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The most important factor in prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma is whether or not the tumor is able to be resected. Even with resection, prognosis is poor with 5 year survival of only 10-44%.<ref name=radio>Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma</ref>Surgical resection offers the only potential chance of cure in cholangiocarcinoma. The odds of cure vary depending on the tumor location and whether the tumor can be completely, or only partially, removed. | The most important factor in prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma is whether or not the tumor is able to be resected. Even with resection, prognosis is poor with 5 year survival of only 10-44%.<ref name=radio>Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma</ref>Surgical resection offers the only potential chance of cure in cholangiocarcinoma. The odds of cure vary depending on the tumor location and whether the tumor can be completely, or only partially, removed. | ||
===Extent of the tumor=== | |||
Prognosis is somewhat better for people with early stage cancer than for people with advanced stage cancer. Patients with multiple tumors, larger tumors and tumors that have spread to nearby blood vessels or lymph nodes tend to have a poor outcome. | |||
===Resectability=== | |||
Tumors that can be completely removed by surgery (resectable) have a more favorable prognosis than tumors that cannot be removed by surgery (unresectable): | |||
*'''Distal cholangiocarcinomas''' (those arising from the [[common bile duct]]) are generally treated with a [[Whipple procedure]]. Long-term survival rates range from 15%–25%, although one series reported a [[five year survival rate|five year survival]] of 54% for patients with no involvement of the [[lymph nodes]].<ref>Studies of surgical outcomes in distal cholangiocarcinoma include: | *'''Distal cholangiocarcinomas''' (those arising from the [[common bile duct]]) are generally treated with a [[Whipple procedure]]. Long-term survival rates range from 15%–25%, although one series reported a [[five year survival rate|five year survival]] of 54% for patients with no involvement of the [[lymph nodes]].<ref>Studies of surgical outcomes in distal cholangiocarcinoma include: | ||
*{{cite journal |author=Nakeeb A, Pitt H, Sohn T, Coleman J, Abrams R, Piantadosi S, Hruban R, Lillemoe K, Yeo C, Cameron J |title=Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors |journal=Ann Surg |volume=224 |issue=4 |pages=463–73; discussion 473-5 |year=1996 |pmid=8857851}} | *{{cite journal |author=Nakeeb A, Pitt H, Sohn T, Coleman J, Abrams R, Piantadosi S, Hruban R, Lillemoe K, Yeo C, Cameron J |title=Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors |journal=Ann Surg |volume=224 |issue=4 |pages=463–73; discussion 473-5 |year=1996 |pmid=8857851}} | ||
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*{{cite journal |author=Rea D, Munoz-Juarez M, Farnell M, Donohue J, Que F, Crownhart B, Larson D, Nagorney D |title=Major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of 46 patients |journal=Arch Surg |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=514–23; discussion 523-5 |year=2004 |pmid=15136352}} | *{{cite journal |author=Rea D, Munoz-Juarez M, Farnell M, Donohue J, Que F, Crownhart B, Larson D, Nagorney D |title=Major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of 46 patients |journal=Arch Surg |volume=139 |issue=5 |pages=514–23; discussion 523-5 |year=2004 |pmid=15136352}} | ||
*{{cite journal |author=Launois B, Reding R, Lebeau G, Buard J |title=Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: French experience in a collective survey of 552 extrahepatic bile duct cancers |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=128-34 |year=2000 |pmid=10982604}}</ref> | *{{cite journal |author=Launois B, Reding R, Lebeau G, Buard J |title=Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: French experience in a collective survey of 552 extrahepatic bile duct cancers |journal=J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=128-34 |year=2000 |pmid=10982604}}</ref> | ||
===Surgical margins=== | |||
Clear surgical margins (no cancer cells in the healthy tissue around the tumor removed during surgery) have better prognosis. | |||
