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==Causes==
==Causes==
Leiter and Maslach found the following antecedents using factor analysis:<ref>Leiter, Michael P., and Christina Maslach. "Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout." Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2003. 91-134. {{doi|http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03003-8}}</ref>
Leiter and Maslach found the following antecedents using factor analysis:<ref name="Leite20093">Leiter, Michael P., and Christina Maslach. "Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout." Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2003. 91-134. {{doi|http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1479-3555(03)03003-8}}</ref>
* Workload
* Workload
* Fairness
* Fairness
Line 87: Line 87:
* Values
* Values
* Rewards
* Rewards
Of these causes, workload is the strongest correlate of emotional exhaustion while several factors correlate with cynicism.
<ref name="Leite20093"/>


==Prevention==
==Prevention==

Revision as of 03:02, 16 July 2017

Template:Otheruses4 Template:DiseaseDisorder infobox Burnout is a psychological term for "an excessive stress reaction to one's occupational or professional environment. It is manifested by feelings of emotional and physical exhaustion coupled with a sense of frustration and failure".[1] Burnout has three dimensions[2]:

  • Emotional exhaustion
  • Depersonalization (cynicism)
  • Diminished personal accomplishment(inefficacy

Subsequent research suggests the third dimension, personal accomplishment, better fits with the concept of professional engagement rather than with burnout.[3]

Burnout is now being studied in its reported antitheses, job satisfaction, job engagement and thriving. Thriving may protect against burnout.[4][5] However, unhealthy engagement may lead to burnout.[6]

Health care workers

As many as 50% of physicians in practice may have burnout.[7] General practitioners seem to have low job control and the highest proportion of burnout cases[8].

For physicians in training, rates of burnout (emotional exhaustion) for students, residents and fellows is about 50% while the rate is 36% in similarly aged college graduates.[9] Burnout in physicians in training is associated with perceived harassment[10]. In one survey of 24 American medical schools, harassment occurring at least one time was reported by 83% of students[10]. In this study, harassment was more commonly reported being perpetrated by residents[10]. The rates of burnout among students responding to the survey were[10]:

  • All students 34%
  • Those reporting recurrent harassment by faculty 57%
  • Those not reporting recurrent harassment by faculty 32%

According to the yearly survey of recent medical school graduates by the Association of American Medical Colleges, the following are reported [11]:

  • Occasional public embarrassment 20%
  • Occasional public humiliation 8%

Measurement

Maslach Burnout Inventory

The Maslach Burnout Inventory is the earliest and most well-studied measurement of burnout. Maslach and her colleague Jackson first identified the construct "burnout" in the 1970s, and developed a measure that weighs the effects of on three scales[2]:

  • Emotional exhaustion (nine items)
  • Depersonalization (five items)
  • Personal accomplishment (eight items)

2 item burnout Inventory

In this survey, abnormal is defined as symptoms weekly or more on either item.[12][13] The first item correlates with emotional exhaustion.

1. I feel burned out from my work[13] or How often do you feel burned out from your work?[12]

  • Never
  • A few times a year or less
  • Once a month
  • A few times a month
  • Once a week
  • A few times a week
  • Every day

2. I have become more callous toward people since I took this job[13] or How often do you feel you’ve become more callous toward people since you started your residency?[12]

  • Never
  • A few times a year or less
  • Once a month
  • A few times a month
  • Once a week
  • A few times a week
  • Every day

The two item format has been used in national surveys in 2011[14] and its follow-up survey in 2014[7].

Mini Z

The Mini Z[15] was adapted from earlier work by Rohland[16] and Schmoldt[17] and the Physician Worklife Survey[18]. The Mini Z is a single item (burnout is defined as answers c, d, or e) that correlates with the emotional exhaustion scale of the Maslach[16]:

1. Using your own definition of “burnout,” please circle one of the answers below:

a. I enjoy my work. I have no symptoms of burnout.

b. I am under stress, and don’t always have as much energy as I did, but I don’t feel burned out.

c. I am definitely burning out and have one or more symptoms of burnout, e.g., emotional exhaustion.

d. The symptoms of burnout that I am experiencing won’t go away. I think about work frustrations a lot.

e. I feel completely burned out. I am at the point where I may need to seek help.

