Zika virus infection overview: Difference between revisions
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==Natural History, Complications & Prognosis== | ==Natural History, Complications & Prognosis== | ||
Patients with Zika virus infection will develop symptoms between 3 and 12 days upon contracting the disease. Symptoms will typically begin with a mild headache and progress to include a macropapular rash spread across the body within 24 hours, followed by fever, malaise, and back pain. The symptoms typically last from 4-7 days and will fade and an alleviate by the end of a week. The prognosis is excellent, with a full recovery expected with minimal hospitalization and treatment limited to symptoms. Complications can arise through Congenital and Neurological disorders as a result of Zika virus infection; prognosis may be worse in the presence of these complications. | |||
==Diagnosis== | ==Diagnosis== | ||
Revision as of 18:58, 17 December 2015
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Nate Michalak, B.A.
Overview
Zika fever is an illness caused by the Zika virus, a member of the family Flaviviridae. The fever and virus are named after the Ugandan forest where the virus was first isolated. The virus is commonly found in Africa but has also been found in Malaysia and Micronesia. Symptoms are similar to dengue fever, but are milder in form and usually last four to seven days. No hemorrhagic manifestations have been documented. Common symptoms include a maculopapular skin rash that starts on the face or trunk before moving to the rest of the body, conjunctivitis, joint pain, low-grade fevers and headache.
Historical Perspective
Zika virus was first isolated from a rhesus Monkey in 1947 in Uganda. The virus was first isolated from humans in 1968 in Nigeria. Since then, outbreaks have occurred throughout Asia and Africa. The most recent outbreak occurred in Brazil in April 2015.
Pathophysiology
Causes
Zika virus infection is cause by Zika virus, an enveloped, single stranded positive sense RNA virus. Zika virus is a type of flavivirus and primarily transmitted through mosquitoes.
Classification
The illness caused by Zika virus is usually mild with symptoms lasting from several days to a week. Severe cases requiring hospitalization are uncommon.[1] A schema for classification of Zika virus infection is yet to be developed.
Differential Diagnosis
Epidemiology and Demographics
In 2015, Zika virus infection outbreaks rose dramatically, particularly in Brazil as observed by the manifestation of a correlated complication, microcephaly, in infants born to mothers with Zika virus infection, an incidence of 99.7/100,000 infants. The majority of Zika virus infection cases are reported in South Africa and Tropical Asia. As of 2014, Zika Virus infection outbreaks have become prevalent in South America as well. Cases reported in other regions of the world have come from infected travelers from areas experiencing outbreaks. Zika virus infection affects all age groups, with newborn infants particularly vulnerable due to risk of transmission from the mothers upon birth.
Risk Factors
Natural History, Complications & Prognosis
Patients with Zika virus infection will develop symptoms between 3 and 12 days upon contracting the disease. Symptoms will typically begin with a mild headache and progress to include a macropapular rash spread across the body within 24 hours, followed by fever, malaise, and back pain. The symptoms typically last from 4-7 days and will fade and an alleviate by the end of a week. The prognosis is excellent, with a full recovery expected with minimal hospitalization and treatment limited to symptoms. Complications can arise through Congenital and Neurological disorders as a result of Zika virus infection; prognosis may be worse in the presence of these complications.