The [[prognosis]] may be worse for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who develop cholangiocarcinoma, likely because the cancer is not detected until it is advanced.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaya M, de Groen P, Angulo P, Nagorney D, Gunderson L, Gores G, Haddock M, Lindor K |title=Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience |journal=Am J Gastroenterol |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=1164–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11316165}}</ref> Some evidence suggests that outcomes may be improving with more aggressive surgical approaches and [[adjuvant#oncology|adjuvant therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nakeeb A, Tran K, Black M, Erickson B, Ritch P, Quebbeman E, Wilson S, Demeure M, Rilling W, Dua K, Pitt H |title=Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies |journal=Surgery |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=555–63; discission 563-4 |year=2002 |pmid=12407338}}</ref> | The [[prognosis]] may be worse for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who develop cholangiocarcinoma, likely because the cancer is not detected until it is advanced.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kaya M, de Groen P, Angulo P, Nagorney D, Gunderson L, Gores G, Haddock M, Lindor K |title=Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience |journal=Am J Gastroenterol |volume=96 |issue=4 |pages=1164–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11316165}}</ref> Some evidence suggests that outcomes may be improving with more aggressive surgical approaches and [[adjuvant#oncology|adjuvant therapy]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nakeeb A, Tran K, Black M, Erickson B, Ritch P, Quebbeman E, Wilson S, Demeure M, Rilling W, Dua K, Pitt H |title=Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies |journal=Surgery |volume=132 |issue=4 |pages=555–63; discission 563-4 |year=2002 |pmid=12407338}}</ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Complications
Common complications of cholangiocarcinoma include:
- Infection
- Liver failure
- Tumor metastasis
Pattern of metastatic spread include:[1]
- Intrahepatic vascular involvement with numerous local metastases
- Metastasis to regional lymphnodes
- Hematogenous spread to lungs, bones, adranals, and brain
Prognosis
The most important factor in prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma is whether or not the tumor is able to be resected. Even with resection, prognosis is poor with 5 year survival of only 10-44%.[1]Surgical resection offers the only potential chance of cure in cholangiocarcinoma. The odds of cure vary depending on the tumor location and whether the tumor can be completely, or only partially, removed.
Extent of the tumor
Prognosis is somewhat better for people with early stage cancer than for people with advanced stage cancer. Patients with multiple tumors, larger tumors and tumors that have spread to nearby blood vessels or lymph nodes tend to have a poor outcome.
Resectability
Tumors that can be completely removed by surgery (resectable) have a more favorable prognosis than tumors that cannot be removed by surgery (unresectable):
- Distal cholangiocarcinomas (those arising from the common bile duct) are generally treated with a Whipple procedure. Long-term survival rates range from 15%–25%, although one series reported a five year survival of 54% for patients with no involvement of the lymph nodes.[2]
- Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (those arising from the bile ducts within the liver) are usually treated with partial hepatectomy. Various series have reported survival estimates after surgery ranging from 22%–66%. The outcome may depend on involvement of lymph nodes and completeness of the surgery.[3]
- Perihilar cholangiocarcinomas (those occurring near where the bile ducts exit the liver) are least likely to be operable. When surgery is possible, they are generally treated with an aggressive approach often including cholecystectomy and potentially part of the liver. In patients with operable perihilar tumors, reported 5 year survival rates range from 20%–50%.[4]
Surgical margins
Clear surgical margins (no cancer cells in the healthy tissue around the tumor removed during surgery) have better prognosis.
The prognosis may be worse for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis who develop cholangiocarcinoma, likely because the cancer is not detected until it is advanced.[5] Some evidence suggests that outcomes may be improving with more aggressive surgical approaches and adjuvant therapy.[6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma
- ↑ Studies of surgical outcomes in distal cholangiocarcinoma include:
- Nakeeb A, Pitt H, Sohn T, Coleman J, Abrams R, Piantadosi S, Hruban R, Lillemoe K, Yeo C, Cameron J (1996). "Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors". Ann Surg. 224 (4): 463–73, discussion 473-5. PMID 8857851.
- Nagorney D, Donohue J, Farnell M, Schleck C, Ilstrup D (1993). "Outcomes after curative resections of cholangiocarcinoma". Arch Surg. 128 (8): 871–7, discussion 877-9. PMID 8393652.
- Jang J, Kim S, Park D, Ahn Y, Yoon Y, Choi M, Suh K, Lee K, Park Y (2005). "Actual long-term outcome of extrahepatic bile duct cancer after surgical resection". Ann Surg. 241 (1): 77–84. PMID 15621994.
