Hypocalcemia history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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Clinical presentation of hypocalcemia reflects the serum level of ionized calcium and depends on the severity of any concurrent [[electrolyte imbalance]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Taal | first = Maarten | title = Brenner & Rector's the kidney | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1416061939 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Johnson | first = Richard | title = Comprehensive clinical nephrology | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455758388 }}</ref> Overt symptoms occur when ionized calcium falls below 3.2 mg/dL.<ref>{{cite book | last = Schaider | first = Jeffrey | title = Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute emergency medicine consult | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1608316304 }}</ref> | Clinical presentation of hypocalcemia reflects the serum level of ionized calcium and depends on the severity of any concurrent [[electrolyte imbalance]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Taal | first = Maarten | title = Brenner & Rector's the kidney | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1416061939 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Johnson | first = Richard | title = Comprehensive clinical nephrology | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455758388 }}</ref> Overt symptoms occur when ionized calcium falls below 3.2 mg/dL.<ref>{{cite book | last = Schaider | first = Jeffrey | title = Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute emergency medicine consult | publisher = Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | location = Philadelphia | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1608316304 }}</ref> | ||
An abrupt fall in calcium levels typically manifests as neuromuscular excitability in the form of [[tetany]] and [[tingling]]. Patients who develop hypocalcemia gradually may be asymptomatic. | |||
In addition to [[fatigue]] and [[muscle weakness]], longstanding hypocalcemia is usually associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1136/bmj.39582.589433.BE| issn = 1756-1833| volume = 336| issue = 7656| pages = 1298–1302| last1 = Cooper| first1 = Mark S.| last2 = Gittoes| first2 = Neil J. L.| title = Diagnosis and management of hypocalcaemia| journal = BMJ (Clinical research ed.)| date = 2008-06-07| pmid = 18535072| pmc = PMC2413335}}</ref> | In addition to [[fatigue]] and [[muscle weakness]], longstanding hypocalcemia is usually associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1136/bmj.39582.589433.BE| issn = 1756-1833| volume = 336| issue = 7656| pages = 1298–1302| last1 = Cooper| first1 = Mark S.| last2 = Gittoes| first2 = Neil J. L.| title = Diagnosis and management of hypocalcaemia| journal = BMJ (Clinical research ed.)| date = 2008-06-07| pmid = 18535072| pmc = PMC2413335}}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Clinical presentation of hypocalcemia reflects the serum level of ionized calcium and depends on the severity of any concurrent electrolyte imbalance.[1][2] Overt symptoms occur when ionized calcium falls below 3.2 mg/dL.[3]
An abrupt fall in calcium levels typically manifests as neuromuscular excitability in the form of tetany and tingling. Patients who develop hypocalcemia gradually may be asymptomatic.
In addition to fatigue and muscle weakness, longstanding hypocalcemia is usually associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms.[4]
History and Symptoms
Symptoms
Neuromuscular Excitability
- Fatigue
- Laryngeal or bronchial spasm
- Muscle twitching and cramping
- Muscle weakness
- Circumoral and extremity paresthesia or tingling
Central Nervous System Features
- Altered mental status
- Emotional disturbance (eg, irritability, depression, psychosis)
- Seizure
Cardiovascular Features
- Symptoms of hypotension
- Symptoms of congestive heart failure
References
- ↑ Taal, Maarten (2012). Brenner & Rector's the kidney. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1416061939.
- ↑ Johnson, Richard (2015). Comprehensive clinical nephrology. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders. ISBN 978-1455758388.
- ↑ Schaider, Jeffrey (2011). Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute emergency medicine consult. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1608316304.
- ↑ Cooper, Mark S.; Gittoes, Neil J. L. (2008-06-07). "Diagnosis and management of hypocalcaemia". BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 336 (7656): 1298–1302. doi:10.1136/bmj.39582.589433.BE. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 2413335. PMID 18535072.