Myopia historical perspective: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Saumya Easaw (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Saumya Easaw (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SME}} | {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SME}} | ||
== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
Because in the most common, "simple" myopia, the eye length is too long, any [[etiologic]] explanation must account for such axial elongation. To date, no single [[theory] ]has been able to satisfactorily explain this elongation. | Because in the most common, "simple" myopia, the eye length is too long, any [[etiologic]] explanation must account for such axial elongation. To date, no single [[theory] ]has been able to satisfactorily explain this elongation. | ||
*In the early [[1900s]], [[William Bates]] controversially asserted that myopia, as with all refractive errors, resulted from a particular type of "eyestrain" that was itself a result of "mental strain".<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch10.html "Chapter X: Strain."]</ref> He stated that the shape of the eyeball responded instantaneously to the action of the [[extraocular muscles]] upon it<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch7.html "Chapter VII: The Variability of the Refraction of the Eye."]</ref> and that myopia was produced due to contraction of the [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s which lengthened the eye.<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch4.html Chapter IV : The Truth about Accommodation as Demonstrated by Experiments on the Eye Muscles of Fish, Cats, Dogs, Rabbits and Other Animals."]</ref> According to Bates, myopia was associated with a "strain" to see distance objects rather than near work.<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch1.html "Chapter I: Introductory."]</ref> Bates theories were rejected by mainstream ophthalmologists of his time and remain so today. <ref name="Bradley">{{cite news | *In the early [[1900s]], [[William Bates]] controversially asserted that myopia, as with all refractive errors, resulted from a particular type of "eyestrain" that was itself a result of "mental strain".<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch10.html "Chapter X: Strain."]</ref> He stated that the shape of the eyeball responded instantaneously to the action of the [[extraocular muscles]] upon it<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch7.html "Chapter VII: The Variability of the Refraction of the Eye."]</ref> and that myopia was produced due to contraction of the [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s which lengthened the eye.<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch4.html Chapter IV : The Truth about Accommodation as Demonstrated by Experiments on the Eye Muscles of Fish, Cats, Dogs, Rabbits and Other Animals."]</ref> According to Bates, myopia was associated with a "strain" to see distance objects rather than near work.<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch1.html "Chapter I: Introductory."]</ref> Bates theories were rejected by mainstream ophthalmologists of his time and remain so today. <ref name="Bradley">{{cite news | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
*In the mid-1900s, mainstream ophthalmologists and optometrists believed myopia to be primarily hereditary; the influence of near work in its development seemed "incidental" and the increased prevalence of the condition with increasing age was viewed as a "statistical curiosity".<ref name="Borish"/><ref name="Duke-Elder"/><ref name="Mutti">Mutti D. [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=osc/apr01/lesson_0401.htm "Can We Conquer Myopia?"] ''Review of Optomery.'' Optometric Study Center: April, 2001.</ref> | *In the mid-1900s, mainstream ophthalmologists and optometrists believed myopia to be primarily hereditary; the influence of near work in its development seemed "incidental" and the increased prevalence of the condition with increasing age was viewed as a "statistical curiosity".<ref name="Borish"/><ref name="Duke-Elder"/><ref name="Mutti">Mutti D. [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=osc/apr01/lesson_0401.htm "Can We Conquer Myopia?"] ''Review of Optomery.'' Optometric Study Center: April, 2001.</ref> | ||
*Among mainstream researchers and [[eye care professional]]s, myopia is now thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<ref name="AOA"/><ref name="Morgan 1"/> | *Among mainstream researchers and [[eye care professional]]s, myopia is now thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<ref name="AOA"/><ref name="Morgan 1"/> | ||
===Myopia as metaphor=== | |||
The terms ''myopia'' and ''myopic'' have also been used [[metaphor]]ically to refer to cognitive thinking and decision making that is narrow sighted or lacking in concern for long-term consequence. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 19:29, 3 May 2013
|
Myopia Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Myopia historical perspective On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Myopia historical perspective |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Myopia historical perspective |
Please help WikiDoc by adding content here. It's easy! Click here to learn about editing.
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saumya Easaw, M.B.B.S.[3]
Historical Perspective
Because in the most common, "simple" myopia, the eye length is too long, any etiologic explanation must account for such axial elongation. To date, no single [[theory] ]has been able to satisfactorily explain this elongation.
- In the early 1900s, William Bates controversially asserted that myopia, as with all refractive errors, resulted from a particular type of "eyestrain" that was itself a result of "mental strain".[1] He stated that the shape of the eyeball responded instantaneously to the action of the extraocular muscles upon it[2] and that myopia was produced due to contraction of the inferior oblique and superior oblique muscles which lengthened the eye.[3] According to Bates, myopia was associated with a "strain" to see distance objects rather than near work.[4] Bates theories were rejected by mainstream ophthalmologists of his time and remain so today. [5][6]
- In the mid-1900s, mainstream ophthalmologists and optometrists believed myopia to be primarily hereditary; the influence of near work in its development seemed "incidental" and the increased prevalence of the condition with increasing age was viewed as a "statistical curiosity".[7][8][9]
- Among mainstream researchers and eye care professionals, myopia is now thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[10][11]
Myopia as metaphor
The terms myopia and myopic have also been used metaphorically to refer to cognitive thinking and decision making that is narrow sighted or lacking in concern for long-term consequence.
References
- ↑ "Chapter X: Strain."
- ↑ "Chapter VII: The Variability of the Refraction of the Eye."
- ↑ Chapter IV : The Truth about Accommodation as Demonstrated by Experiments on the Eye Muscles of Fish, Cats, Dogs, Rabbits and Other Animals."
- ↑ "Chapter I: Introductory."
- ↑ Robyn E. Bradley (September 23, 2003). "ADVOCATES SEE ONLY BENEFITS FROM EYE EXERCISES" (PDF). The Boston Globe (MA).
- ↑ Rawstron JA, Burley CD, Elder MJ (2005). "A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises". J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 42 (2): 82–8.
- ↑ Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedBorish - ↑ Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedDuke-Elder - ↑ Mutti D. "Can We Conquer Myopia?" Review of Optomery. Optometric Study Center: April, 2001.
- ↑ Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedAOA - ↑ Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedMorgan 1