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{{Minimal change disease}} | {{Minimal change disease}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:YazanDaaboul|Yazan Daaboul]], [[User:Sergekorjian|Serge Korjian]] | |||
== | ==Overview== | ||
Minimal change disease (MCD) is considered a disease of childhood. It is responsible for up to 70-90% of nephrotic syndrome in patients less than 10 years of age, and up to 50% of older children.<ref name="pmid17995521">{{cite journal| author=Cho MH, Hong EH, Lee TH, Ko CW| title=Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. | journal=Nephrology (Carlton) | year= 2007 | volume= 12 Suppl 3 | issue= | pages= S11-4 | pmid=17995521 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00875.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17995521 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8829270">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly. | journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-29 | pmid=8829270 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8829270 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> | Minimal change disease (MCD) is considered a disease of childhood. It is responsible for up to 70-90% of nephrotic syndrome in patients less than 10 years of age, and up to 50% of older children.<ref name="pmid17995521">{{cite journal| author=Cho MH, Hong EH, Lee TH, Ko CW| title=Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. | journal=Nephrology (Carlton) | year= 2007 | volume= 12 Suppl 3 | issue= | pages= S11-4 | pmid=17995521 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00875.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17995521 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8829270">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly. | journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-29 | pmid=8829270 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8829270 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> Among children, several studies have shown a male predominance with approximately 2:1 male to female ratio.<ref name="pmid17699450">{{cite journal| author=Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A, Busch J, Stokes B, Markowitz G et al.| title=Adult minimal-change disease: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2007 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 445-53 | pmid=17699450 | doi=10.2215/CJN.03531006 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17699450 }} </ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | |||
===Age=== | |||
Minimal change disease (MCD) is considered a disease of childhood. It is responsible for up to 70-90% of nephrotic syndrome in patients less than 10 years of age, and up to 50% of older children.<ref name="pmid17995521">{{cite journal| author=Cho MH, Hong EH, Lee TH, Ko CW| title=Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. | journal=Nephrology (Carlton) | year= 2007 | volume= 12 Suppl 3 | issue= | pages= S11-4 | pmid=17995521 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00875.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17995521 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8829270">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly. | journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-29 | pmid=8829270 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8829270 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> | |||
MCD is much less common in the adult population. Nonetheless, it still accounts for 10-15% of nephrotic syndromes in adults.<ref name="pmid7094440">{{cite journal| author=Zech P, Colon S, Pointet P, Deteix P, Labeeuw M, Leitienne P| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults aged over 60: etiology, evolution and treatment of 76 cases. | journal=Clin Nephrol | year= 1982 | volume= 17 | issue= 5 | pages= 232-6 | pmid=7094440 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7094440 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> | |||
===Gender=== | |||
Among children, several studies have shown a male predominance with approximately 2:1 male to female ratio.<ref name="pmid17699450">{{cite journal| author=Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A, Busch J, Stokes B, Markowitz G et al.| title=Adult minimal-change disease: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2007 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 445-53 | pmid=17699450 | doi=10.2215/CJN.03531006 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17699450 }} </ref> However, gender differences in pediatric and adult MCD have not been consistent throughout the literature. In one study that recruited 95 adult patients with MCD over a 15-year period, results showed that 80% of subjects are white with a slight female predominance (60%).<ref name="pmid17699450">{{cite journal| author=Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A, Busch J, Stokes B, Markowitz G et al.| title=Adult minimal-change disease: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes. | journal=Clin J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 2007 | volume= 2 | issue= 3 | pages= 445-53 | pmid=17699450 | doi=10.2215/CJN.03531006 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17699450 }} </ref> Among adults, the median age for presentation is approximately 30-40 years.<ref name="pmid11275629">{{cite journal| author=Huang JJ, Hsu SC, Chen FF, Sung JM, Tseng CC, Wang MC| title=Adult-onset minimal change disease among Taiwanese: clinical features, therapeutic response, and prognosis. | journal=Am J Nephrol | year= 2001 | volume= 21 | issue= 1 | pages= 28-34 | pmid=11275629 | doi=46215 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11275629 }} </ref> | |||
===Geographical Distribution=== | |||
