Ventricular tachycardia causes: Difference between revisions

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==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Common Causes===  
===Common Causes===  
 
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
====Across All Ages====
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[STEMI]]
====Among Patients Under 35 Years of Age====
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Long QT syndrome]]
*[[Long QT syndrome]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Short QT syndrome]]
*[[Short QT syndrome]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 1]]
*[[STEMI]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 2]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 3]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 4]]
* [[Short QT syndrome type 5]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], [[AV block]], [[Cardiomyopathy]], [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[Congenital Heart Disease]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Ischaemic heart disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Long QT Syndrome]], [[Myocardial Infarction]], [[Myocarditis]], [[NSTEMI]], [[Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[Short QT syndrome]], [[Short QT syndrome type 1]], [[Short QT syndrome type 2]], [[Short QT syndrome type 3]], [[Short QT syndrome type 4]], [[Short QT syndrome type 5]], [[STEMI]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[Torsade de pointes]], [[Unstable angina]], [[Valvular heart disease]], [[Ventricular aneurysm]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], [[AV block]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischaemic heart disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[long QT syndrome]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[NSTEMI]], [[right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[STEMI]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[torsade de pointes]], [[unstable angina]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic trioxide]], [[Arsenicals]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arsenic trioxide]], [[arsenicals]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[Almokalant]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Amphetamines]], [[Antiarrhythmics]], [[Asenapine]], [[Astemizole]], [[Azimilide]], [[Azithromycin]], [[Bepridil]], [[Bretylium]], [[Budipine]], [[Chloroquine]], [[Cibenzoline]], [[Cisapride]], [[Citalopram]], [[Clomipramine]], [[Clozapine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Desipramine]], [[Digitalis]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Disopyramide]], [[Dofetilide]], [[Dolasetron]], [[Doxepin]], [[Dronedarone]], [[Droperidol]], [[Eribulin mesylate]], [[Fluconazole]], [[Grepafloxacin]], [[Halofantrine]], [[Haloperidol]], [[Ibutilide]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indapamide]], [[Inotropes]], [[Ketanserin]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Lidoflazine]], [[Lubeluzole]], [[Methadone]], [[Methadyl acetate]], [[Methamphetamine]], [[Midodrine]], [[Mizolastine]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Naratriptan]], [[Nicardipine]], [[Nilotinib]], [[Ondansetron]], [[Pasireotide]], [[Pazopanib]], [[Pentamidine]], [[Phenothiazines]], [[Pimozide]], [[Piperaquine]], [[Prenylamine]], [[Probucol]], [[Procainamide]], [[Propoxyphene]], [[Quinidine]], [[Quinine]], [[Ranolazine]], [[Retigabine]], [[Ritodrine]], [[Ritonavir]], [[Saquinavir]], [[Sertindole]], [[Sotalol]], [[Sparfloxacin]], [[Sympathomimetic agents]], [[Tedisamil]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Terfenadine]], [[Terodiline]], [[Tetrabenazine]], [[Thioridazine]], [[Vandetanib]], [[Vemurafenib]], [[Venlafaxine]], [[Vernakalant]], [[Voriconazole]], [[Vorinostat]], [[Ziprasidone]], [[Zotepine]], [[Zuclopenthixol]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[asenapine]], [[astemizole]], [[azimilide]], [[azithromycin]], [[bepridil]], [[bretylium]], [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[citalopram]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[cocaine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[fluconazole]], [[grepafloxacin]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[imipramine]], [[indapamide]], [[inotropes]], [[ketanserin]], [[ketoconazole]], [[lidoflazine]], [[lubeluzole]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naratriptan]], [[nicardipine]], [[nilotinib]], [[ondansetron]], [[pasireotide]], [[pazopanib]], [[pentamidine]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[saquinavir]], [[sertindole]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[sympathomimetic agents]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[thioridazine]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vernakalant]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Pheochromocytoma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[pheochromocytoma]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothermia]], [[Zero gravity]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothermia]], [[zero gravity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Channelopathies]], [[Myotonic dystrophy]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[Short QT syndrome type 1]], [[Short QT syndrome type 2]], [[Short QT syndrome type 3]], [[Short QT syndrome type 4]], [[Short QT syndrome type 5]], [[Timothy syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[channelopathies]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[Timothy syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardioversion]], [[Defibrillation]], [[Electrophysiologic studies]], [[Heart surgery]], [[Pulmonary artery catheter ]], [[Right heart catheterisation]], [[Runaway pacemaker syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardioversion]], [[defibrillation]], [[electrophysiologic studies]], [[heart surgery]], [[pulmonary artery catheter]], [[right heart catheterisation]], [[runaway pacemaker syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[myotonic dystrophy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acidosis]], [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[Acute starvation]], [[Electrolyte imbalance]], [[Hyperkalaemia]], [[Hypocalcemia]], [[Hypoglycaemia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[acidosis]], [[acute starvation]], [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[Almokalant]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amitriptyline]], [[Amphetamines]], [[Antiarrhythmics]], [[Asenapine]], [[Astemizole]], [[Azimilide]], [[Azithromycin]], [[Bepridil]], [[Bretylium]], [[Budipine]], [[Caffeine]],[[Chloroquine]], [[Cibenzoline]], [[Cisapride]], [[Citalopram]], [[Clomipramine]], [[Clozapine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Crizotinib]], [[Desipramine]], [[Digitalis]], [[Diphenhydramine]], [[Disopyramide]], [[Dofetilide]], [[Dolasetron]], [[Doxepin]], [[Dronedarone]], [[Droperidol]], [[Eribulin mesylate]], [[Fluconazole]], [[Grepafloxacin]], [[Halofantrine]], [[Haloperidol]], [[Ibutilide]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indapamide]], [[Inotropes]], [[Ketanserin]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Lidoflazine]], [[Lubeluzole]], [[Methadone]], [[Methadyl acetate]], [[Methamphetamine]], [[Midodrine]], [[Mizolastine]], [[Moxifloxacin]], [[Naratriptan]], [[Nicardipine]], [[Nilotinib]], [[Ondansetron]], [[Pasireotide]], [[Pazopanib]], [[Pentamidine]], [[Phenothiazines]], [[Pimozide]], [[Piperaquine]], [[Prenylamine]], [[Probucol]], [[Procainamide]], [[Propoxyphene]], [[Quinidine]], [[Quinine]], [[Ranolazine]], [[Retigabine]], [[Ritodrine]], [[Ritonavir]], [[Saquinavir]], [[Sertindole]], [[Sotalol]], [[Sparfloxacin]], [[Sympathomimetic agents]], [[Tedisamil]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Terfenadine]], [[Terodiline]], [[Tetrabenazine]], [[Thioridazine]], [[Vandetanib]], [[Vemurafenib]], [[Venlafaxine]], [[Vernakalant]], [[Voriconazole]], [[Vorinostat]], [[Ziprasidone]], [[Zotepine]], [[Zuclopenthixol]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[asenapine]], [[astemizole]], [[azimilide]], [[azithromycin]], [[bepridil]], [[bretylium]], [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[citalopram]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[cocaine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[fluconazole]], [[grepafloxacin]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[imipramine]], [[indapamide]], [[inotropes]], [[ketanserin]], [[ketoconazole]], [[lidoflazine]], [[lubeluzole]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naratriptan]], [[nicardipine]], [[nilotinib]], [[ondansetron]], [[pasireotide]], [[pazopanib]], [[pentamidine]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[saquinavir]], [[sertindole]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[sympathomimetic agents]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[thioridazine]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vernakalant]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[Starvation]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anorexia nervosa]], [[starvation]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxia]], [[Obstructive sleep apnea]], [[Sleep apnea]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acidosis]], [[Acid-base disturbances]], [[Acute starvation]], [[Electrolyte imbalance]], [[Hyperkalaemia]], [[Hypocalcemia]], [[Hypoglycaemia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Hypomagnesemia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[acid-base disturbances]], [[acidosis]], [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], [[renal failure]], [[uremia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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*[[Dronedarone]]
*[[Dronedarone]]
*[[Droperidol]]
*[[Droperidol]]
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[Electrophysiologic studies]]
*[[Electrophysiologic studies]]
*[[Eribulin mesylate]]
*[[Eribulin mesylate]]
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*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Piperaquine]]
*[[Piperaquine]]
*[[Prenylamine]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Prenylamine]]
 
