Pyelonephritis risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Risk is increased in the following situations:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE |title=Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=20-7 |year=2005 |pmid=15630106 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7752732">{{cite journal| author=Bergeron MG| title=Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 1995 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 619-49 | pmid=7752732 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7752732 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27974344">{{cite journal| author=Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK| title=Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= | pmid=27974344 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218541 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27974344 }} </ref> | Risk is increased in the following situations:<ref>{{cite journal |author=Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE |title=Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=142 |issue=1 |pages=20-7 |year=2005 |pmid=15630106 |doi=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15768623">{{cite journal| author=Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC| title=Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Am Fam Physician | year= 2005 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 933-42 | pmid=15768623 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15768623 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7752732">{{cite journal| author=Bergeron MG| title=Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults. | journal=Med Clin North Am | year= 1995 | volume= 79 | issue= 3 | pages= 619-49 | pmid=7752732 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7752732 }} </ref><ref name="pmid27974344">{{cite journal| author=Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK| title=Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis. | journal=BMJ Case Rep | year= 2016 | volume= 2016 | issue= | pages= | pmid=27974344 | doi=10.1136/bcr-2016-218541 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27974344 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15630106">{{cite journal| author=Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE| title=Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 2005 | volume= 142 | issue= 1 | pages= 20-7 | pmid=15630106 | doi= | pmc=3722605 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15630106 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10979915">{{cite journal| author=Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE, Gupta K, Stamm WE| title=Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women. | journal=J Infect Dis | year= 2000 | volume= 182 | issue= 4 | pages= 1177-82 | pmid=10979915 | doi=10.1086/315827 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10979915 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20639019">{{cite journal| author=Scholes D, Hawn TR, Roberts PL, Li SS, Stapleton AE, Zhao LP et al.| title=Family history and risk of recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis in women. | journal=J Urol | year= 2010 | volume= 184 | issue= 2 | pages= 564-9 | pmid=20639019 | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.139 | pmc=3665335 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20639019 }} </ref> | ||
===Mechanical/Anatomical=== | ===Mechanical/Anatomical=== | ||
Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can ascend to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis. | Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can ascend to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis. | ||
| Line 23: | Line 24: | ||
*Ureterocele | *Ureterocele | ||
*neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, [[spina bifida]] or [[multiple sclerosis]]) | *neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, [[spina bifida]] or [[multiple sclerosis]]) | ||
*[[Incontinenece]] | |||
===Foreign Body=== | ===Foreign Body=== | ||
| Line 38: | Line 41: | ||
===General/Behavioral=== | ===General/Behavioral=== | ||
*change in sexual partner within the last year | *change in sexual partner within the last year | ||
*[[spermicide]] use | *[[spermicide]] use | ||
*Genetic Predisposition | |||
* Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination) | * Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination) | ||
* Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activity]] in that age group. | * Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting [[Human sexual behavior|sexual activity]] in that age group. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of pyelonephritis include renal calculi, urinary tract catheterization, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, and benign prostatic hyperplasia.[1]
Risk Factors
Risk is increased in the following situations:[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Mechanical/Anatomical
Any structural abnormalities of the kidneys and the urinary tract can lead to abnormal accumulation of bacteria that can ascend to the kidneys to cause pyelonephritis.
- Kidney Stones calculi
- vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) abnormality in the mechanism that normally prevents backward flow or reflux of urine. VUR is most commonly diagnosed during childhood.
- Posterior urethral valve
- pregnancy
- urinary tract catheterization or stents
- drainage procedures (e.g. nephrostomy), post surgical VUR
- prostate disease (e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia) in men
- Polycystic Kidney
- Bladder neck obstruction
- Horseshoe kidney
- Ureterocele
- neuropathic bladder (e.g. due to spinal cord damage, spina bifida or multiple sclerosis)
- Incontinenece
Foreign Body
- Urinary catheters
- Calculus
Constitutional
- Diabetes mellitus
- Immunocompromised states
- Sickle cell disease
- Transplantation
- Pregnancy
- HIV Infection
- Chemotherapy
General/Behavioral
- change in sexual partner within the last year
- spermicide use
- Genetic Predisposition
- Positive family history (close family members with frequent urination)
- Young women are most likely to be affected, traditionally reflecting sexual activity in that age group.
- Infants and the elderly are also at increased risk, reflecting anatomical abnormalities and hormonal status.[9]
References
- ↑ Hooton TM, Scholes D, Hughes JP, Winter C, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE; et al. (1996). "A prospective study of risk factors for symptomatic urinary tract infection in young women". N Engl J Med. 335 (7): 468–74. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608153350703. PMID 8672152.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann. Intern. Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Ramakrishnan K, Scheid DC (2005). "Diagnosis and management of acute pyelonephritis in adults". Am Fam Physician. 71 (5): 933–42. PMID 15768623.
- ↑ Bergeron MG (1995). "Treatment of pyelonephritis in adults". Med Clin North Am. 79 (3): 619–49. PMID 7752732.
- ↑ Kawamoto A, Sato R, Takahashi K, Luthe SK (2016). "Iliopsoas abscess caused by chronic urolithiasis and pyelonephritis". BMJ Case Rep. 2016. doi:10.1136/bcr-2016-218541. PMID 27974344.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Gupta K, Stapleton AE, Stamm WE (2005). "Risk factors associated with acute pyelonephritis in healthy women". Ann Intern Med. 142 (1): 20–7. PMC 3722605. PMID 15630106.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Stapleton AE, Gupta K, Stamm WE (2000). "Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection in young women". J Infect Dis. 182 (4): 1177–82. doi:10.1086/315827. PMID 10979915.
- ↑ Scholes D, Hawn TR, Roberts PL, Li SS, Stapleton AE, Zhao LP; et al. (2010). "Family history and risk of recurrent cystitis and pyelonephritis in women". J Urol. 184 (2): 564–9. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.139. PMC 3665335. PMID 20639019.
- ↑ Czaja CA, Scholes D, Hooton TM, Stamm WE (2007). "Population-based epidemiologic analysis of acute pyelonephritis". Clin. Infect. Dis. 45 (3): 273–80. doi:10.1086/519268. PMID 17599303.