH (1994). "Cigarette smoking and stroke in a cohort of U.S. male physicians". Ann. Intern. Med. 120 (6): 458–62. PMID 8311368. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Rashid P, Leonardi-Bee J, Bath P (2003). "Blood pressure reduction and secondary prevention of stroke and other vascular events: a systematic review". Stroke. 34 (11): 2741–8. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000092488.40085.15. PMID 14576382. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sacco RL, Adams R, Albers G; et al. (2006). "Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline". Stroke. 37 (2): 577–617. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000199147.30016.74. PMID 16432246. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ "Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack". Lancet. 358 (9287): 1033–41. 2001. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06178-5. PMID 11589932. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Feigin VL, Rodgers A (2004). "Blood pressure and stroke: an overview of published reviews". Stroke. 35 (3): 776–85. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000116869.64771.5A. PMID 14976329. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N (2000). "Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration". Lancet. 356 (9246): 1955–64. PMID 11130523. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A; et al. (2006). "High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (6): 549–59. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061894. PMID 16899775. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ; et al. (2008). "Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack". Stroke. 39 (5): 1647–52. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.189063. PMID 18322260. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report". Circulation. 106 (25): 3143–421. 2002. PMID 12485966. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K; et al. (1987). "Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 317 (20): 1237–45. doi:10.1056/NEJM198711123172001. PMID 3313041. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ (2002). "Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease". Circulation. 106 (21): 2747–57. PMID 12438303. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D; et al. (1999). "Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group". N. Engl. J. Med. 341 (6): 410–8. doi:10.1056/NEJM199908053410604. PMID 10438259. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A; et al. (2001). "Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease". N. Engl. J. Med. 345 (22): 1583–92. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa011090. PMID 11757504. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP; et al. (2008). "Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (24): 2545–59. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802743. PMID 18539917. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J; et al. (2008). "Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes". N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (24): 2560–72. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0802987. PMID 18539916. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN; et al. (2004). "Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 364 (9435): 685–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16895-5. PMID 15325833.

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