Ebola risk factors: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 13:12, 28 October 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]: Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Michael Maddaleni, B.S.;Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [2]; Rim Halaby, M.D. [3]

Overview

The main risk factors for Ebola virus disease (EVD) include a recent travel to endemic regions, provision of direct care or exposure/processing of blood of body fluids of a symptomatic patient with Ebola virus disease, and direct contact with a dead body in an endemic region without personal protective equipment (PPE).^[1]

Risk Factors

The following epidemiologic risk factors should be considered when evaluating a person for Ebola virus disease (EVD), classifying contacts, or considering public health actions such as monitoring and movement restrictions based on exposure.^[1]

Exposure Risk Levels

Levels of exposure risk are defined as follows^[1]:

High risk
Some risk
Low (but not zero) risk
No identifiable risk

High Risk

High risk includes any of the following^[1]:

Percutaneous (e.g., needle stick) or mucous membrane exposure to blood or body fluids of EVD patient while the patient was symptomatic
Exposure to the blood or body fluids (including but not limited to feces, saliva, sweat, urine, vomit, and semen) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
Processing blood or body fluids of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate PPE or standard biosafety precautions
Direct contact with a dead body without appropriate PPE in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission
Having lived in the immediate household and provided direct care to a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

Some Risk

Some risk includes any of the following^[1]:

In countries with widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
Close contact in households, health care facilities, or community settings with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic. Close contact is defined as being for a prolonged period of time while not wearing appropriate PPE within approximately 3 feet (1 meter) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

Low Risk

Low (but not zero) risk exposure includes any of the following^[1]:

Having been in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission within the past 21 days and having had no known exposures
Having brief direct contact (e.g., shaking hands) while not wearing appropriate PPE, with a person with Ebola while the person was in the early stage of disease
Brief proximity, such as being in the same room for a brief period of time, with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
In countries without widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
Traveled on an aircraft with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic

No Identifiable Risk

No identifiable risk includes^[1]:

Contact with an asymptomatic person who had contact with person with Ebola Contact with a person with Ebola before the person developed symptoms Having been more than 21 days previously in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission Having been in a country without widespread Ebola virus transmission and not having any other exposures as defined above

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 "CDC - Ebola Virus Disease". Oct 27 2014. Text " http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html " ignored (help); Check date values in: |year= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[CDC-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 "CDC - Ebola Virus Disease". Oct 27 2014. Text " http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html " ignored (help); Check date values in: |year= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)

[1]

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 {{CMG}}: {{AE}} {{MJM}};{{GRN}}; {{Rim}}
 ==Overview==
-The main [[risk factors]] for Ebola virus disease (EVD) are traveling to [[endemic]] areas, to be a health professional taking care of infected [[patients]] and researchers working with animal models of the Ebola virus disease.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever Information Packet  | url = http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/dispages/Fact_Sheets/Ebola_Fact_Booklet.pdf | year = April 2010 }}</ref>
+The main [[risk factors]] for Ebola virus disease (EVD) include a recent travel to [[endemic]] regions,  provision of direct care or exposure/processing of blood of body fluids of a symptomatic patient with Ebola virus disease, and direct contact with a dead body in an endemic region without personal protective equipment (PPE).<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC - Ebola Virus Disease  | http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html | year = Oct 27 2014 }}</ref>
 ==Risk Factors==
+The following epidemiologic risk factors should be considered when evaluating a person for Ebola virus disease (EVD), classifying contacts, or considering public health actions such as monitoring and movement restrictions based on exposure.<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC - Ebola Virus Disease  | http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html | year = Oct 27 2014 }}</ref>
 ===Exposure Risk Levels===
-Levels of exposure risk are defined as follows:
+Levels of exposure risk are defined as follows<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC - Ebola Virus Disease  | http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html | year = Oct 27 2014 }}</ref>:
-* High risk exposures
-* Low risk exposures
-* No known exposure
-====High Risk Exposures====
+* High risk
+* Some risk
+* Low (but not zero) risk
+* No identifiable risk
-A high risk exposure includes any of the following:
+====High Risk====
+'''High risk''' includes any of the following<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC - Ebola Virus Disease  | http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html | year = Oct 27 2014 }}</ref>:
-* Percutaneous (e.g., needle stick) or [[mucous membrane]] exposure to [[blood]] or body fluids of EVD patient
+* Percutaneous (e.g., needle stick) or [[mucous membrane]] exposure to [[blood]] or body fluids of EVD patient while the patient was symptomatic
-* Direct skin contact with, or exposure to blood or body fluids of, an EVD patient without appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE)
+* Exposure to the blood or body fluids (including but not limited to [[feces]], [[saliva]], [[sweat]], [[urine]], [[vomit]], and [[semen]]) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE)
-* Processing [[blood]] or body fluids (except urine) of a confirmed EVD patient without appropriate PPE or standard biosafety precautions
+*Processing blood or body fluids of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic without appropriate PPE or standard biosafety precautions
-* Direct contact with a dead body without appropriate PPE in a country where an EVD outbreak is occurring
+*Direct contact with a dead body without appropriate PPE in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission
+*Having lived in the immediate household and provided direct care to a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
-====Low Risk Exposures====
+====Some Risk====
+'''Some risk''' includes any of the following<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC - Ebola Virus Disease  | http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html | year = Oct 27 2014 }}</ref>:
-A low risk exposure includes any of the following:
+*In countries with widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
+*Close contact in households, health care facilities, or community settings with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic. Close contact is defined as being for a prolonged period of time while not wearing appropriate PPE within approximately 3 feet (1 meter) of a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
+====Low Risk====
+'''Low (but not zero) risk''' exposure includes any of the following<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC - Ebola Virus Disease  | http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html | year = Oct 27 2014 }}</ref>:
-* Household contact with an EVD patient
+*Having been in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission within the past 21 days and having had no known exposures
-* Other close contact with EVD patients in health care facilities or community settings. Close contact is defined as:
+*Having brief direct contact (e.g., shaking hands) while not wearing appropriate PPE, with a person with Ebola while the person was in the early stage of disease
-** Being within approximately 3 feet (1 meter) of an EVD patient or within the patient’s room or care area for a prolonged period of time (e.g., health care personnel, household members) while not wearing recommended personal protective equipment (i.e., standard, droplet, and contact precautions)
+*Brief proximity, such as being in the same room for a brief period of time, with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
-** Having direct brief contact (e.g., shaking hands) with an EVD patient while not wearing recommended personal protective equipment
+*In countries without widespread Ebola virus transmission: direct contact while using appropriate PPE with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
-* Brief interactions, such as walking by a person or moving through a hospital, do not constitute close contact
+*Traveled on an aircraft with a person with Ebola while the person was symptomatic
+====No Identifiable Risk====
-====No Known Exposure====
+No identifiable risk includes<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = CDC - Ebola Virus Disease  | http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/exposure/risk-factors-when-evaluating-person-for-exposure.html | year = Oct 27 2014 }}</ref>:
-No known exposure is defined as having been in a country in which an EVD outbreak occurred within the past 21 days and having had no high or low risk exposures.
+Contact with an asymptomatic person who had contact with person with Ebola
+Contact with a person with Ebola before the person developed symptoms
+Having been more than 21 days previously in a country with widespread Ebola virus transmission
+Having been in a country without widespread Ebola virus transmission and not having any other exposures as defined above
 ==References==
 {{Reflist|2}}