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Revision as of 15:53, 1 March 2013

Headache Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Headache from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: Robert G. Schwartz, M.D. [1], Piedmont Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, P.A.; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

The vast majority of headaches are benign and self-limiting. Common causes are tension,Neck pain, migraine, eye strain, dehydration, low blood sugar, and sinusitis. Much rarer are headaches due to life-threatening conditions such as meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral aneurysms, extremely high blood pressure, and brain tumors. When the headache occurs in conjunction with a head injury the cause is usually quite evident. A large percentage of headaches among females are caused by ever-fluctuating estrogen during menstrual years. This can occur prior to, during or even midcycle menstruation.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System[1][2]

Cardiac • Hypotension • Hypertension • Malignant hypertension •
Chemical / Poisoning • Amnesic shellfish poisoning • Anadenanthera peregrina • Antimony • Arsenic poisoning • Artemisia afra • Carbon monoxide • Copper • Cyanide • Heavy metal ingestion • Hemlock • Hydrogen sulfide • Lead poisoning • Manganese • Marine toxins • Monocrotophos • Nicotine poisoning • Radiation poisoning • Soil contamination • Thallium • Toxic headache • Water intoxication •
Dermatologic • Linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis •
Drug Side Effect • Acamprosate • Acyclovir • Alatrofloxacin Injection • Alosetron • Amantadine • Ambrisentan • Aminophylline • Amiodarone • Amlodipine • Amphotericin B • Anagrelide • Armodafinil • Atorvastatin • Benazepril • Bepridil • Bexarotene • Bisoprolol • Bosentan • Bromocriptine • Butabarbital • Butorphanol • Cabergoline • Caffeine • Candesartan • Capecitabine • Carbamazepine • Carbimazole • Carmustine • Carteolol • Carvedilol • Caspofungin • Cilansetron • Cilostazol • Clomethiazole • Combined oral contraceptive pill • Cycloserine • Cyclosporin • Cefaclor • Cefamandole Nafate Injection • Cefotetan • Cefdinir • Cefoperazone Sodium Injection • Calcitriol • Chelation therapy • Chlorothiazide • Chlorthalidone • Cilostazol • Cimetidine • Clopidogrel • Cyclosporine Injection • Deferasirox • Dexamfetamine • Digoxin • Diltiazem • Dimercaprol • Dinoprostone • Dipivefrine • Dipyridamole • Disopyramide • Docosanol • Dolasetron • Dofetilide • Doxazosin • Enalapril • Epinephrine • Eplerenone • Epoprostenol • Ergotamine • Etanercept Injection • Ethacrynic Acid • Ethanol • Ethosuximide • Ezetimibe • Felodipine • Fenofibrate • Fenoldopam • Flu vaccine • Fluorouracil • Fluoxetine • Fluvastatin • Epinephrine • Fosinopril • Furosemide • Ganciclovir • Gemeprost • Glyceryl trinitrate • Granisetron • Griseofulvin • Gyromitrin • Indomethacin • Insulin lispro • Influenza vaccine • Imatinib mesylate • Interleukin 2 • Isosorbide dinitrate • Isosorbide mononitrate • Lerisetron • Levosimendan • Lofepramine • Lomotil • Lisuride • Mefloquine Memantine • Methimazole • Metronidazole • Methyprylon • Modafinil• Monosodium glutamate • Moricizine • Nicorandil • Nifedipine • Nitrendipine • Nitroglycerine • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs • Oxtriphylline • Oxytocin injection • Omalizumab • Ondansetron • Palonosetron • Pemirolast • Pergolide • Pimecrolimus • Piribedil • Propylthiouracil • Quinidine • Quinine • Rasagiline • Reproterol • Roflumilast • Ropinirole • Salbutamol • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor • Sildenafil • Sodium nitrite • Sulprostone • Tadalafil • Trabectedin • Trimeprazine • Trimethobenzamide • Tribavirin • Trimethadione • Tropisetron • Vardenafil • Vitamin A • Zafirlukast • Zileuton • Zomepirac •
Ear Nose Throat • Angina tonsillaris • Nasal polyp • Otitis externa • Otitis media • Pharyngitis • Rhinolith • Peritonsillar abscess • Strep throat • Sinusitis • Trochleitis • Tonsillitis • Upper respiratory tract infection •
Endocrine • Acromegaly • Addison's disease • Conn syndrome • Diabetes mellitus • Hypoglycemia • Hyperaldosteronism • Hyperparathyroidism • Hyperpituitarism • Insulinoma • Menopause • Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting) • Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome •
Environmental Conditions • Airsickness • Altitude sickness • Brain freeze • Diesel particulate matter • Heat stroke • Ice cream headache • Multiple chemical sensitivity • Second-hand smoke •
Gastroenterologic • Crohn's disease • Inflammatory Bowel Disease •
Genetic • No underlying causes •
Hematologic • Anemia • Blood transfusion • Leukemia • Multiple myeloma •
