Toxic shock syndrome other diagnostic studies: Difference between revisions
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== Review: == | == Review: == | ||
Although the best diagnostic tool for TSS diagnosis is with clinical findings and laboratory exams, there are still some imaging and specific diagnostic ways specially for early diagnosis of TSS complications. | Although the best [[Diagnosis|diagnostic]] tool for [[toxic shock syndrome]] (TSS) [[diagnosis]] is with clinical findings and laboratory exams, there are still some imaging and specific diagnostic ways specially for early diagnosis of TSS complications. | ||
== Imaging == | == Imaging == | ||
Different imaging methods during toxic shock syndrome (TSS) evaluation are more useful to assess the disease complications, and for early diagnosis and treatment of complications. | Different imaging methods during [[toxic shock syndrome]] (TSS) evaluation are more useful to assess the disease [[complications]], and for early [[diagnosis]] and treatment of complications. | ||
=== CXR === | === CXR === | ||
Diffuse bilateral interstitial and alveolar infiltrates may be seen in CXR (as a result of pulmonary and cardiac complications) | [[Diffuse]] [[bilateral]] [[interstitial]] and alveolar infiltrates may be seen in [[Chest X-ray|CXR]] (as a result of [[pulmonary]] and cardiac complications). | ||
=== Brain CT-scan === | === Brain CT-scan === | ||
Midline shift, or effacement of the basilar cisterns may be seen due to cerebral edema. Some experts insist in the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging because of its sensitivity, although the imaging technique lacks specificity in the diagnosis of TSS related complications.<ref name="pmid21406630">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim KT, Kim YJ, Won Lee J, Kim YJ, Park SW, Lim MK, Suh CH |title=Can necrotizing infectious fasciitis be differentiated from nonnecrotizing infectious fasciitis with MR imaging? |journal=Radiology |volume=259 |issue=3 |pages=816–24 |year=2011 |pmid=21406630 |doi=10.1148/radiol.11101164 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23043899">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malghem J, Lecouvet FE, Omoumi P, Maldague BE, Vande Berg BC |title=Necrotizing fasciitis: contribution and limitations of diagnostic imaging |journal=Joint Bone Spine |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=146–54 |year=2013 |pmid=23043899 |doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.08.009 |url=}}</ref> | Midline shift, or [[effacement]] of the [[basilar]] cisterns may be seen due to [[cerebral edema]]. Some experts insist in the usefulness of [[magnetic resonance imaging]] because of its [[Sensitivity (tests)|sensitivity]], although the imaging technique lacks [[Specificity (tests)|specificity]] in the diagnosis of TSS related complications.<ref name="pmid21406630">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kim KT, Kim YJ, Won Lee J, Kim YJ, Park SW, Lim MK, Suh CH |title=Can necrotizing infectious fasciitis be differentiated from nonnecrotizing infectious fasciitis with MR imaging? |journal=Radiology |volume=259 |issue=3 |pages=816–24 |year=2011 |pmid=21406630 |doi=10.1148/radiol.11101164 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23043899">{{cite journal |vauthors=Malghem J, Lecouvet FE, Omoumi P, Maldague BE, Vande Berg BC |title=Necrotizing fasciitis: contribution and limitations of diagnostic imaging |journal=Joint Bone Spine |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=146–54 |year=2013 |pmid=23043899 |doi=10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.08.009 |url=}}</ref> | ||
__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
== Frozen-section biopsy == | == Frozen-section biopsy == | ||
Early recognition of [[necrotizing fasciitis]] (NF) can be made by using of specimens of suspected areas of tissue ; however, it requires high expertise to process and interpret [[biopsy]] specimens, which is not readily available in most clinical settings where and when patients present<ref name="pmid6727947">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stamenkovic I, Lew PD |title=Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis. The use of frozen-section biopsy |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=310 |issue=26 |pages=1689–93 |year=1984 |pmid=6727947 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198406283102601 |url=}}</ref>. | |||
== Staphylococcus aureus antibody testing == | == Staphylococcus aureus antibody testing == | ||
Presence | Presence of [[Staphylococcus]] [[Staphylococcus aureus|aureus]] in the absence of an acute-phase [[antibody]] can be highly suggestive of [[Staphylococcus|Staphylococcal]] TSS. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 00:22, 15 May 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1],Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mahshid Mir, M.D. [2]
Review:
Although the best diagnostic tool for toxic shock syndrome (TSS) diagnosis is with clinical findings and laboratory exams, there are still some imaging and specific diagnostic ways specially for early diagnosis of TSS complications.
Imaging
Different imaging methods during toxic shock syndrome (TSS) evaluation are more useful to assess the disease complications, and for early diagnosis and treatment of complications.
CXR
Diffuse bilateral interstitial and alveolar infiltrates may be seen in CXR (as a result of pulmonary and cardiac complications).
Brain CT-scan
Midline shift, or effacement of the basilar cisterns may be seen due to cerebral edema. Some experts insist in the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging because of its sensitivity, although the imaging technique lacks specificity in the diagnosis of TSS related complications.[1][2]
Frozen-section biopsy
Early recognition of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) can be made by using of specimens of suspected areas of tissue ; however, it requires high expertise to process and interpret biopsy specimens, which is not readily available in most clinical settings where and when patients present[3].
Staphylococcus aureus antibody testing
Presence of Staphylococcus aureus in the absence of an acute-phase antibody can be highly suggestive of Staphylococcal TSS.
References
- ↑ Kim KT, Kim YJ, Won Lee J, Kim YJ, Park SW, Lim MK, Suh CH (2011). "Can necrotizing infectious fasciitis be differentiated from nonnecrotizing infectious fasciitis with MR imaging?". Radiology. 259 (3): 816–24. doi:10.1148/radiol.11101164. PMID 21406630.
- ↑ Malghem J, Lecouvet FE, Omoumi P, Maldague BE, Vande Berg BC (2013). "Necrotizing fasciitis: contribution and limitations of diagnostic imaging". Joint Bone Spine. 80 (2): 146–54. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2012.08.009. PMID 23043899.
- ↑ Stamenkovic I, Lew PD (1984). "Early recognition of potentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis. The use of frozen-section biopsy". N. Engl. J. Med. 310 (26): 1689–93. doi:10.1056/NEJM198406283102601. PMID 6727947.