Necrotizing fasciitis causes: Difference between revisions
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
mNo edit summary |
|||
| Line 4: | Line 4: | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The causative organisms vary depending on the type of necrotizing fasciitis | The causative organisms vary depending on the type of necrotizing fasciitis: Type I (polymicrobial), Type II (monomicrobial), Type III ([[Gram negative]] monomicrobial, including marine related organisms) and Type IV ([[Fungus|fungal]]).<ref name="pmid25593960">{{cite journal| author=Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A| title=Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Front Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 1 | issue= | pages= 36 | pmid=25593960 | doi=10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036 | pmc=4286984 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25593960 }} </ref> | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
! Type !! Organism | ! Type !! Organism | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Type 1 (70%-80% cases) <br>Polymicrobial/[[Synergistic]]<ref name="pmid17473566">{{cite journal| author=Salcido RS| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies. | journal=Adv Skin Wound Care | year= 2007 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 | pages= 288-93; quiz 294-5 | pmid=17473566 | doi=10.1097/01.ASW.0000269317.76380.3b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17473566 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15723996">{{cite journal| author=Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, Sullivan SR, Foy H, Bulger E| title=Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=Arch Surg | year= 2005 | volume= 140 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-7; discussion 158 | pmid=15723996 | doi=10.1001/archsurg.140.2.151 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15723996 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15814880">{{cite journal| author=Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS et al.| title=Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 14 | pages= 1445-53 | pmid=15814880 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042683 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15814880 }} </ref> || ● Mixed | | Type 1 (70%-80% cases) <br>Polymicrobial/[[Synergistic]]<ref name="pmid17473566">{{cite journal| author=Salcido RS| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies. | journal=Adv Skin Wound Care | year= 2007 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 | pages= 288-93; quiz 294-5 | pmid=17473566 | doi=10.1097/01.ASW.0000269317.76380.3b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17473566 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15723996">{{cite journal| author=Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, Sullivan SR, Foy H, Bulger E| title=Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=Arch Surg | year= 2005 | volume= 140 | issue= 2 | pages= 151-7; discussion 158 | pmid=15723996 | doi=10.1001/archsurg.140.2.151 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15723996 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15814880">{{cite journal| author=Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS et al.| title=Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2005 | volume= 352 | issue= 14 | pages= 1445-53 | pmid=15814880 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa042683 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15814880 }} </ref> || ● Mixed [[aerobe]]s, [[anaerobe]]s and facultative anerobic bacteria <br> ● Often bowel flora-derived <br> ● Affects immunocomprmised or those with underlying abominal pathology | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Type 2 (20% to 30% cases) <br>Monomicrobial<ref name="pmid23753218">{{cite journal| author=Shiroff AM, Herlitz GN, Gracias VH| title=Necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=J Intensive Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 138-44 | pmid=23753218 | doi=10.1177/0885066612463680 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23753218 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2654217">{{cite journal| author=Umbert IJ, Winkelmann RK, Oliver GF, Peters MS| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1989 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 Pt 1 | pages= 774-81 | pmid=2654217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2654217 }} </ref> || ● [[Streptococci|Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci group A]] ([[Streptococcus pyogenes]]) <br> ● | | Type 2 (20% to 30% cases) <br>Monomicrobial<ref name="pmid23753218">{{cite journal| author=Shiroff AM, Herlitz GN, Gracias VH| title=Necrotizing soft tissue infections. | journal=J Intensive Care Med | year= 2014 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 138-44 | pmid=23753218 | doi=10.1177/0885066612463680 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23753218 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2654217">{{cite journal| author=Umbert IJ, Winkelmann RK, Oliver GF, Peters MS| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1989 | volume= 20 | issue= 5 Pt 1 | pages= 774-81 | pmid=2654217 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2654217 }} </ref> || ● [[Streptococci|Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci group A]] ([[Streptococcus pyogenes]]) <br> ● With/without ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' <br> ● Skin or throat derived | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Type 3 (common in Asia) <br>Gram negative monomicrobial | | Type 3 (common in Asia) <br>[[Gram negative]] monomicrobial (including marine related organisms)<ref