Infectious Disease Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis • Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold) • Adenoiditis • AIDS • Alkhurma virus • Anaplasmosis • Aseptic meningitis • Aspergillus clavatus • Astrovirus • Blastomycosis • Bolivian hemorrhagic fever • Byssinosis • Brucellosis • Bruxism • Boutonneuse fever • Campylobacteriosis • California encephalitis virus • Chagas disease • Chikungunya • Cladosporium • Cotton fever • Coxsackie B • Cryptococcosis • Cysticercosis • Dengue fever • Dental infection • Ebola • Encephalitis • Fever • Feverfew • Freshers' Flu • Giardia lamblia • Glioblastoma multiforme • Gradenigo's syndrome • Group A streptococcal infection • Haemophilus influenzae serotype B infection • Hangover • Hantavirus • Hay fever • Harvest mite • Henipavirus • Herpes zoster • Hepatitis • Herpesviridae • HIV • Japanese encephalitis[ • Hymenolepis infection • Influenza • Intracranial abscess / granuloma • Lábrea fever • Legionellosis • Leptospirosis • Listeriosis • Lyme disease • Malaria • Marburg virus • Mansonelliasis • Meningococcemia • Meningoencephalitis • Metabolic acidosis • Metal fume fever • Mononucleosis • Micropolyspora faeni • Monkeypox virus • Mucormycosis • Mumps • Mycoplasma pneumoniae • Naegleria fowleri • Naegleria infection • Neisseria meningitidis • Nipah virus encephalitis • Nocardiosis • Norovirus • Oropouche fever • Pityriasis rosea • Psittacosis • Q fever • Ramsay Hunt syndromes • Rat-bite fever • Relapsing fever • Rhinovirus • Rickettsial infections • Rift valley fever • Ross River Fever • Rocky Mountain spotted fever • Rubella • Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula • Snakebite • Scarlet fever • Scrumpox • Shingles • Siraitia grosvenorii • Sitophilus granarius • Sodoku • St. Louis encephalitis • Staphylococcal enteritis • Streptobacillus • Syphilis • Thermoactinomyces sacchari • Thermoactinomyces vulgaris • Trench fever • Trichinosis • Tuberculous meningitis • Tularemia • Typhoid fever • Viral Gastroenteritis • Viral Hepatitis C • West Nile Virus • Yellow fever • Yersinia Pestis Infection • Zika fever •
Musculoskeletal / Ortho • Cervical spondylosis • Temporomandibular joint disorder •
Neurologic • Acoustic neuroma • Apoplexy • Arachnoid cyst • Arcuate foramen • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis • Arnold nerve cough syndrome • Epilepsy • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension • Multiple sclerosis • Pituitary apoplexy • Posterior cervical sympathetic syndrome • Posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome • Raised intracranial pressure • Spinal autonomic dysreflexia • West syndrome •
Nutritional / Metabolic • Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency •
Obstetrics & Gynecology • Eclampsia • Pre-eclampsia • Pregnancy • Premenstrual syndrome •
Oncologic • Acoustic neuroma • Adrenal carcinoma • Adrenal tumor • Astrocytoma • Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor • Brain tumor • Brain Stem Gliomas • Carcinoid tumours and carcinoid syndrome • Craniopharyngioma • Ependymoma • Gliomatosis cerebri • Medulloblastoma • Meningioma • Oligoastrocytoma • Phaeochromocytoma • Polycythaemia rubra vera • Subdural hygroma • Tongue cancer •
Opthalmologic • Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy • Aneisokonia • Asthenopia • Computer vision syndrome • Ocular Neurosis • Oculogyric crisis • Progressive lenses •
Overdose / Toxicity • Acute alcohol intoxication • Alcohol withdrawal • Alcoholism • Medication overuse •
Psychiatric • Anxiety disorder • Functional disorders • Primary affective disorder • Chronic stress • Clinical depression • Workplace stress • Gulf War syndrome •
Pulmonary • Acute bronchitis • Bird breeder's lung • Bird fancier's lung • Cheese worker's lung • Chemical worker's lung • Cough • Community-acquired pneumonia • Grain handler's lung • Hot tub lung • Humidifier lung • Hypersensitivity pneumonitis • Lower respiratory tract infection • Malt worker's lung • Nylon worker's lung • Obesity hypoventilation syndrome • Paprika splitter's lung •
Renal / Electrolyte • Diabetic nephropathy • Hypercalcemia • Hyponatremia •
Rheum / Auto Immune / Allergy • Antiphospholipid syndrome • Polymyalgia rheumatica • Systemic lupus erythematosus • Takayasu arteritis • Temporal arteritis • Wegener's granulomatosis •
Trauma • Cervical spine trauma • Dental trauma •
Vascular Diseases & Malformations • Arteriovenous malformation • Berry aneurysm • Carotid artery dissection • Cavernous angioma • Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis • Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis • Cerebellar infarction • Cerebral aneurysm • Cerebral arteriovenous malformation • Cerebrovascular accident • Cerebrovascular disease • Epidural hematoma • Intracranial haemorrhage • Migraine • Posterior communicating artery aneurysm • Subarachnoid haemorrhage • Superior vena cava syndrome • Vascular headache • Vertebral artery dissection • Vertebro-basilar artery syndrome •
Miscellaneous • Agastache rugosa • Bearberry • Cluster headache • Colloid cyst of third ventricle • Hepatic failure • Intracranial space-occupying lesion • Paroxysmal hemicrania, chronic • Parry-Romberg syndrome • Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome • Spontaneous intracranial hypotension • Standing (position) • Thunderclap headache •

References

  1. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X


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