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* Nurse Mayinga N'Seka was the [[index case]] in an [[Ebola]] [[epidemic]] in Democratic Republic of the Congo. She is believed to be the only patient infected via airborne transmission of the [[ebola virus]]. | * Nurse Mayinga N'Seka was the [[index case]] in an [[Ebola]] [[epidemic]] in Democratic Republic of the Congo. She is believed to be the only patient infected via airborne transmission of the [[ebola virus]]. | ||
* The non-fatal case of a Swiss 34-year-old female ethologist in the Taï National Park at Ivory Coast was due to an infection by what was later recognized as a new strain of [[ebola virus]]. She contracted the disease following exposure to a dead chimpanzee with signs of [[hemorrhage]] during [[necropsy]].<ref name="pmid9988164">{{cite journal| author=Formenty P, Hatz C, Le Guenno B, Stoll A, Rogenmoser P, Widmer A| title=Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d'Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 179 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S48-53 | pmid=9988164 | doi=10.1086/514285 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9988164 }} </ref> | * The non-fatal case of a Swiss 34-year-old female ethologist in the Taï National Park at Ivory Coast was due to an infection by what was later recognized as a new strain of [[ebola virus]]. She contracted the disease following exposure to a dead chimpanzee with signs of [[hemorrhage]] during [[necropsy]].<ref name="pmid9988164">{{cite journal| author=Formenty P, Hatz C, Le Guenno B, Stoll A, Rogenmoser P, Widmer A| title=Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d'Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 1999 | volume= 179 Suppl 1 | issue= | pages= S48-53 | pmid=9988164 | doi=10.1086/514285 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9988164 }} </ref> | ||
*On September 2014, Thomas Eric Duncan was the first patient to be diagnosed with | *On September 2014, Thomas Eric Duncan was the first patient to be diagnosed with Ebola virus in USA following a recent travel to Liberia. He died 9 days after the onset of symptoms in Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas, Texas. | ||
== Bioterrorism == | == Bioterrorism == | ||
Revision as of 17:28, 15 October 2014
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Ebola Microchapters |
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Ebola historical perspective On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Ebola historical perspective |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S., Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [2]
Overview
The Ebola virus was named after the Ebola River Valley in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaïre), near the site of a 1976 outbreak at a mission run by Flemish nuns.[1] Since the initial discovery of the virus, five subtypes have subsequently been identified.
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- The Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976 following outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in Zaire and Sudan.
- The fist description of ebola virus disease was made by Ngoy Mushola, who reocrded the first case in Yambuku town in Zaire. In Dr. Mushola's daily log, he stated
| “ | The illness is characterized by a high temperature of about 39 °C, hematemesis, bloody diarrhea, retrosternal abdominal pain, prostration with "heavy" articulations, and rapid evolution death after a mean of three days... | ” |
- The virus was named after the Ebola river located in the town Yambuku, Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire).
- The first outbreaks occurred almost simultaneously in Sudan on June - November 1976 due to the so-called Sudan ebolavirus and in the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) on August - November 1976 due the so-called Ebola Zaire.
- The table below summarizes the ebola virus strains that have been historically identified:
| Ebola Virus Strain | Place of Discovery | Date Identified |
|---|---|---|
| Sudan ebolavirus | Nzara and Maridi, Sudan | June - November 1976 |
| Zaire ebolavirus | Yambuku, Democratic Republic of the Congo | August - November 1976 |
| Reston ebolavirus | Reston, Virginia, US | November 1989 |
| Ivory Coast ebolavirus | Tai Forest, Ivory Coast | November 1994 |
| Bundibugyo ebolavirus | Bundibugyo District, Uganda | November 2007 |
Famous Cases
- Nurse Mayinga N'Seka was the index case in an Ebola epidemic in Democratic Republic of the Congo. She is believed to be the only patient infected via airborne transmission of the ebola virus.
- The non-fatal case of a Swiss 34-year-old female ethologist in the Taï National Park at Ivory Coast was due to an infection by what was later recognized as a new strain of ebola virus. She contracted the disease following exposure to a dead chimpanzee with signs of hemorrhage during necropsy.[2]
- On September 2014, Thomas Eric Duncan was the first patient to be diagnosed with Ebola virus in USA following a recent travel to Liberia. He died 9 days after the onset of symptoms in Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital in Dallas, Texas.
Bioterrorism
A potential risk associated with the Ebola virus is bioterrorism. Ebola does not have a vaccine, therefore it would be a good candidate for a major bioterrorist attack. Given the fact that Ebola is lethal and has no approved vaccine or treatment, it is classified as a Biosafety Level 4 agent, as well as a Category A bioterrorism agent[3] and a select agent by the CDC.
References
- ↑ Bardi, Jason Socrates (2002). "Death Called a River". Scribbs Research Institute. 2 (1). Retrieved 2006-12-08.
- ↑ Formenty P, Hatz C, Le Guenno B, Stoll A, Rogenmoser P, Widmer A (1999). "Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d'Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation". J Infect Dis. 179 Suppl 1: S48–53. doi:10.1086/514285. PMID 9988164.
- ↑ Hoenen, Thomas (2006). "Ebola virus: unravelling pathogenesis to combat a deadly disease". Trends in Molecular Medicine. 12 (5): 206–215. doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2006.03.006. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help)