Toxic shock syndrome risk factors: Difference between revisions
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=== Common risk factors === | === Common risk factors === | ||
*Vaginal colonization by [[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]] in [[Menstrual cycle|mensruating]] women using tampons<ref name="pmid16145118">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, Modern PA, Dubois AM, Wieland-Alter W, Wissemann KW, Wild JE, Jones MB, Seymour JL, Onderdonk AB |title=Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=4628–34 |year=2005 |pmid=16145118 |pmc=1234102 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.9.4628-4634.2005 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Vaginal]] [[colonization]] by [[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]] in [[Menstrual cycle|mensruating]] women using tampons<ref name="pmid16145118">{{cite journal |vauthors=Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, Modern PA, Dubois AM, Wieland-Alter W, Wissemann KW, Wild JE, Jones MB, Seymour JL, Onderdonk AB |title=Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=43 |issue=9 |pages=4628–34 |year=2005 |pmid=16145118 |pmc=1234102 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.9.4628-4634.2005 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Infections | *[[Infections]] | ||
*Nasal packing | *[[Nasal]] packing | ||
*Wound infection | *Wound [[infection]] | ||
*Recent surgery | *Recent [[surgery]] | ||
*Compound [[Fractures|fracture]] | |||
=== Less common risk factors === | === Less common risk factors === | ||
*Absence of protective [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]] | *Absence of protective [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]] | ||
*[[Parturition]] | *[[Parturition]] | ||
Although scientists have recognized an association between [[toxic shock syndrome]] ([[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]) and tampon use, no firm causal link has been established. Research conducted by the CDC suggested that use of some high absorbency tampons increased the risk of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]] in menstruating women. A few specific tampon designs and high absorbency tampon materials were also found to have some association with increased risk of TSS. These products and materials are no longer used in tampons sold in the U.S. (The materials include [[polyester]], [[carboxymethylcellulose]] and [[polyacrylate]]).<ref name="Collegian2003-Citrinbaum">{{cite web | author = Citrinbaum, Joanna | year =Oct. 14, 2003 | url=http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/2003/10/10-14-03tdc/10-14-03dscihealth-01.asp | title =The question's absorbing: 'Are tampons little white lies?' | work = The Digital Collegian | accessdate =2006-03-20 }}</ref> Tampons made with [[rayon]] do not appear to have a higher risk of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]] than cotton tampons of similar absorbency.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Parsonnet J, Modern P, Giacobbe K |title=Effect of tampon composition on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by ''Staphylococcus aureus'' in vitro |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=98-103 |year=1996 |pmid=8537689}}</ref> | Although scientists have recognized an association between [[toxic shock syndrome]] ([[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]]) and tampon use, no firm causal link has been established. Research conducted by the CDC suggested that use of some high absorbency tampons increased the risk of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]] in menstruating women. A few specific tampon designs and high absorbency tampon materials were also found to have some association with increased risk of [[TSS]]. These products and materials are no longer used in tampons sold in the U.S. (The materials include [[polyester]], [[carboxymethylcellulose]] and [[polyacrylate]]).<ref name="Collegian2003-Citrinbaum">{{cite web | author = Citrinbaum, Joanna | year =Oct. 14, 2003 | url=http://www.collegian.psu.edu/archive/2003/10/10-14-03tdc/10-14-03dscihealth-01.asp | title =The question's absorbing: 'Are tampons little white lies?' | work = The Digital Collegian | accessdate =2006-03-20 }}</ref> Tampons made with [[rayon]] do not appear to have a higher risk of [[Toxic shock syndrome|TSS]] than cotton tampons of similar absorbency.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Parsonnet J, Modern P, Giacobbe K |title=Effect of tampon composition on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by ''Staphylococcus aureus'' in vitro |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=173 |issue=1 |pages=98-103 |year=1996 |pmid=8537689}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Menstruating women, women using barrier contraceptive devices, persons who have undergone nasal surgery, and persons with postoperative staphylococcal wound infections are the most important risk factors for toxic shock syndrome.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors
- Vaginal colonization by S. aureus in mensruating women using tampons[1]
- Infections
- Nasal packing
- Wound infection
- Recent surgery
- Compound fracture
Less common risk factors
- Absence of protective immunity
- Parturition
Although scientists have recognized an association between toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and tampon use, no firm causal link has been established. Research conducted by the CDC suggested that use of some high absorbency tampons increased the risk of TSS in menstruating women. A few specific tampon designs and high absorbency tampon materials were also found to have some association with increased risk of TSS. These products and materials are no longer used in tampons sold in the U.S. (The materials include polyester, carboxymethylcellulose and polyacrylate).[2] Tampons made with rayon do not appear to have a higher risk of TSS than cotton tampons of similar absorbency.[3]
References
- ↑ Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, Modern PA, Dubois AM, Wieland-Alter W, Wissemann KW, Wild JE, Jones MB, Seymour JL, Onderdonk AB (2005). "Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women". J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (9): 4628–34. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4628-4634.2005. PMC 1234102. PMID 16145118.
- ↑ Citrinbaum, Joanna (Oct. 14, 2003). "The question's absorbing: 'Are tampons little white lies?'". The Digital Collegian. Retrieved 2006-03-20. Check date values in:
|year=(help) - ↑ Parsonnet J, Modern P, Giacobbe K (1996). "Effect of tampon composition on production of toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 by Staphylococcus aureus in vitro". J Infect Dis. 173 (1): 98–103. PMID 8537689.