The Mini Z is promoted by the American Medical Association's Steps Forward campaign.[19]

The Mini Z may report lower prevalence of burnout than when measured by the full Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI).[20]

Copenhagen Burnout Inventory

The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory is another scale and was developed in 2005.[21]

Causes

Leiter and Maslach found the following antecedents using factor analysis:[22]

  • Workload
  • Fairness
  • Control
  • Community
  • Values
  • Rewards

Of these causes, workload is the strongest correlate of emotional exhaustion while several factors correlate with cynicism. [22]

Prevention

Thriving[4][5] and engagement[3] are negatively correlated with, and thus may be protective, against burnout. However, unhealthy engagement may lead to burnout.[6]

Perceived autonomy is associated with less burnout.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Anonymous (2025), Professional Burnout (English). Medical Subject Headings. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Maslach, Christina; Jackson, Susan E. (1981). "The measurement of experienced burnout". Journal of Organizational Behavior. Wiley-Blackwell. 2 (2): 99–113. doi:10.1002/job.4030020205. ISSN 0894-3796.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Schaufeli, Wilmar B.; Bakker, Arnold B.; Salanova, Marisa (2016). "The Measurement of Work Engagement With a Short Questionnaire". Educational and Psychological Measurement. 66 (4): 701–716. doi:10.1177/0013164405282471. ISSN 0013-1644.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Porath, Christine, et al. "Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement." Journal of Organizational Behavior 33.2 (2012): 250-275. doi:10.1002/job.756
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hildenbrand K, Sacramento CA, Binnewies C (2016). "Transformational Leadership and Burnout: The Role of Thriving and Followers' Openness to Experience". J Occup Health Psychol. doi:10.1037/ocp0000051. PMID 27631555.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Vinje HF, Mittelmark MB (2007). "Job engagement's paradoxical role in nurse burnout". Nurs Health Sci. 9 (2): 107–11. doi:10.1111/j.1442-2018.2007.00310.x. PMID 17470184.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shanafelt TD, Hasan O, Dyrbye LN, Sinsky C, Satele D, Sloan J; et al. (2015). "Changes in Burnout and Satisfaction With Work-Life Balance in Physicians and the General US Working Population Between 2011 and 2014". Mayo Clin Proc. 90 (12): 1600–13. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.023. PMID 26653297.
  8. ↑ Taris TW, Stoffelsen J, Bakker AB, Schaufeli WB, van Dierendonck D (2005). "Job control and burnout across occupations". Psychol Rep. 97 (3): 955–61. doi:10.2466/pr0.97.3.955-961. PMID 16512316.
  9. ↑ Dyrbye LN, West CP, Satele D, Boone S, Tan L, Sloan J; et al. (2014). "Burnout among U.S. medical students, residents, and early career physicians relative to the general U.S. population". Acad Med. 89 (3): 443–51. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000134. PMID 24448053.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Cook AF, Arora VM, Rasinski KA, Curlin FA, Yoon JD (2014). "The prevalence of medical student mistreatment and its association with burnout". Acad Med. 89 (5): 749–54. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000000204. PMC 4401419. PMID 24667503.
  11. ↑ Association of American Medical Colleges. Medical School Graduation Questionnaire: All Schools Summary Report. Association of American Medical Colleges; Washington, DC
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 West CP, Shanafelt TD, Kolars JC (2011). "Quality of life, burnout, educational debt, and medical knowledge among internal medicine residents". JAMA. 306 (9): 952–60. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1247. PMID 21900135.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 West CP, Dyrbye LN, Satele DV, Sloan JA, Shanafelt TD (2012). "Concurrent validity of single-item measures of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in burnout assessment". J Gen Intern Med. 27 (11): 1445–52. doi:10.1007/s11606-012-2015-7. PMC 3475833. PMID 22362127.