MCD is more common in Asia than it is in North America or Europe.<ref name="pmid4073934">{{cite journal| author=Feehally J, Kendell NP, Swift PG, Walls J| title=High incidence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in Asians. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 1018-20 | pmid=4073934 | doi= | pmc=PMC1777627 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4073934 }} </ref> It has been reported to be as rare as 1 case per million in USA.<ref name="pmid17195422">{{cite journal| author=Saha TC, Singh H| title=Minimal change disease: a review. | journal=South Med J | year= 2006 | volume= 99 | issue= 11 | pages= 1264-70 | pmid=17195422 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17195422 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4073933">{{cite journal| author=Sharples PM, Poulton J, White RH| title=Steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome is more common in Asians. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 1014-7 | pmid=4073933 | doi= | pmc=PMC1777619 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4073933 }} </ref> The reason behind such discrepancy is unknown; but it is believed to be due to variations in routine work-up procedures and diagnostic clinical practices. | MCD is more common in Asia than it is in North America or Europe.<ref name="pmid4073934">{{cite journal| author=Feehally J, Kendell NP, Swift PG, Walls J| title=High incidence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in Asians. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 1018-20 | pmid=4073934 | doi= | pmc=PMC1777627 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4073934 }} </ref> It has been reported to be as rare as 1 case per million in USA.<ref name="pmid17195422">{{cite journal| author=Saha TC, Singh H| title=Minimal change disease: a review. | journal=South Med J | year= 2006 | volume= 99 | issue= 11 | pages= 1264-70 | pmid=17195422 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17195422 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4073933">{{cite journal| author=Sharples PM, Poulton J, White RH| title=Steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome is more common in Asians. | journal=Arch Dis Child | year= 1985 | volume= 60 | issue= 11 | pages= 1014-7 | pmid=4073933 | doi= | pmc=PMC1777619 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4073933 }} </ref> The reason behind such discrepancy is unknown; but it is believed to be due to variations in routine work-up procedures and diagnostic clinical practices. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, Serge Korjian
Overview
Minimal change disease (MCD) is considered a disease of childhood. It is responsible for up to 70-90% of nephrotic syndrome in patients less than 10 years of age, and up to 50% of older children.[1][2][3] Among children, several studies have shown a male predominance with approximately 2:1 male to female ratio.[4]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Age
Minimal change disease (MCD) is considered a disease of childhood. It is responsible for up to 70-90% of nephrotic syndrome in patients less than 10 years of age, and up to 50% of older children.[1][2][3]
MCD is much less common in the adult population. Nonetheless, it still accounts for 10-15% of nephrotic syndromes in adults.[5][3]
Gender
Among children, several studies have shown a male predominance with approximately 2:1 male to female ratio.[4] However, gender differences in pediatric and adult MCD have not been consistent throughout the literature. In one study that recruited 95 adult patients with MCD over a 15-year period, results showed that 80% of subjects are white with a slight female predominance (60%).[4] Among adults, the median age for presentation is approximately 30-40 years.[6]
Geographical Distribution
MCD is more common in Asia than it is in North America or Europe.[7] It has been reported to be as rare as 1 case per million in USA.[8][9] The reason behind such discrepancy is unknown; but it is believed to be due to variations in routine work-up procedures and diagnostic clinical practices.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cho MH, Hong EH, Lee TH, Ko CW (2007). "Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis". Nephrology (Carlton). 12 Suppl 3: S11–4. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00875.x. PMID 17995521.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cameron JS (1996). "Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly". Semin Nephrol. 16 (4): 319–29. PMID 8829270.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB (1974). "The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions". Q J Med. 43 (171): 461–88. PMID 4422336.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Waldman M, Crew RJ, Valeri A, Busch J, Stokes B, Markowitz G; et al. (2007). "Adult minimal-change disease: clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes". Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2 (3): 445–53. doi:10.2215/CJN.03531006. PMID 17699450.
- ↑ Zech P, Colon S, Pointet P, Deteix P, Labeeuw M, Leitienne P (1982). "The nephrotic syndrome in adults aged over 60: etiology, evolution and treatment of 76 cases". Clin Nephrol. 17 (5): 232–6. PMID 7094440.
- ↑ Huang JJ, Hsu SC, Chen FF, Sung JM, Tseng CC, Wang MC (2001). "Adult-onset minimal change disease among Taiwanese: clinical features, therapeutic response, and prognosis". Am J Nephrol. 21 (1): 28–34. doi:46215 Check
|doi=value (help). PMID 11275629. - ↑ Feehally J, Kendell NP, Swift PG, Walls J (1985). "High incidence of minimal change nephrotic syndrome in Asians". Arch Dis Child. 60 (11): 1018–20. PMC 1777627. PMID 4073934.
- ↑ Saha TC, Singh H (2006). "Minimal change disease: a review". South Med J. 99 (11): 1264–70. PMID 17195422.
- ↑ Sharples PM, Poulton J, White RH (1985). "Steroid responsive nephrotic syndrome is more common in Asians". Arch Dis Child. 60 (11): 1014–7. PMC 1777619. PMID 4073933.