Esophageal cancer risk factors: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk | Common risk factors in development of esophageal cancer are [[tobacco smoking]], [[alcohol]], [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] and [[Barrett's esophagus]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Increased risk=== | ===Increased risk=== | ||
Revision as of 17:31, 9 September 2015
|
Esophageal cancer Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Esophageal cancer risk factors On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Esophageal cancer risk factors |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Esophageal cancer risk factors |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2]
Overview
Common risk factors in development of esophageal cancer are tobacco smoking, alcohol, gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus.
Risk Factors
Increased risk
There are a number of risk factors for esophageal cancer. Some subtypes of cancer are linked to particular risk factors:
- Age: Most patients are over 60, and the median in US patients is 67.
- Gender: It is more common in men.
- Tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol use increase the risk, and together appear to increase the risk more than these two individually.
- Swallowing lye or other caustic substances.
- Particular dietary substances, such as nitrosamine.
- A medical history of other head and neck cancers increases the chance of developing a second cancer in the head and neck area, including esophageal cancer.
- Plummer-Vinson syndrome (anemia and esophageal webbing).
- Tylosis and Howel-Evans syndrome (hereditary thickening of the skin of the palms and soles).
- Radiation therapy for other conditions in the mediastinum.
- Celiac disease predisposes towards squamous cell carcinoma.[1]
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and its resultant Barrett's esophagus increase esophageal cancer risk due to the chronic irritation of the mucosal lining (adenocarcinoma is more common in this condition, while all other risk factors predispose more for squamous cell carcinoma).[2] Giving that obesity predisposes to reflux, there appears to be an increased risk of adenocarinoma in obesity.[3]
- According to one Italian study of "diet surveys completed by 5,500 Italians" — a study which has raised debates questioning its claims among cancer researchers cited in news reports about it — eating pizza more than once a week appears "to be a favorable indicator of risk for digestive tract neoplasms in this population".[4]
- Recent epidemiologic studies have found that obesity (measured as BMI) is another strong risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma.[5]
-
Barrett's esophagus is considered to be a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma
Decreased risk
- Risk appears to be less in patients using aspirin or related drugs (NSAIDs).[6]
- The role of Helicobacter pylori in progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma is still uncertain, but, on the basis of population data, it may carry a protective effect.[7][8] It is postulated that H. pylori prevents chronic gastritis, which is a risk factor for reflux, which in turn is a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma.[9]
- According to the National Cancer Institute, "diets high in cruciferous (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower) and green and yellow vegetables and fruits are associated with a decreased risk of esophageal cancer."[10]
References
- ↑ Green PH, Fleischauer AT, Bhagat G, Goyal R, Jabri B, Neugut AI (2003). "Risk of malignancy in patients with celiac disease". Am. J. Med. 115 (3): 191–5. PMID 12935825.
- ↑ Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, Nyren O. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999;340:825-31. PMID 10080844.
- ↑ Layke JC, Lopez PP (2006). "Esophageal cancer: a review and update". American family physician. 73 (12): 2187–94. PMID 16836035.
- ↑ Gallus S, Bosetti C, Negri E, Talamini R, Montella M, Conti E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Does pizza protect against cancer? Int J Cancer 2003;107:283-4. PMID 12949808. Cited and qtd. by WebMD and BBC News.
- ↑ Lagergren J, Bergström R, Lindgren A, Nyrén O (1999). "Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma". N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (11): 825–31. PMID 10080844.
- ↑ Corley DA, Kerlikowske K, Verma R, Buffler P. Protective association of aspirin/NSAIDs and esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2003;124:47-56. PMID 12512029. See also NCI - "Esophageal Cancer (PDQ®): Prevention".
- ↑ Wong A, Fitzgerald RC. Epidemiologic risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;3(1):1-10. PMID 15645398
- ↑ Ye W, Held M, Lagergren J, Engstrand L, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Mar 3;96(5):388-96. PMID 14996860
- ↑ Nakajima S, Hattori T. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer with or without eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic atrophic gastritis patients: a hypothetical opinion from a systematic review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 1:54-61. PMID 15298606
- ↑ NCI Prevention: Dietary Factors, based on Chainani-Wu N. Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer 2002;44:104-26. PMID 12734057.