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Procainamide]]

Revision as of 17:02, 9 August 2013

Ventricular tachycardia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-in Chief: Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.[2]

Overview

Common causes of ventricular tachycardia include ischemic heart disease, illicit drugs (cocaine and methamphetamine), structural heart disease (including congenital heart diseases such as tetralogy of Fallot), inherited channelopathies, drug toxicity (digoxin, drugs that prolong the QT interval) and electrolyte disturbances (such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia).

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute coronary syndrome, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, AV block, cardiomyopathy, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischaemic heart disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long QT syndrome, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, NSTEMI, right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, STEMI, Timothy syndrome, torsade de pointes, unstable angina, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysm, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Arsenic trioxide, arsenicals
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, asenapine, astemizole, azimilide, azithromycin, bepridil, bretylium, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, cocaine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, eribulin mesylate, fluconazole, grepafloxacin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, imipramine, indapamide, inotropes, ketanserin, ketoconazole, lidoflazine, lubeluzole, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, naratriptan, nicardipine, nilotinib, ondansetron, pasireotide, pazopanib, pentamidine, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, saquinavir, sertindole, sotalol, sparfloxacin, sympathomimetic agents, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, thioridazine, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, vernakalant, voriconazole, vorinostat, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, pheochromocytoma
Environmental Hypothermia, zero gravity
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, channelopathies, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, Timothy syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Cardioversion, defibrillation, electrophysiologic studies, heart surgery, pulmonary artery catheter, right heart catheterisation, runaway pacemaker syndrome
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Timothy syndrome, myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, acute starvation, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, asenapine, astemizole, azimilide, azithromycin, bepridil, bretylium, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, citalopram, clomipramine, clozapine, cocaine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, eribulin mesylate, fluconazole, grepafloxacin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, imipramine, indapamide, inotropes, ketanserin, ketoconazole, lidoflazine, lubeluzole, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, naratriptan, nicardipine, nilotinib, ondansetron, pasireotide, pazopanib, pentamidine, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, saquinavir, sertindole, sotalol, sparfloxacin, sympathomimetic agents, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, thioridazine, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, vernakalant, voriconazole, vorinostat, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Psychiatric Anorexia nervosa, starvation
Pulmonary Hypoxia, obstructive sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte acid-base disturbances, acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, renal failure, uremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Myocardial contusion
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

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