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{{Hyperparathyroidism}}
{{Hyperparathyroidism}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Anmol}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
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===Discovery===
===Discovery===
*[Disease name] was first discovered by [name of scientist], a [nationality + occupation], in [year]/during/following [event].
* In 1852, Sir Richard Owen, Hunterian Professor and Conservator of the Museum in the Royal College of Surgeons of England, described parathyroids in rhinoceros.<ref name="pmid15459265">{{cite journal |vauthors=Modarai B, Sawyer A, Ellis H |title=The glands of Owen |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=97 |issue=10 |pages=494–5 |year=2004 |pmid=15459265 |pmc=1079622 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.97.10.494 |url=}}</ref>
 
* In 1880, Ivar Sandström, a Swedish anatomist, described parathyroids in human following 50 autopsies. He found tow parathyroid glands bilaterally in 43 out of 50 autopsies.<ref name="pmid25913489">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johansson H |title=The Uppsala anatomist Ivar Sandström and the parathyroid gland |journal=Ups. J. Med. Sci. |volume=120 |issue=2 |pages=72–7 |year=2015 |pmid=25913489 |pmc=4463479 |doi=10.3109/03009734.2015.1027426 |url=}}</ref>
*The association between [important risk factor/cause] and [disease name] was made in/during [year/event].
* In 1909, William George MacCallum and Carl Voegtlin, demonstrated associatioin between parathyroid gland calcium, and tetany.<ref name="pmid19867238">{{cite journal |vauthors=Maccallum WG, Voegtlin C |title=ON THE RELATION OF TETANY TO THE PARATHYROID GLANDS AND TO CALCIUM METABOLISM |journal=J. Exp. Med. |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=118–51 |year=1909 |pmid=19867238 |pmc=2124703 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*In [year], [scientist] was the first to discover the association between [risk factor] and the development of [disease name].
* In 1924, James Bertram Collip, a Canadian biochemist, discovered and extracted parathormone.<ref>{{cite journal |author = Collip, J. B.|title = THE EXTRACTION OF A PARATHYROID HORMONE WHICH WILL PREVENT OR CONTROL PARATHYROID TETANY AND WHICH REGULATES THE LEVEL OF BLOOD CALCIUM|volume = 63|number = 2|pages = 395-438|year = 1925|URL = http://www.jbc.org/content/63/2/395.short|journal = Journal of Biological Chemistry}}</ref>
*In [year], [gene] mutations were first implicated in the pathogenesis of [disease name].
* In 1932, L. I. Pugsley AND Hans Selye described the histological changes in the bone responsible for action of parathyroid hormone and on calcium metabolism in rat experiments. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=PUGSLEY |first1=L. I. |last2=SELYE |first2=HANS |date=July 28, 1933 |title=THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE BONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE ON THE CALCIUM METABOLISM OF THE RAT.|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1113/jphysiol.1933.sp003032/pdf |journal=The Journal of Physiology |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=113-117 |doi= |access-date= }}</ref>
 
* In 1948, Nigel Ashworth Barnicot, an English anthropologist described the association between parathyroid hormone and bone resorption.<ref name="pmid18113751">{{cite journal |vauthors=BARNICOT NA |title=The local action of the parathyroid and other tissues on bone in intracerebral grafts |journal=J. Anat. |volume=82 |issue=Pt. 4 |pages=233–48 |year=1948 |pmid=18113751 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
==Outbreaks==
* In the same year, Iftakhar Jahan and Robert F. Pitts described effect of parathyroid hormone in decreasing calcium and magnesium excretion.<ref name="pmid18102666">{{cite journal |vauthors=JAHAN I, PITTS RF |title=Effect of parathyroid on renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate and calcium |journal=Am. J. Physiol. |volume=155 |issue=1 |pages=42–9 |year=1948 |pmid=18102666 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*There have been several outbreaks of [disease name], which are summarized below:
* In 1959, Howard Rasmussen and Lyman C. Craig at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research purified parathyroid hormone.<ref name="RasmussenCraig1959">{{cite journal|last1=Rasmussen|first1=Howard|last2=Craig|first2=Lyman C.|title=PURIFICATION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE BY USE OF COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|volume=81|issue=18|year=1959|pages=5003–5003|issn=0002-7863|doi=10.1021/ja01527a066}}</ref> They also isolated the active polypeptide (parathormone B) from bovine parathyroid gland and gave its tentative formula in 1961.<ref>{{Cite journal||last1=Rasmussen|first1=Howard|last2=Craig|first2=Lyman C.|title = Isolation of a Parathyroid Polypeptide from Acetic Acid Extracts of Bovine Parathyroid Glands|volume = 236| number = 4|pages = 1083-1086|year = 1961|URL = http://www.jbc.org/content/236/4/1083.short|journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry}}</ref>