name="pmid4012603">{{cite journal| author=Howard RJ, Pessa ME, Brennaman BH, Ramphal R| title=Necrotizing soft-tissue infections caused by marine vibrios. | journal=Surgery | year= 1985 | volume= 98 | issue= 1 | pages= 126-30 | pmid=4012603 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4012603 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14707592">{{cite journal| author=Goodell KH, Jordan MR, Graham R, Cassidy C, Nasraway SA| title=Rapidly advancing necrotizing fasciitis caused by Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela: a hyperaggressive variant. | journal=Crit Care Med | year= 2004 | volume= 32 | issue= 1 | pages= 278-81 | pmid=14707592 | doi=10.1097/01.CCM.0000104920.01254.82 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14707592 }} </ref>|| ● [[Vibrio|Vibrio spp]] mainly <br> ● Raw oyster ingestion (''[[Vibrio vulnificus]]'') <br> ● Wound contamination with sea water <br> ● Non-vibrio spp ([[Pasteurella multocida]], [[Haemophilus influenzae]], [[Klebsiella|Klebsiella spp.]] and [[Aeromonas|Aeromonas spp]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Type 4 ([[Fungal]])<ref name="pmid25593960">{{cite journal| author=Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A| title=Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Front Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 1 | issue= | pages= 36 | pmid=25593960 | doi=10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036 | pmc=4286984 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25593960 }} </ref> || ● [[Candida]] ([[Immunocompromised]] patients) <br>● [[Zygomycetes]] such as [[Mucor]] and [[Rhizopus|Rhizopus spp]] ([[Immunocompetent]] patients) | | Type 4 ([[Fungal]])<ref name="pmid25593960">{{cite journal| author=Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A| title=Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Front Surg | year= 2014 | volume= 1 | issue= | pages= 36 | pmid=25593960 | doi=10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036 | pmc=4286984 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25593960 }} </ref> || ● [[Candida]] ([[Immunocompromised]] patients) <br>● [[Zygomycetes]] such as [[Mucor]] and [[Rhizopus|Rhizopus spp]] ([[Immunocompetent]] patients) | ||
Revision as of 18:10, 16 November 2016
|
Necrotizing fasciitis Microchapters |
|
Diagnosis |
|---|
|
Treatment |
|
Case Studies |
|
Necrotizing fasciitis causes On the Web |
|
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Necrotizing fasciitis causes |
|
Risk calculators and risk factors for Necrotizing fasciitis causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
The causative organisms vary depending on the type of necrotizing fasciitis: Type I (polymicrobial), Type II (monomicrobial), Type III (Gram negative monomicrobial, including marine related organisms) and Type IV (fungal).[1]
Causes
Necrotizing fasciitis may be caused by the following organisms:[2]
| Type | Organism |
|---|---|
| Type 1 (70%-80% cases) Polymicrobial/Synergistic[3][4][5] |
● Mixed aerobes, anaerobes and facultative anerobic bacteria ● Often bowel flora-derived ● Affects immunocomprmised or those with underlying abominal pathology |
| Type 2 (20% to 30% cases) Monomicrobial[6][7] |
● Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci group A (Streptococcus pyogenes) ● With/without Staphylococcus aureus ● Skin or throat derived |
| Type 3 (common in Asia) Gram negative monomicrobial (including marine related organisms)[8][9] |
● Vibrio spp mainly ● Raw oyster ingestion (Vibrio vulnificus) ● Wound contamination with sea water ● Non-vibrio spp (Pasteurella multocida, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella spp. and Aeromonas spp) |
| Type 4 (Fungal)[1] | ● Candida (Immunocompromised patients) ● Zygomycetes such as Mucor and Rhizopus spp (Immunocompetent patients) |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Misiakos EP, Bagias G, Patapis P, Sotiropoulos D, Kanavidis P, Machairas A (2014). "Current concepts in the management of necrotizing fasciitis". Front Surg. 1: 36. doi:10.3389/fsurg.2014.00036. PMC 4286984. PMID 25593960.
- ↑ Shimizu T, Tokuda Y (2010). "Necrotizing fasciitis". Intern Med. 49 (12): 1051–7. PMID 20558917.
- ↑ Salcido RS (2007). "Necrotizing fasciitis: reviewing the causes and treatment strategies". Adv Skin Wound Care. 20 (5): 288–93, quiz 294-5. doi:10.1097/01.ASW.0000269317.76380.3b. PMID 17473566.
- ↑ Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, Sullivan SR, Foy H, Bulger E (2005). "Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections". Arch Surg. 140 (2): 151–7, discussion 158. doi:10.1001/archsurg.140.2.151. PMID 15723996.
- ↑ Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, Mehdi S, Perlroth J, Bayer AS; et al. (2005). "Necrotizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles". N Engl J Med. 352 (14): 1445–53. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042683. PMID 15814880.
- ↑ Shiroff AM, Herlitz GN, Gracias VH (2014). "Necrotizing soft tissue infections". J Intensive Care Med. 29 (3): 138–44. doi:10.1177/0885066612463680. PMID 23753218.
- ↑ Umbert IJ, Winkelmann RK, Oliver GF, Peters MS (1989). "Necrotizing fasciitis: a clinical, microbiologic, and histopathologic study of 14 patients". J Am Acad Dermatol. 20 (5 Pt 1): 774–81. PMID 2654217.
- ↑ Howard RJ, Pessa ME, Brennaman BH, Ramphal R (1985). "Necrotizing soft-tissue infections caused by marine vibrios". Surgery. 98 (1): 126–30. PMID 4012603.
- ↑ Goodell KH, Jordan MR, Graham R, Cassidy C, Nasraway SA (2004). "Rapidly advancing necrotizing fasciitis caused by Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela: a hyperaggressive variant". Crit Care Med. 32 (1): 278–81. doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000104920.01254.82. PMID 14707592.