Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2]; Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Repeated measurements of different clinical and physiological parameters are believed to be useful in assessing the clinical course of IPF. Assessment of dyspnea, using an established clinical scale for rating the impact of dyspnea on activities. Lung volumes, DLCO, resting arterial blood gases, cardiopulmonary exercise testing with measurement of gas exchange, HRCT lung scans are our current tools for diagnosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. Physiologic testings have been used to determine the current functional lung capacity. Studies have shown that conventional lung function tests by spirometry have more precision in prognosis of patients with IPF, while extensive tests like gas exchange measurements at rest and exercise do not add additional information to make the prognostic or treatment evaluation more precise. .

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of IIPs is dynamic as it depends on multidisciplinary approach among different specialists. The histological patterns identified by the pathologists give better distinguishing pattern than imaging patterns identified by radiologists. Clinical-radiological-pathological diagnosis (CRP diagnosis) is rely on histopathological findings as a very informative tool to reach the definitive diagnosis. Also the practice of delaying the biopsy till the patient starts to deteriorate clinically and radiologically is not helpful as it delays the diagnosis and reduce the likelihood of the disease to be accurately identified.

Histological patterns	Clinical-Radiological-Pathological diagnosis
Usual interstitial pneumonia	Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/ cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis
Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia	Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia
Organizing pneumonia	Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia
Diffuse alveolar damage	Acute interstitial pneumonia
Respiratory bronchiolitis	Respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia	Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia	Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia

However the surgical biopsy is important for classification and confident CRP diagnosis, it is not always necessary to reach diagnosis, especially in the cases where there is a typical clinical-radiological picture of UIP/IPF. The diagnostic criteria for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis without a surgical biopsy adopted by AT/ERS.

AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY / EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY SOCIETY CRITERIA for diagnosing of IDIOPATHIC PULMONARY FIBROSIS in absence of surgical lung biopsy

" Major criteria:(must have all)" Exclusion of other known causes of ILD, such as certain drug toxicities, environmental exposures, and connective tissue diseases Transbronchial lung biopsy/BAL showing no features to support an alternative diagnosis Restrictive pulmonary function studies (reduced VC, often with an increased FEV1/FVC ratio) and impaired gas exchange (increased P[A-a]O2, decreased PaO2 with rest or exercise or decreased DLCO) HRCT scanswith bibasilar reticular abnormalities with minimal ground-glass opacities

" Minor criteria:" Age > 50 yr Insidious onset of unexplained dyspnea on exertion Duration illness > 3 mo Bibasilar, inspiratory crackles "

adopted from the joint statement of American Thoracic Society.

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In the immunocompetent adult, the presence of all of the major diagnostic criteria + at least three of the four minor criteria increases the likelihood of a correct clinical diagnosis of IPF.