Zika virus infection historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
*Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest of Uganda. The first human isolation of the virus occurred in 1968 in Nigeria.<ref name="pmid19788800">{{cite journal| author=Hayes EB| title=Zika virus outside Africa. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 9 | pages= 1347-50 | pmid=19788800 | doi=10.3201/eid1509.090442 | pmc=PMC2819875 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19788800 }} </ref> | *Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest of Uganda.<ref name=Zika> History of Zika http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/history/en/ (2016) Accessed on September 16, 2016 </ref> | ||
*In 1948, the virus is recovered from the mosquito Aedes africanus caught in the Zika forest. | |||
*The first human isolation of the virus occurred in 1968 in Nigeria.<ref name="pmid19788800">{{cite journal| author=Hayes EB| title=Zika virus outside Africa. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 9 | pages= 1347-50 | pmid=19788800 | doi=10.3201/eid1509.090442 | pmc=PMC2819875 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19788800 }} </ref> | |||
*Between 1951 through 1981, evidence of human [[Infection|infection]] was additionally reported in the following countries:<ref name="pmid19788800"></ref> | *Between 1951 through 1981, evidence of human [[Infection|infection]] was additionally reported in the following countries:<ref name="pmid19788800"></ref> | ||
**'''Africa:''' Tanzania, Egypt, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, and Gabon | **'''Africa:''' Tanzania, Egypt, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, and Gabon | ||
Revision as of 01:50, 17 September 2016
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yazan Daaboul, M.D.; Nate Michalak, B.A.; Serge Korjian M.D.; Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
Zika virus was first isolated from a rhesus Monkey in 1947 in Uganda. The virus was first isolated from humans in 1968 in Nigeria. Since then, viral circulation and outbreaks have been documented throughout Asia and Africa. The most recent outbreak occurred in Brazil in April 2015.
Historical Perspective
- Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest of Uganda.[1]
- In 1948, the virus is recovered from the mosquito Aedes africanus caught in the Zika forest.
- The first human isolation of the virus occurred in 1968 in Nigeria.[2]
- Between 1951 through 1981, evidence of human infection was additionally reported in the following countries:[2]
- Africa: Tanzania, Egypt, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, and Gabon
- Asia: India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia
- The first outbreak of Zika virus outside of Africa and Asia occurred in April 2007 on the Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia. The disease was initially thought to be dengue, but the Chikungunya and Ross River viruses were also suspected.[2]
- The first South American outbreak was reported originating in Easter Island, Chile, in 2014.
- A larger outbreak of Zika virus occurred in the Brazilian district of Camaçari and neighboring Salvador City in April 2015. An unknown agent was causing flu-like symptoms, followed by rash and arthralgia, in approximately 500 individuals. RT-PCR techniques by researchers at the Federal University of Bahia confirmed the causative organism to be Zika virus.[3]
- In the United States (U.S), the first local transmission of ZIKV was reported in December 2016, from Puerto Rico.[4]
- An association between ZIKV and Guillain-Barré syndrome was reported in Brazil in July, 2016.
- In October 2015 Brazil reported an association between Zika virus infection and microcephaly.
- The first cases of local transmission of ZIKV occurring in the continental United States were reported from Miami-Dade County in Florida in July 2016.
- In January 2016, Zika virus disease was added to the list of nationally notifiable conditions in the U.S.
- On February 1st, 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Zika virus a public health emergency.
- On February 8th, 2016, president Obama announced 1.8 billion funds to accelerate research into a vaccine and educate populations at risk for disease.[5]
- On April 13, 2016, CDC announced that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal birth defects.[5]
References
- ↑ History of Zika http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/history/en/ (2016) Accessed on September 16, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hayes EB (2009). "Zika virus outside Africa". Emerg Infect Dis. 15 (9): 1347–50. doi:10.3201/eid1509.090442. PMC 2819875. PMID 19788800.
- ↑ Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI (2015). "Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil". Emerg Infect Dis. 21 (10): 1885–6. doi:10.3201/eid2110.150847. PMC 4593454. PMID 26401719.
- ↑ U.S Food and Drug http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/Blood/default.htm (August 26, 2016) Accessed on September 15, 2016
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Center for Disease Control and Prevention https://www.cdc.gov/zika/about/whatcdcisdoing.html (September, 2016) Accessed on September 14, 2016