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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Zika virus}}{{Taxobox | {{Zika virus}} | ||
{{Taxobox | |||
| color = lightgrey | | color = lightgrey | ||
| name = ''Zika virus'' | | name = ''Zika virus'' | ||
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==Microbiological Characteristics== | ==Microbiological Characteristics== | ||
*Zika virus, also known as '''ZIKV''' is an | *Zika virus, also known as '''ZIKV''' is an , icosahedral virus with a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome. The most closely related virus is the [[Spondweni virus]] and is one of the two viruses in the Spondweni virus clade.<ref name="Fields">FIELDS, B. N., KNIPE, D. M., & HOWLEY, P. M. (2007). Fields virology. Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.</ref> | ||
*The Zika virus genome consists of 10,794 nucleotides that encode 3,419 amino acids.<ref name="pmid19788800">{{cite journal| author=Hayes EB| title=Zika virus outside Africa. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 9 | pages= 1347-50 | pmid=19788800 | doi=10.3201/eid1509.090442 | pmc=PMC2819875 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19788800 }} </ref> | *The Zika virus genome consists of 10,794 nucleotides that encode 3,419 amino acids.<ref name="pmid19788800">{{cite journal| author=Hayes EB| title=Zika virus outside Africa. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 9 | pages= 1347-50 | pmid=19788800 | doi=10.3201/eid1509.090442 | pmc=PMC2819875 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19788800 }} </ref> | ||
*Zika virus is a member of the [[Flaviviridae|Flaviviridae]] family and of the [[Flavivirus|flavivirus]] genus. | *Zika virus is a member of the [[Flaviviridae|Flaviviridae]] family and of the [[Flavivirus|flavivirus]] genus. | ||
*There are two lineages for Zika virus: African and Asian.<ref name="pmid19788800" | *There are two lineages for Zika virus: African and Asian.<ref name="pmid19788800" /> | ||
==Transmission== | ==Transmission== | ||
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The table below compares the characteristics of 2 common ''Aedes'' species: ''Ae. aegypti'' and ''Ae. albopictus'' | The table below compares the characteristics of 2 common ''Aedes'' species: ''Ae. aegypti'' and ''Ae. albopictus'' | ||
{| {{table}} | {| {{table}} cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="border:#c9c9c9 1px solid; margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border-collapse: collapse;" | ||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''''Aedes aegypti''''' | | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''''Aedes aegypti''''' | ||
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''''Aedes albopictus''''' | | align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;" |'''''Aedes albopictus''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Bright, silvery, lyre-shaped dorsal pattern and white banded legs||Single longitudinal silvery dorsal stripe and white banded legs | | Bright, silvery, lyre-shaped dorsal pattern and white banded legs||Single longitudinal silvery dorsal stripe and white banded legs | ||
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| Most containers with water used for immature development are within or in close proximity to households||Utilizes water-filled containers around or further away from households | | Most containers with water used for immature development are within or in close proximity to households||Utilizes water-filled containers around or further away from households | ||
|- | |- | ||
| align=center |[[Image:Aegypti_1.jpg]] [[File:A aegypti.png]] ||align=center | [[Image:Albopictus_1.jpg]] [[File:A albopictus.png]] | | align="center" |[[Image:Aegypti_1.jpg]] [[File:A aegypti.png]] || align="center" | [[Image:Albopictus_1.jpg]] [[File:A albopictus.png]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
<SMALL>Table adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)[http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30Jan2012/comparisondenguevectors.pdf]</SMALL> | <SMALL>Table adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)[http://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/30Jan2012/comparisondenguevectors.pdf]</SMALL> | ||
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===Human-to-Human Transmission=== | ===Human-to-Human Transmission=== | ||
*Zika virus may also be sexually transmitted between humans.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Foy | first1 = B. D. | last2 = Kobylinski | first2 = K. C. | last3 = Foy | first3 = J. L. C. | last4 = Blitvich | first4 = B. J. | last5 = Travassos Da Rosa | first5 = A. | last6 = Haddow | first6 = A. D. | last7 = Lanciotti | first7 = R. S. | last8 = Tesh | first8 = R. B. | doi = 10.3201/eid1705.101939 | title = Probable Non–Vector-borne Transmission of Zika Virus, Colorado, USA | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 880–882 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21529401 | pmc =3321795 }}</ref> | *Zika virus may also be sexually transmitted between humans.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Foy | first1 = B. D. | last2 = Kobylinski | first2 = K. C. | last3 = Foy | first3 = J. L. C. | last4 = Blitvich | first4 = B. J. | last5 = Travassos Da Rosa | first5 = A. | last6 = Haddow | first6 = A. D. | last7 = Lanciotti | first7 = R. S. | last8 = Tesh | first8 = R. B. | doi = 10.3201/eid1705.101939 | title = Probable Non–Vector-borne Transmission of Zika Virus, Colorado, USA | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 880–882 | year = 2011 | pmid = 21529401 | pmc =3321795 }}</ref> | ||
*Zika virus has been detected in [[Amniotic fluid|amniotic fluid]], which suggests that Zika virus may cross the placental barrier and vertical transmission is possible.<ref name="CDCtransmission">http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html CDC Transmission</ref> Mosquito-borne ZIKV is thought to initially replicate in dendritic cells near the site of [[Inoculation|inoculation]] before spreading to [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] and then the [[Blood|bloodstream]]. ZIKV can be killed by potassium permanganate, ether, temperatures >60°C, but is not effectively neutralized by 10% ethanol.<ref name="pmid19788800" | *Zika virus has been detected in [[Amniotic fluid|amniotic fluid]], which suggests that Zika virus may cross the placental barrier and vertical transmission is possible.<ref name="CDCtransmission">http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html CDC Transmission</ref> Mosquito-borne ZIKV is thought to initially replicate in dendritic cells near the site of [[Inoculation|inoculation]] before spreading to [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]] and then the [[Blood|bloodstream]]. ZIKV can be killed by potassium permanganate, ether, temperatures >60°C, but is not effectively neutralized by 10% ethanol.<ref name="pmid19788800" /> | ||
