Paralysis

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List of terms related to Paralysis

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups. Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.

Pathophysiology

Paralysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep.

Paralysis may be localized, or generalized, or it may follow a certain pattern. For example, localized paralysis occurs in Bell's palsy where one side of the face may be paralyzed due to inflammation of the facial nerve on that side. Patients with stroke may be weak throughout their body (global paralysis) or have hemiplegia (weakness on one side of the body) or other patterns of paralysis depending on the area of damage in the brain.

Other patterns of paralysis arise due to different lesions and their sequelae. For example, lower spinal cord damage from a severe back injury may result in paraplegia, while an injury higher up on the spinal cord, such as a neck injury, can cause quadriplegia. Patients with paraplegia or quadriplegia often use equipment such as a wheelchair or standing frame for mobility and to regain some independence.

Most paralyses caused by nervous system damage are constant in nature; however, there are forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, which are caused by other factors.

Causes

Common Causes

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
• Botulism
• Drugs
  • Amikacin sulfate
  • Iodixanol
  • Pergolide
• Guillain-Barré syndrome
• Multiple sclerosis
• Poisons that interfere with nerve function, such as curare
• Poliomyelitis
• Spina bifida
• Stroke
• trauma

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Arachnoiditis, Arteriovenous malformation, Cerebrovascular accident, Hemorrhagic stroke, Ischemic stroke, Stroke
Chemical/Poisoning	Amnesic shellfish poisoning, Apricot seed poisoning, Bird cherry seed poisoning, Bitter almond seed poisoning, Blue-ringed octopus poisoning, Bog rosemary poisoning, Bottlebrush buckeye poisoning, Brown snake poisoning, Buckeye poisoning, Bush lily poisoning, California buckeye poisoning, Carbamate insecticide poisoning, Cherry seed poisoning, China tree poisoning, Chokecherry seed poisoning, Clupeotoxism, Coastal leucothoe poisoning, Cobra poisoning, Conium maculatum, Corn lily poisoning, Curare, Delphinium poisoning, Dimethyl phthalate, Donepezil toxicity, Elapid poisoning, Everlasting pea poisoning, Fetterbush poisoning, Flax poisoning, Florida leucothoe poisoning, Golden chain tree poisoning, Grayanotoxin, Japanese andromeda poisoning, Jessamine poisoning, Lobelia poisoning, Marine toxins, Mayapple poisoning, Mercury poisoning, Monkshood poisoning, Monocrotophos, Mountain andromeda poisoning, Mountain laurel poisoning, Nicotiana tabacum, Organophosphate insecticide poisoning, Peach seed poisoning, Pernettya poisoning, Persian violet poisoning, Red buckeye poisoning, Rhodotoxin, Sea wasp poisoning, Sheep laurel poisoning, Staggerbush poisoning, Sweetshrub poisoning, Tacrine toxicity, Tambocor , Tetraodon poisoning, Trumpet flower poisoning, Wild cherry seed poisoning
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	Leprosy
Drug Side Effect	Acetylandromedol, Amikacin sulfate, Andromedotoxin, Azinphos-methyl, Bromide, Cytisine, Flecainide , Flecatab , Iodixanol, Lobeline, Pergolide, Temodar , Temozolomide , Thiram
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal cancer, Adrenal gland hyperfunction, Adrenal incidentaloma, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Hyperadrenalism, Primary hyperaldosteronism
Environmental	Decompression sickness, Dysbarism
Gastroenterologic	Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Insulinoma, Metastatic insulinoma, Schistosomiasis japonica, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Zellweger syndrome
Genetic	Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, Chediak-higashi syndrome, Chiari malformation, Congenital defects, Familial infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy , Gm2-gangliosidosis, Homocystinuria syndrome, Juvenile paget's disease, Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease, Porphyria, Refsum disease, Tay sachs disease
