Upper gastrointestinal bleeding causes: Difference between revisions
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Causes
There are many causes for upper GI hemorrhage. Causes are usually anatomically divided into their location in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Patients are usually stratified into having either variceal or non-variceal sources of upper GI hemorrhage, as the two have different treatment algorithms and prognosis.
The causes for upper GI hemorrhage include the following:
- Esophageal causes:
- Esophageal varices
- Esophagitis
- Esophageal cancer
- Esophageal ulcers
- Gastric causes:
- Gastric ulcer
- Gastric cancer
- Gastritis
- Gastric varices
- Gastric antral vascular ectasia, or watermelon stomach
- Dieulafoy's lesions
- Duodenal causes:
- Duodenal ulcer
- Vascular malformations, including aorto-enteric fistulae. Fistulae are usually secondary to prior vascular surgery and usually occur at the proximal anastomosis at the third or fourth portion of the duodenum where it is retroperitoneal and near the aorta.[1][2][3]
- Hematobilia, or bleeding from the biliary tree
- Hemosuccus pancreaticus, or bleeding from the pancreatic duct
References
- ↑ Graber CJ; et al. (2007). "A Stitch in Time — A 64-year-old man with a history of coronary artery disease and peripheral vascular disease was admitted to the hospital with a several-month history of fevers, chills, and fatigue". New Engl J Med. 357: 1029–1034.
- ↑ Sierra J, Kalangos A, Faidutti B, Christenson JT (2003). "Aorto-enteric fistula is a serious complication to aortic surgery. Modern trends in diagnosis and therapy". Cardiovascular surgery (London, England). 11 (3): 185–8. PMID 12704326.
- ↑ Cendan JC, Thomas JB, Seeger JM (2004). "Twenty-one cases of aortoenteric fistula: lessons for the general surgeon". The American surgeon. 70 (7): 583–7, discussion 587. PMID 15279179.