Lidocaine (injection)

Lidocaine (injection)
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [2]

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Overview

Lidocaine (injection) is a Adrenergic receptor agonist that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of ventricular arrhythmias such as those occurring in relation to acute myocardial infarction, or during cardiac manipulation, such as cardiac surgery. Common adverse reactions include a list of adverse reactions, separated by commas..

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

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Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Guideline-Supported Use

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Non–Guideline-Supported Use

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Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

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Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Guideline-Supported Use

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Condition 2

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Non–Guideline-Supported Use

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Contraindications

• Hypersensitivity to local anesthetics of the amide type.
• Stokes-Adams syndrome.
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
• Patients with severe degrees of sinoatrial, atrioventricular, or intraventricular block in the absence of an artificial pacemaker.

Warnings

• Systemic toxicity may result in manifestations of central nervous system depression (sedation) or irritability (twitching), which may progress to frank convulsions accompanied by respiratory depression and/or arrest. Early recognition of premonitory signs, assurance of adequate oxygenation and, where necessary, establishment of artificial airway with ventilatory support are essential to management of this problem. Should convulsions persist despite ventilatory therapy with oxygen, small increments of anticonvulsant drugs may be used intravenously. Examples of such agents include benzodiazepines (e.g., diazepam), ultra short-acting barbiturates (e.g., thiopental or thiamylal), or a short-acting barbiturate (e.g., pentobarbital or secobarbital). If the patient is under anesthesia, a short-acting muscle relaxant (e.g., succinylcholine) may be used. Longer acting drugs should be used only when recurrent convulsions are evidenced.
• Should circulatory depression occur, vasopressors may be used.
• Constant electrocardiographic monitoring is essential to the proper administration of lidocaine hydrochloride. Signs of excessive depression of cardiac electrical activity such as sinus node dysfunction, prolongation of the P-R interval and QRS complex or the appearance or aggravation of arrhythmias, should be followed by flow adjustment and, if necessary, prompt cessation of the intravenous infusion of this agent. Occasionally, acceleration of ventricular rate may occur when lidocaine hydrochloride is administered to patients with atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation.

Precautions

General

• Caution should be employed in the use of lidocaine hydrochloride in patients with severe liver disease or kidney disease because accumulation of the drug or metabolites may occur.
• Lidocaine hydrochloride should be used with caution in the treatment of patients with hypovolemia, severe congestive heart failure, shock, and all forms of heart block. In patients with sinus bradycardia or incomplete heart block, the administration of lidocaine hydrochloride intravenously for the elimination of ventricular ectopic beats, without prior acceleration in heart rate (e.g., by atropine, isoproterenol or electric pacing), may promote more frequent and serious ventricular arrhythmias or complete heart block.
• Dosage should be reduced for children and for debilitated and/or elderly patients, commensurate with their age and physical status.
• The safety of amide local anesthetic agents in patients with genetic predisposition to malignant hyperthermia has not been fully assessed; therefore, lidocaine should be used with caution in such patients.
• In hospital environments where drugs known to be triggering agents for malignant hyperthermia (fulminant hypermetabolism) are administered, it is suggested that a standard protocol for management should be available.
• It is not known whether lidocaine may trigger this reaction; however, large doses resulting in significant plasma concentrations, as may be achieved by intravenous infusion, pose potential risk to these individuals. Recognition of early unexplained signs of tachycardia, tachypnea, labile blood pressure and metabolic acidosis may precede temperature elevation. Successful outcome is dependent on early diagnosis, prompt discontinuance of the triggering agent and institution of treatment including oxygen therapy, supportive measures and dantrolene.

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

Adverse experiences following the administration of lidocaine are similar in nature to those observed with other amide local anesthetic agents. Adverse experiences may result from high plasma levels caused by excessive dosage or may result from a hypersensitivity, idiosyncrasy or diminished tolerance on the part of the patient. Serious adverse experiences are generally systemic in nature. The following types are those most commonly reported. The adverse experiences under Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular System are listed, in general, in a progression from mild to severe.

Central Nervous System

CNS reactions are excitatory and/or depressant, and may be characterized by lightheadedness, nervousness, apprehension, euphoria, confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, tinnitus, blurred or double vision, vomiting, sensations of heat, cold or numbness, twitching, tremors, convulsions, unconsciousness, respiratory depression and respiratory arrest. The excitatory reactions may be very brief or may not occur at all, in which case, the first manifestation of toxicity may be drowsiness, merging into unconsciousness and respiratory arrest.

Cardiovascular System

Cardiovascular reactions are usually depressant in nature and are characterized by bradycardia, hypotension, and cardiovascular collapse, which may lead to cardiac arrest.

Allergic Reactions

Allergic reactions as a result of sensitivity to lidocaine are extremely rare and, if they occur, should be managed by conventional means.

Postmarketing Experience

(Description)

Drug Interactions

• Lidocaine hydrochloride should be used with caution in patients with digitalis toxicity accompanied by atrioventricular block.
• Concomitant use of beta blockers may reduce hepatic blood flow and thereby reduce lidocaine clearance.
• Lidocaine and tocainide are pharmacologically similar.
• The concomitant use of these two agents may cause an increased incidence of adverse reactions, including central nervous system adverse reactions such as seizure.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): B Reproduction studies have been performed in rats at doses up to 6.6 times the maximum human doses and have revealed no significant findings. There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predicted of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Lidocaine (injection) in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

The effects of lidocaine hydrochloride on the mother and the fetus, when used in the management of cardiac arrhythmias during labor and delivery, are not known. Lidocaine readily crosses the placental barrier.

