Pyelonephritis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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Risk is increased in the following situations:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE |title=Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=20-7 |year=2005 |pmid=15630106 |doi=}}</ref> | Risk is increased in the following situations:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE |title=Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=20-7 |year=2005 |pmid=15630106 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* | ===Mechanical/Anatomical=== | ||
* Constitutional | *Any structural abnormalities to the kidneys and the urinary tract, [[Kidney stone|calculi]] (kidney stones), [[Urinary catheterization|urinary tract catheterization]], urinary tract stents or drainage procedures (e.g. [[nephrostomy]]), [[pregnancy]], neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, [[spina bifida]] or [[multiple sclerosis]]) and [[prostate]] disease (e.g. [[benign prostatic hyperplasia]]) in men. | ||
* Behavioral | **Urine can also back up, or reflux, into one or both kidneys. This problem, which is called [[vesicoureteral reflux]] (VUR), happens when the valve mechanism that normally prevents backward flow of urine is not working properly. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood. | ||
===Constitutional=== | |||
*[[diabetes mellitus]] | |||
*[[immunocompromised]] states | |||
*[[Pregnancy]] | |||
===General/Behavioral=== | |||
*change in sexual partner within the last year, | |||
*[[spermicide]] use | |||
* Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination) | * Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination) | ||
* Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activity]] in that age group. | * Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activity]] in that age group. | ||
* Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE |title=Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=273-80 |year=2007 |pmid=17599303 |doi=10.1086/519268}}</ref> | * Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE |title=Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=273-80 |year=2007 |pmid=17599303 |doi=10.1086/519268}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal calculi, urinary tract catheterization, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Risk Factors
Risk is increased in the following situations:[1]
Mechanical/Anatomical
- Any structural abnormalities to the kidneys and the urinary tract, calculi (kidney stones), urinary tract catheterization, urinary tract stents or drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy), pregnancy, neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis) and prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men.
- Urine can also back up, or reflux, into one or both kidneys. This problem, which is called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), happens when the valve mechanism that normally prevents backward flow of urine is not working properly. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood.
Constitutional
General/Behavioral
- change in sexual partner within the last year,
- spermicide use
- Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
- Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
- Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.[2]
References
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.