Hematologic	Adrenoleukodystrophy, Classical hodgkin disease, Familial infantile metachromatic leukodystrophy , Hodgkin's disease, Intracranial hemorrhage, Lymphocyte depletion hodgkin's disease, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Mixed cellularity hodgkin's disease, Nodular sclerosing hodgkin's lymphoma, Potassium deficiency, Primary hyperaldosteronism, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Subdural hematoma
Iatrogenic	Post-vaccinial encephalitis
Infectious Disease	Arbovirosis, Encephalitis, Fungal meningitis, Hendra virus, Japanese encephalitis, Leprosy, Lyme disease, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis, Marburg multiple sclerosis, Mareck's disease , Neurosyphilis , Poliomyelitis, Post-polio syndrome, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Rabies, Schistosomiasis japonica, Schistosomiasis mansoni, Simian b virus infection, Syphilis, Tetanus, Tetranortriterpene, Tick-borne encephalitis, Transverse myelitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Alexander disease, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis, Encephalomyelitis, Enterovirus antenatal infection, Juvenile paget's disease, Paget's disease of bone, Rib tumor, Spinal cord injury, Spinal muscular atrophy, Spinal tumor, Tetranortriterpene
Neurologic	Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Acute fulminant multiple sclerosis, Adrenal cortex neoplasms, Adrenal gland hyperfunction, Alexander disease, Amnesic shellfish poisoning, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Ataxic cerebral palsy, Autoimmune diseases of the nervous system, Balo's concentric sclerosis, Bell's palsy, Benign astrocytoma, Botulism, Brachial plexus injury, Calcification of basal ganglia , California encephalitis, Canavan disease, Cerebral cavernous malformations, Cerebral palsy, Cerebral sarcoma, Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, Cerebrovascular accident, Chiari malformation, Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, Compartment syndrome, Congenital defects, Conversion disorder, Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis, Decompression sickness, Desmoplastic cerebral astrocytoma of infancy, Desmoplastic infantile ganglioma, Dyskinetic cerebral palsy, Encephalitis, Encephalomyelitis, Fowl paralyses, Friedreich’s ataxia, Gm2-gangliosidosis, Guillain-barre syndrome, Hereditary peripheral nervous disorder, Hydrocephalus, Intercostal neuralgia, Intracranial hemorrhage, Japanese encephalitis, Krabbe disease, Leptomeningitis, Lyme disease, Malignant astrocytoma, Marburg multiple sclerosis, Motor neurone disease, Movement disorders, Moyamoya syndrome, Multiple myeloma, Multiple sclerosis, Muscular dystrophy, Neuroblastoma, Neurofibromatosis, Neurosyphilis , Nyssen-van bogaert syndrome, Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease, Peripheral neuritis, Poliomyelitis, Post-polio syndrome, Post-vaccinial encephalitis, Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Rasmussen's encephalitis, Selected encephalitides, Sleep, Spastic cerebral palsy, Spina bifida, Subarachnoid hemorrhage, Subdural hematoma, Syringomyelia, Tay sachs disease, Tick-borne encephalitis, Transverse myelitis, Vanishing white matter leukodystrophy
Nutritional/Metabolic	Potassium deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Spina bifida
Oncologic	Adrenal adenoma, Adrenal cancer, Adrenocortical carcinoma, Back tumor, Cerebral sarcoma, Desmoplastic cerebral astrocytoma of infancy, Desmoplastic infantile ganglioma, Extradural hematoma, Functioning pancreatic endocrine tumor, Hip cancer, Malignant astrocytoma, Mesothelioma, Metastatic insulinoma, Multiple myeloma, Neuroblastoma, Neurofibromatosis, Nodular sclerosing hodgkin's lymphoma, Rib tumor, Spinal tumor
Ophthalmologic	Refsum disease
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Asphyxia
Renal/Electrolyte	Hypokalemia
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	Syphilis
Trauma	Broken neck, Electrical burns, Fractures, Pathological fracture, Spinal cord injury
Urologic	Zellweger syndrome
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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Related Chapters

• Spinal cord injury
• Paraplegia
• Quadriplegia
• Muscle relaxant
• Ptosis
• Sleep paralysis
• Hemiparesis
• Beriberi
• Neuroprosthetics
• Brain-computer interface
• Tonic immobility
• Cerebral palsy

Template:Cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes

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