Nursing Mothers

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when lidocaine is administered to a nursing woman.

Pediatric Use

Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established by controlled clinical studies.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lidocaine (injection) in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lidocaine (injection) with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lidocaine (injection) with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lidocaine (injection) in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lidocaine (injection) in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Lidocaine (injection) in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Lidocaine (injection) in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

• Intravenous

Monitoring

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IV Compatibility

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Variable

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Incompatible

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Y-Site

Compatible

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Variable

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Incompatible

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Admixture

Compatible

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Variable

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Syringe

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TPN/TNA

Compatible

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Variable

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Overdosage

Acute Overdose

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Management

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Chronic Overdose

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Pharmacology

Lidocaine (injection)
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Mechanism of Action

Studies of the effects of therapeutic concentrations of lidocaine on the electrophysiological properties of mammalian Purkinje fibers have shown that lidocaine attenuates phase 4 diastolic depolarization, decreases automaticity and causes a decrease or no change in excitability and membrane responsiveness.

Structure

Lidocaine Hydrochloride Injection USP, is a sterile, aqueous solution of lidocaine, an antiarrhythmic agent, prepared with the aid of hydrochloric acid. It is intended for intravenous administration by either direct injection or continuous infusion.

Lidocaine hydrochloride is designated 2-(Diethylamino)-2’, 6’-acetoxylidide monohydrochloride and isrepresented by the following structural formula:

This image is provided by the National Library of Medicine.

• pH of the above solution adjusted with sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid to finished product pH limits between 5 and 7.

The medication and fluid pathway of these disposable syringes are sterile and nonpyrogenic in the original, unopened package with component caps in place. These dosage forms do not contain preservatives; once the unit is assembled and used, any remaining portion of the solution must be discarded with the entire unit.

Pharmacodynamics

Action potential duration and effective refractory period of Purkinje fibers are decreased, while the ratio of effective refractory period to action potential duration is increased. Action potential duration and effective refractory period of ventricular muscle are also decreased. Effective refractory period of the AV node may increase, decrease or remain unchanged, and atrial effective refractory period is unchanged. Lidocaine raises the ventricular fibrillation threshold. No significant interactions between lidocaine and the autonomic nervous system have been described and consequently lidocaine has little or no effect on autonomic tone.

Clinical electrophysiological studies with lidocaine have demonstrated no change in sinus node recovery time or sinoatrial conduction time. AV nodal conduction time is unchanged or shortened, and His-Purkinje conduction time is unchanged.

Hemodynamics

At therapeutic doses, lidocaine has minimal hemodynamic effects in normal subjects and in patients with heart disease. Lidocaine has been shown to cause no, or minimal, decrease in ventricular contractility, cardiac output, arterial pressure or heart rate.

Pharmacokinetics

Lidocaine is rapidly metabolized by the liver, and less than 10% of a dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. Oxidative N dealkylation, a major pathway of metabolism, results in the metabolites monoethylglycinexylidide and glycinexylidide. The pharmacological/toxicological activities of these metabolites are similar to, but less potent than, lidocaine. The primary metabolite in urine is a conjugate of 4-hydroxy-2,6,-dimethylaniline.

The elimination half-life of lidocaine following an intravenous bolus injection is typically 1.5 to 2 hours. There are data that indicate that the half-life may be 3 hours or longer following infusions of greater than 24 hours.

Because of the rapid rate at which lidocaine is metabolized, any condition that alters liver function, including changes in liver blood flow, which could result from severe congestive heart failure in shock, may alter lidocaine kinetics. The half-life may be two-fold or more, greater in patients with liver dysfunction. Renal dysfunction does not affect lidocaine kinetics, but may increase the accumulation of metabolites. Therapeutic effects of lidocaine are generally associated with plasma levels at 6 to 25 μmole/L (1.5 to 6 mcg free base per mL). The blood to plasma distribution ratio is approximately 0.84. Objective adverse manifestations become increasingly apparent with increasing plasma levels above 6 mcg free base per mL.

The plasma protein binding of lidocaine is dependent on drug concentration, and the fraction bound decreases with increasing concentration. At concentrations of 1 to 4 mcg free base per mL, 60 to 80 percent of lidocaine is protein bound. In addition to lidocaine concentration, the binding is dependent on the plasma concentration of the α-1-acid glycoprotein.

Lidocaine readily crosses the placental and blood-brain barriers. Dialysis has negligible effects on the kinetics of lidocaine.

Nonclinical Toxicology

Long term studies in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic and mutagenic potential or the effect on fertility of lidocaine hydrochloride have not been conducted.

Clinical Studies

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How Supplied

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Storage

There is limited information regarding Lidocaine (injection) Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Package and Label Display Panel

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Patient Counseling Information

The patients should be advised of the possible occurrence of the experiences listed under adverse reactions.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Lidocaine interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor about the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Lidocaine (injection) Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

• (Paired Confused Name 1a) — (Paired Confused Name 1b)
• (Paired Confused Name 2a) — (Paired Confused Name 2b)
• (Paired Confused Name 3a) — (Paired Confused Name 3b)

Drug Shortage Status

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References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.