==Virology== | ==Virology== | ||
*Following a mosquito bite, the incubation period for Zika virus in humans is approximately 3 to 12 days. | *Following a mosquito bite, the incubation period for Zika virus in humans is approximately 3 to 12 days. | ||
*Detection of Zika virus is primarily based on isolation of RNA from blood serum through PCR in acutely ill patients.<ref name="ECDCfactsheet">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/zika_virus_infection/factsheet-health-professionals/Pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx ECDC Zika virus infection factsheet</ref> | *Detection of Zika virus is primarily based on isolation of RNA from blood serum through PCR in acutely ill patients.<ref name="ECDCfactsheet">http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/zika_virus_infection/factsheet-health-professionals/Pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx ECDC Zika virus infection factsheet</ref> | ||
* An ELISA has also been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to detect IgM against ZIKV.<ref name="pmid19788800" | * An ELISA has also been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to detect IgM against ZIKV.<ref name="pmid19788800" /> | ||
*Zika virus has a short viremic period, such that the virus may be detected in serum 3-5 days following the onset of symptoms. Zika virus can be detected in urine up to 10 days following the onset of symptoms.<ref name="ECDCfactsheet" | *Zika virus has a short viremic period, such that the virus may be detected in serum 3-5 days following the onset of symptoms. Zika virus can be detected in urine up to 10 days following the onset of symptoms.<ref name="ECDCfactsheet" /> | ||
==Refererences== | ==Refererences== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} |
Revision as of 16:29, 2 February 2016
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rash on arm due to Zika virus
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This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s). For clinical aspects of the disease, see Zika virus infection.
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Nate Michalak, B.A.; Serge Korjian M.D.
Overview
Zika virus infection is caused by Zika virus, an enveloped, single stranded positive sense RNA virus. Zika virus is a type of flavivirus and is primarily transmitted through mosquitoes.
Microbiological Characteristics
- Zika virus, also known as ZIKV is an , icosahedral virus with a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome. The most closely related virus is the Spondweni virus and is one of the two viruses in the Spondweni virus clade.[1]
- The Zika virus genome consists of 10,794 nucleotides that encode 3,419 amino acids.[2]
- Zika virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family and of the flavivirus genus.
- There are two lineages for Zika virus: African and Asian.[2]
Transmission
Mosquito Vector Transmission
Transmission of Zika virus to humans is thought to occur mainly through infected mosquitoes.
- The following species have been identified as vectors for Zika virus:[3]
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|
The table below compares the characteristics of 2 common Aedes species: Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus
Table adapted from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)[2]
Human-to-Human Transmission
- Zika virus may also be sexually transmitted between humans.[4]
- Zika virus has been detected in amniotic fluid, which suggests that Zika virus may cross the placental barrier and vertical transmission is possible.[5] Mosquito-borne ZIKV is thought to initially replicate in dendritic cells near the site of inoculation before spreading to lymph nodes and then the bloodstream. ZIKV can be killed by potassium permanganate, ether, temperatures >60°C, but is not effectively neutralized by 10% ethanol.[2]
Virology
- Following a mosquito bite, the incubation period for Zika virus in humans is approximately 3 to 12 days.
- Detection of Zika virus is primarily based on isolation of RNA from blood serum through PCR in acutely ill patients.[6]
- An ELISA has also been developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to detect IgM against ZIKV.[2]
- Zika virus has a short viremic period, such that the virus may be detected in serum 3-5 days following the onset of symptoms. Zika virus can be detected in urine up to 10 days following the onset of symptoms.[6]
Refererences
- ↑ FIELDS, B. N., KNIPE, D. M., & HOWLEY, P. M. (2007). Fields virology. Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Hayes EB (2009). "Zika virus outside Africa". Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (9): 1347–50. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. PMC 2819875. PMID 19788800.
- ↑ Duffy, Mark R.; Chen, Tai-Ho; Hancock, W. Thane; Powers, Ann M.; Kool, Jacob L.; Lanciotti, Robert S.; Pretrick, Moses; Marfel, Maria; Holzbauer, Stacey; Dubray, Christine; Guillaumot, Laurent; Griggs, Anne; Bel, Martin; Lambert, Amy J.; Laven, Janeen; Kosoy, Olga; Panella, Amanda; Biggerstaff, Brad J.; Fischer, Marc; Hayes, Edward B. (2009). "Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia". New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (24): 2536–2543. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805715. ISSN 0028-4793.
- ↑ Foy, B. D.; Kobylinski, K. C.; Foy, J. L. C.; Blitvich, B. J.; Travassos Da Rosa, A.; Haddow, A. D.; Lanciotti, R. S.; Tesh, R. B. (2011). "Probable Non–Vector-borne Transmission of Zika Virus, Colorado, USA". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (5): 880–882. doi:10.3201/eid1705.101939. PMC 3321795. PMID 21529401.
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/zika/transmission/index.html CDC Transmission
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/zika_virus_infection/factsheet-health-professionals/Pages/factsheet_health_professionals.aspx ECDC Zika virus infection factsheet