  14. ↑ Shanafelt TD, Boone S, Tan L, Dyrbye LN, Sotile W, Satele D; et al. (2012). "Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population". Arch Intern Med. 172 (18): 1377–85. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3199. PMID 22911330.
  15. ↑ Linzer M, Poplau S, Babbott S, Collins T, Guzman-Corrales L, Menk J; et al. (2016). "Worklife and Wellness in Academic General Internal Medicine: Results from a National Survey". J Gen Intern Med. 31 (9): 1004–10. doi:10.1007/s11606-016-3720-4. PMC 4978678. PMID 27138425.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Rohland, Barbara M.; Kruse, Gina R.; Rohrer, James E. (2004). "Validation of a single-item measure of burnout against the Maslach Burnout Inventory among physicians". Stress and Health. 20 (2): 75–79. doi:10.1002/smi.1002. ISSN 1532-3005.
  17. ↑ Schmoldt RA, Freeborn DK, Klevit HD. Physician burnout: recommendations for HMO managers. HMO Pract. 1994 Jun;8(2):58-63. PMID: 1013526
  18. ↑ Konrad TR, Williams ES, Linzer M, McMurray J, Pathman DE, Gerrity M; et al. (1999). "Measuring physician job satisfaction in a changing workplace and a challenging environment. SGIM Career Satisfaction Study Group. Society of General Internal Medicine". Med Care. 37 (11): 1174–82. PMID 10549620.
  19. ↑ Linzer, Mark; Guzman-Corrales, Laura; Poplau, Sara. "Preventing physician burnout - STEPS Forward". STEPSforward.org. Retrieved 2017-05-24.
  20. ↑ Linzer M, Poplau S (2017). "Building a Sustainable Primary Care Workforce: Where Do We Go from Here?". J Am Board Fam Med. 30 (2): 127–129. doi:10.3122/jabfm.2017.02.170014. PMID 28379818.
  21. ↑ CKristensen T, Borritz M, Villadsen E, Christensen KB. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory: a new tool for the assessment of burnout. Work Stress. 2005;19(3):192–207 doi:10.1080/02678370500297720
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Leiter, Michael P., and Christina Maslach. "Areas of worklife: A structured approach to organizational predictors of job burnout." Emotional and physiological processes and positive intervention strategies. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2003. 91-134. Error: Bad DOI specified!
  23. ↑ Fernet, Claude, et al. "How do job characteristics contribute to burnout? Exploring the distinct mediating roles of perceived autonomy, competence, and relatedness." European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology 22.2 (2013): 123-137. doi:10.1080/1359432X.2011.632161
  • ”Sources of Management of Excessive Job Stress and Burnout”, In P. Warr (Ed.), Psychology at Work Fourth Edition. Penguin.
  • “Tailoring treatment strategies for different types of burnout” Farber, B. A. (1998). Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 106th, San Francisco California, August 14-18. ED 424 517
  • “Staff burnout”, Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Journal of Social Issues, 30(1), 159-165.
  • “Authentic leaders creating healthy work environments for nursing practice”, Shirey MR. American Journal of Critical Care May 2006. Vol. 15, Iss. 3; p. 256
  • “Taming burnout's flame”, Krista Gregoria Lussier, Nursing Management Chicago: Apr 2006. Vol. 37, Iss. 4; p. 14
  • “A Scientific Solution To Librarian Burnout”, Craig S. Shaw New Library World Year 1992 Volume: 93 Number: 5
  • Stress and Burnout in Library Service, Caputo, Janette S. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press, 1991.
  • An assessment of burnout in academic librarians in America using the Maslach Burnout Inventor (the MBI) Ray, Bernice, Ph.D., Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 2002, 90 pages; AAT 3066762


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