==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
==Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies==
*In [year], [diagnostic test/therapy] was developed by [scientist] to treat/diagnose [disease name].
*In 1925, James Bertram Collip along with Douglous B Leitch treated tetany with the help of parathyroid hormone extract. They names the extract as Parathyrin.<ref name="pmid20315252">{{cite journal |vauthors=Collip JB, Leitch DB |title=A Case of Tetany treated with Parathyrin |journal=Can Med Assoc J |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=59–60 |year=1925 |pmid=20315252 |pmc=1707993 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
*In 1925, Felix Mandl, a viennese surgeon performed first parathyroidectomy to treat a patient suffering from suffering from osteitis fibrosa cystica.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Scott M. |last2=Thompson |first2=Geoffrey B. |date=April 8, 2015|title=Felix Mandl |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-13662-2_25 |location= |publisher=Surgical Endocrinopathies |page=153-156 |isbn= 978-3-319-13661-5 |author-link= }}</ref>
==Impact on Cultural History==
 
 
==Famous Cases==
*The following are a few famous cases of [[disease name]]:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 18:16, 10 August 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]

Overview

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • In 1852, Sir Richard Owen, Hunterian Professor and Conservator of the Museum in the Royal College of Surgeons of England, described parathyroids in rhinoceros.[1]
  • In 1880, Ivar Sandström, a Swedish anatomist, described parathyroids in human following 50 autopsies. He found tow parathyroid glands bilaterally in 43 out of 50 autopsies.[2]
  • In 1909, William George MacCallum and Carl Voegtlin, demonstrated associatioin between parathyroid gland calcium, and tetany.[3]
  • In 1924, James Bertram Collip, a Canadian biochemist, discovered and extracted parathormone.[4]
  • In 1932, L. I. Pugsley AND Hans Selye described the histological changes in the bone responsible for action of parathyroid hormone and on calcium metabolism in rat experiments. [5]
  • In 1948, Nigel Ashworth Barnicot, an English anthropologist described the association between parathyroid hormone and bone resorption.[6]
  • In the same year, Iftakhar Jahan and Robert F. Pitts described effect of parathyroid hormone in decreasing calcium and magnesium excretion.[7]
  • In 1959, Howard Rasmussen and Lyman C. Craig at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research purified parathyroid hormone.[8] They also isolated the active polypeptide (parathormone B) from bovine parathyroid gland and gave its tentative formula in 1961.[9]

Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies

  • In 1925, James Bertram Collip along with Douglous B Leitch treated tetany with the help of parathyroid hormone extract. They names the extract as Parathyrin.[10]
  • In 1925, Felix Mandl, a viennese surgeon performed first parathyroidectomy to treat a patient suffering from suffering from osteitis fibrosa cystica.[11]

References

  1. ↑ Modarai B, Sawyer A, Ellis H (2004). "The glands of Owen". J R Soc Med. 97 (10): 494–5. doi:10.1258/jrsm.97.10.494. PMC 1079622. PMID 15459265.
  2. ↑ Johansson H (2015). "The Uppsala anatomist Ivar Sandström and the parathyroid gland". Ups. J. Med. Sci. 120 (2): 72–7. doi:10.3109/03009734.2015.1027426. PMC 4463479. PMID 25913489.
  3. ↑ Maccallum WG, Voegtlin C (1909). "ON THE RELATION OF TETANY TO THE PARATHYROID GLANDS AND TO CALCIUM METABOLISM". J. Exp. Med. 11 (1): 118–51. PMC 2124703. PMID 19867238.
  4. ↑ Collip, J. B. (1925). "THE EXTRACTION OF A PARATHYROID HORMONE WHICH WILL PREVENT OR CONTROL PARATHYROID TETANY AND WHICH REGULATES THE LEVEL OF BLOOD CALCIUM". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 63 (2): 395–438.
  5. ↑ PUGSLEY, L. I.; SELYE, HANS (July 28, 1933). "THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE BONE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ACTION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE ON THE CALCIUM METABOLISM OF THE RAT". The Journal of Physiology. 79 (1): 113–117.
  6. ↑ BARNICOT NA (1948). "The local action of the parathyroid and other tissues on bone in intracerebral grafts". J. Anat. 82 (Pt. 4): 233–48. PMID 18113751.
  7. ↑ JAHAN I, PITTS RF (1948). "Effect of parathyroid on renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate and calcium". Am. J. Physiol. 155 (1): 42–9. PMID 18102666.
  8. ↑ Rasmussen, Howard; Craig, Lyman C. (1959). "PURIFICATION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE BY USE OF COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (18): 5003–5003. doi:10.1021/ja01527a066. ISSN 0002-7863.
  9. ↑ Rasmussen, Howard; Craig, Lyman C. (1961). "Isolation of a Parathyroid Polypeptide from Acetic Acid Extracts of Bovine Parathyroid Glands". {Journal of Biological Chemistry. 236 (4): 1083–1086.
  10. ↑ Collip JB, Leitch DB (1925). "A Case of Tetany treated with Parathyrin". Can Med Assoc J. 15 (1): 59–60. PMC 1707993. PMID 20315252.
  11. ↑ Thompson, Scott M.; Thompson, Geoffrey B. (April 8, 2015). Felix Mandl. Surgical Endocrinopathies. p. 153-156. ISBN 978-3-319-13661-5.

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