- Bortolasi L, Burgart L, Tsiotos G, Luque-De León E, Sarr M (2000). "Adenocarcinoma of the distal bile duct. A clinicopathologic outcome analysis after curative resection". Dig Surg. 17 (1): 36–41. PMID 10720830.
- Fong Y, Blumgart L, Lin E, Fortner J, Brennan M (1996). "Outcome of treatment for distal bile duct cancer". Br J Surg. 83 (12): 1712–5. PMID 9038548.
- ↑ Studies of outcome in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma include:
- Nakeeb A, Pitt H, Sohn T, Coleman J, Abrams R, Piantadosi S, Hruban R, Lillemoe K, Yeo C, Cameron J (1996). "Cholangiocarcinoma. A spectrum of intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal tumors". Ann Surg. 224 (4): 463–73, discussion 473-5. PMID 8857851.
- Lieser M, Barry M, Rowland C, Ilstrup D, Nagorney D (1998). "Surgical management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a 31-year experience". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 5 (1): 41–7. PMID 9683753.
- Valverde A, Bonhomme N, Farges O, Sauvanet A, Flejou J, Belghiti J (1999). "Resection of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a Western experience". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 6 (2): 122–7. PMID 10398898.
- Nakagohri T, Asano T, Kinoshita H, Kenmochi T, Urashima T, Miura F, Ochiai T (2003). "Aggressive surgical resection for hilar-invasive and peripheral intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma". World J Surg. 27 (3): 289–93. PMID 12607053.
- Weber S, Jarnagin W, Klimstra D, DeMatteo R, Fong Y, Blumgart L (2001). "Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: resectability, recurrence pattern, and outcomes". J Am Coll Surg. 193 (4): 384–91. PMID 11584966.
- ↑ Estimates of survival after surgery for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma include:
- Burke E, Jarnagin W, Hochwald S, Pisters P, Fong Y, Blumgart L (1998). "Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma: patterns of spread, the importance of hepatic resection for curative operation, and a presurgical clinical staging system". Ann Surg. 228 (3): 385–94. PMID 9742921.
- Tsao J, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Hayakawa N, Kondo S, Nagino M, Miyachi M, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Oda K, Rossi R, Braasch J, Dugan J (2000). "Management of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: comparison of an American and a Japanese experience". Ann Surg. 232 (2): 166–74. PMID 10903592.
- Chamberlain R, Blumgart L. "Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a review and commentary". Ann Surg Oncol. 7 (1): 55–66. PMID 10674450.
- Washburn W, Lewis W, Jenkins R (1995). "Aggressive surgical resection for cholangiocarcinoma". Arch Surg. 130 (3): 270–6. PMID 7534059.
- Nagino M, Nimura Y, Kamiya J, Kanai M, Uesaka K, Hayakawa N, Yamamoto H, Kondo S, Nishio H. "Segmental liver resections for hilar cholangiocarcinoma". Hepatogastroenterology. 45 (19): 7–13. PMID 9496478.
- Rea D, Munoz-Juarez M, Farnell M, Donohue J, Que F, Crownhart B, Larson D, Nagorney D (2004). "Major hepatic resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: analysis of 46 patients". Arch Surg. 139 (5): 514–23, discussion 523-5. PMID 15136352.
- Launois B, Reding R, Lebeau G, Buard J (2000). "Surgery for hilar cholangiocarcinoma: French experience in a collective survey of 552 extrahepatic bile duct cancers". J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 7 (2): 128–34. PMID 10982604.
- ↑ Kaya M, de Groen P, Angulo P, Nagorney D, Gunderson L, Gores G, Haddock M, Lindor K (2001). "Treatment of cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis: the Mayo Clinic experience". Am J Gastroenterol. 96 (4): 1164–9. PMID 11316165.
- ↑ Nakeeb A, Tran K, Black M, Erickson B, Ritch P, Quebbeman E, Wilson S, Demeure M, Rilling W, Dua K, Pitt H (2002). "Improved survival in resected biliary malignancies". Surgery. 132 (4): 555–63, discission 563-4. PMID 12407338.