Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shivani Chaparala M.B.B.S [2] Ahmed Younes M.B.B.CH [3]

Overview

Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a blood-borne infection caused by enteric organisms in 70% of cases (mono-microbial origin in 90% of cases). Aerobic gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli account for half of the cases. Gram-positive cocci Streptococcus species in 20% cases and enterococcus accounting for 5% of the cases. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus salivarius are less frequent causes. Poly-microbial infection is mostly iatrogenic (more likely associated with abdominal paracentesis) or intra-abdominal source of infection. The cause of SBP is not definitively established, but is believed to involve hematogenous spread of organisms in patients with liver disease and altered portal circulation in adults, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis occurs in conjunction with cirrhosis of the liver and portal hypertension.

Causes

Common Causes

• Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is often a blood-borne infection caused by enteric organisms in 70% of the cases (mono-microbial in 90%).
• Aerobic gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli account for half of the cases.
• Gram-positive cocci Streptococcus species account for 20% cases and enterococcus accounts for 5% of the cases.

Less common causes

• Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus salivarius are less frequent causes.
• Poly-microbial infection is mostly iatrogenic (associated with abdominal paracentesis) or intra-abdominal source of infection.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Cardiogenic ascites
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Proton Pump Inhibitors and Beta Adrenergic Antagonists
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Ascites, Chronic liver disease, Cirrhosis , Intrahepatic blood shunting , Portal hypertension
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Infectious Disease	Acinetobacter infections, Actinomyces infections , Aerococcus urinae , Aeromonas hydrophila, Arcanobacterium haemolyticum , Bacteroides fragilis, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Brucella infection, Candida infection, Citrobacter freundii, Coccidioides immitis , Cryptococcus neoformans , Defective ascites bactericidal activity, Enterococcus casseliflavus , Enterococcus faecalis , Enterococcus gallinarum , Enterococcus hirae , Escherichia coli , Gemella morbilorum , Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Leclercia adecarboxylata , Leminorella grimontii , Listeria monocytogenes, Neisseria meningitidis , Ochrobactrum anthropi , Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus inections, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella paratyphi a , Salmonella typhimurium , Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus salivarius , Vibrio vulnificus, Viridans group streptococci,and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	Malnutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Malignant ascites
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	Cirrhosis
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	Nephrotic syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous

Causes in Alphabetical Order

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